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PubMed2002

Global situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)--a short review.

This article reviews the actual world FMD situation. In 2000, fifty nine countries officially reported outbreaks of FMD. The disease occurred in Europe (Greece), Asia (Russia, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Japan, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, in Caucasian region--Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan), Africa (Egypt, Kenya, Mauritania, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and in South America (Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Venezuela). In 2001, FMD was still spreading throughout the endemic regions and appeared in some of the west European countries--Great Britain, The Netherlands, France and Ireland. In South America, FMD occurred in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Colombia. In Asia the FMD spread in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iran, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan. The FMD situation in Africa was unclear, but probably most countries in West, East and South Africa were affected. The most recent data of the OIE from May 2002 confirmed FMD outbreaks in population of pigs in Republic of Korea.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

[Loop colostomy in patients with cancer of the colon and rectum].

At the clinic of Scientific Research Institute of Proctology, Ministry of Public Health of Armenia, in 97 patients with complicated cancer of the colon and rectum, a two-barrel loop colostomy was created for the recent 10 years. Use of intraperitoneal method contributed to 3-fold decrease in incidence of postoperative purulent complications. Irrigation of a tumour site with antibacterial preparations in perifocal inflammation of colonic cancer together with carrying out the complex antibacterial therapy permits to perform the radical operations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The neurotropic and cardiotropic properties of new amino acid derivatives of isonicotinic acid].

Different derivatives of isonicotinic acid are used widely enough as antimicrobial and antituberculous agents. However, their neurotropic and cardiotropic effects have been studied little. The paper is concerned with investigations of these types of the activity of the new derivatives of isonicotinic acid: beta-phenyl-beta-alanine, l-proline, DL-valine, beta-alanine and DL-threonine synthesized for the first time at the Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Armenia.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Leptospirillum-like bacteria and their role in pyrite oxidation].

Two strains of Leptospirillum-like bacteria isolated from dumps of Alaverdi and Akhtala sulfide ore deposits in Armenia were studied. The optimum and maximum temperatures for the growth of both strains were 37 and 40 degrees C, respectively. The pH optimum was 2.0-2.3. Bacterial growth and ferrous iron oxidation were inhibited by yeast extract. The pyrite-leaching activity of the Leptospirillum-like bacteria under mesophilic conditions was close to that of Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans and exceeded by 2.0-2.7 times the activity of these moderately thermophilic bacteria at 37 degrees C. The leaching of pyrite by Leptospirillum-like bacteria increased in the presence of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, particularly, in their association with a thermotolerant sulfur-oxidizing bacterium.

Acidithiobacillus↗
PubMed2003

[Quantitative evaluation of gene variation and interpopulation differentiation of parthenogenetic species of Darevskia lizards based on mini- and microsatellite DNA markers].

Methods of estimating within- and between-population gene diversity in parthenogenetic species using mini- and microsatellite DNA markers and modified Wright's FST statistic are presented with special reference to model populations of lizards of the genus Darevskia (D. dahli, D. armeniaca, D. unisexualis). We used DNA fingerprinting data for several populations of these species examined earlier. The effects of variation in M13, minisatellite, (GACA)n and (TCC)n microsatellite loci on the formation of within-population gene diversity in parthenogenetic species D. dahli and D. armeniaca were shown to be different. The equality of the realized gene diversity H and its maximum possible value Hmax in two populations of D. dahli (Hmax = 0.032, H = 0.031, P < < 0.0431; Hmax = 0.024, H = 0.027, P = 0.09) and D. armeniaca (Hmax = 0.05, H = 0.053, P = 0.03; Hmax = 0.054, H = 0.055, P = 0.02) suggests that variation in (GACA)n loci substantially contributes to the maintenance of within-population genetic diversity. Analysis of between-population genetic diversity using loci M13, (GACA)n, and (TCC)n showed differentiation of D. dahli populations from northeastern and northwestern Armenia (FST = 0.0272, P = 3 x 10(-13)) and genetic homogeneity of the Armenian and Introduced to the Ukraine populations of D. armeniaca characteristic of one clone (FST = 0, P = 1).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Relations of German anesthesiology to east European societies of anesthesiology].

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the "German Society of Anaesthesiology" (DGA)--later called "German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine" (DGAI)--which was founded on 10 April 1953, and in memory of the foundation of the "Section of Anaesthesiology", which was founded in East-Berlin ten years later on 25 October 1963 and later called "Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of the GDR" (GAIT), the development of relations between German anaesthetists and anaesthesiological societies in East Europe are described. The limited economic base of the medical-technical and pharmaceutical industries, a chronic lack of hard currencies and economic and political restrictions on travel activities by East German and East European anaesthetists to West European countries resulted in improved contacts between East German and East European anaesthesiological societies. This, in turn, led to the holding of "International Anaesthesiological Congresses" of the so-called socialist countries and "Bilateral Symposia of the Anaesthesiological Societies of Czechoslovakia and the GDR" and also bilateral meetings of nurses of anaesthesiology and intensive therapy from both countries. These congresses and in particular the "3rd European Congress of Anaesthesiology", which was hosted by the "Czechoslovak Society of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation" in Prague in 1970, were of high value for the further development of anaesthesiology in these countries. Furthermore, congresses held in East Europe but outside the GDR, were especially important for meetings between East German anaesthetists and their West German colleagues, who regularly took part in these congresses as invited speakers, because West German anaesthetists were not allowed to participate in East German anaesthesia congresses, on the one hand, and East Germans were not allowed to attend West German anaesthesia congresses, on the other. There were also regular meetings of the boards of East European anaesthesia societies in order to discuss the further development of anaesthesiology as an independent new academic field of medicine. Both East and West German anaesthetists were very often invited as guest lecturers by various East European societies and anaesthesiological departments. They were always deeply impressed by the tremendous hospitality of their hosts. During the "Cold War", many anaesthetists from East European countries were also invited as guests by anaesthesia departments of East and West Germany. Most of the East European anaesthetists preferred West German departments because they were better equipped and some of them used these trips to the West also to escape from communism. Shortly before and mainly after the political changes in 1989 and the dissolving of the "Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of the GDR" in 1990, the "German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine" improved its contacts to the East European anaesthesiological societies. The "Bavarian Section" of the "German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine" organized joint meetings with the Romanian, Bulgarian, Latvian and Russian societies of anaesthesiology in Bucharest (1987), Riga (1989), Moscow (1989) and Sofia (1991). In 1996, an "Association of German and Russian Anaesthetists" (ADRA) was founded in Moscow, which now has both a German (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Joachim Nadstawek/Bonn) and a Russian (Prof. Dr. Armen Buniatian/Moscow) President. The German members of this association, in particular its Secretary-General, Prof. Dr. Reinhard Purschke/Dortmund, organize postgraduate courses including theoretical lectures and practical work not only in Russia but also in Armenia and Usbekistan.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2004

Modification of clastogenesis and carcinogenesis in rats and mice by means of anthrax live vaccine.

Possible micronuclei (MN) inducing activity of anthrax live vaccine (ALV; produced in Armenia and used for immunization of animals) was studied on rats and mice. It has been shown that ALV did not induce MN in rodents' bone marrow erythrocytes. For the first time it has been shown that immunization of rats and mice with ALV led to decrease of micronuclei number induced by cyclophosphamide and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in bone marrow cells. Immunized rats were also resistant to carcinogenic action of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Immunization reduced significantly the number of rats with tumor and mean tumor weight, and increase the mean latency period of tumor development. It would be of interest to carry out further investigations of the anticlastogenic/anticarcinogenic effects of ALV used for immunization of humans, if only because anthrax was used and may be used again in future as a biological weapon.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of anemia among displaced and nondisplaced mothers and children--Azerbaijan, 2001.

In the early 1990s, the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Azeri region of Nagorno-Karabakh resulted in approximately 600,000 internally displaced persons and 200,000 refugees in Azerbaijan. After years of displacement and despite sustained humanitarian assistance, these internally displaced persons and refugees (IDP/Rs) are still coping with unfavorable living conditions and limited employment opportunities. Results of a 1996 CDC survey in Azerbaijan revealed high rates of malnutrition and anemia among both the IDP/R and resident populations and prompted further study of the nutritional status of these populations. This report summarizes results of a 2001 survey of IDP/R and non-IDP/R mothers and children with anemia in Azerbaijan. Findings indicated that more than one third of mothers and children were anemic, with no significant difference in the overall prevalence between IDP/R and non-IDP/R populations; however, among the IDP/R population, anemia was associated with various socioeconomic factors such as education, socioeconomic status (SES), and area of residence. Future studies should focus on identifying causes for the high rates of anemia in Azerbaijan and developing effective interventions such as iron supplementation and behavior modification.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Molecular and biological characterization of the CIBMUQ/HDC strain, a reference strain for Colombian Toxoplasma gondii].

There are few reports about characterization strains of Toxoplasma gondii that analyze the differences between isolates from Europe or United States with those obtained in South America. The current study analyzes virulence data from the mouse model, the gene SAG2 polymorphism by PCR-RFLP and microsatellite analysis in a single Colombian isolate. The strain was isolated from blood of a child with congenital toxoplasmosis, living in Armenia, Colombia. Analysis of virulence in the mouse showed that this strain has an LD100 of 10 tachyzoites. Both methods of genetic characterization demonstrated that this strain belonged to the clonal type 1 and was called HOM/CTCO/2002/CIBMUQ/BL/HDC (brief name: CIBMUQ/HDC). The CIBMUQ/HDC strain is the first Colombian strain available as a reference strain for national and international researchers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Background radiation of the territory of some military objectives in Georgia.

Background radiation on the territory of some military objects in Georgia has been investigated with the help of "DRPB-03" (dosimeter-radiometer) according to the specially created instruction. Background radiation of investigated objects varied from 0,09 to 0,28 mkZv/h; in average 0,18 mkZv/h. The maximal level was measured on the 8th object -0,28 mkZv/h, minimal on the 2nd object -0,09 mkZv/h, in average near the - 0,18 mkZv/h. The maximal level of the annual doze of radiation was measured on the 8th object -0,49 mZv/y; and minimal on the 2nd -0,15 mZv/y. The analysis of investigations showed, that the level of background radiation on the territory of the investigated military objects exceeds the level of European countries and South Caucasus (except Armenia). This could be explained by the peculiarities of our country: geomorphological structure and disposition of soil (altitude, latitude). These reasons could cause the high levels of natural background radiation. The level of background radiation is higher in Black Sea coast area, which may be the result of the Chernobyl Accident (contamination with artificial radionuclides). The comparatively high level of background radiation indicates that the personnel sustain relatively high radiation doses from natural radiation origins.

Background Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The autumn crocus: two millenniums of actuality].

Colchicum holds a singular place in the History of Medicine. Many names were given through the ages: "ephemera", "finger of Hermes", "pater noster", "tue-chiens". Modern phytonyms clearly refer to the land of Colchis, a mythical place close to Armenia. Several centuries were needed to understand that, despite a frightening reputation, colchic was an elective treatment for the gout. In its long story, appears famous personages as Theophraste, Paulus Aeginata, Gilbertus Anglicus, the baron Storck and Benjamin Franklin. In modern times, colchicum has received besides gout, a wide array of new indications, among others: Behcet disease, collagen diseases and malignancies. A scarcely known chapter of genetics is the findings in 1889, by B. Pernice, an obscure physician from Palermo, of the major mitoic changes observed on gastric and intestinal mucosa of two dogs which had received large doses of colchicum. In spite of their scientific value, the works of Pernice remained largely ignored until 1949. Recent advances in colchiocotheraphy have shown fascinating new fields for research: thus in the familial Mediterranean fever, close to periodic disease, genetic disorder elective for subjects originated from all over Mediterranean and around Black Sea... the mythical country of Colchis. No other medicinal plant than colchic, except poppy, can give such records of perennial use in such a wide range of disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Zanamivir (Glaxo Wellcome).

Zanamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor under license from Biota, has been developed and launched by Glaxo Wellcome for the treatment of influenza virus infection [277127]. While registered as drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors are technically vaccines as they are believed to work by provoking an immune response, thus preventing the spread of infection from one cell to another within the respiratory tract [314356]. It is administered, using an inhaler, directly to where the virus replicates, minimizing the potential for side effects. Zanamivir has been launched, under the name Relenza, for the treatment of influenza in Australia [325148], New Zealand [335591] and the UK [341871]. It is registered in Mexico and Armenia [346474], and approved in Japan [351580]. In October 1999, it was launched in the US [352392] and Glaxo confirmed in January 2000, that zanamivir has been launched all over Europe, with the exception of Greece and Spain, where launch is imminent [352513]. In October 1999, the British Pharma Group (BPG) wrote to the UK Prime Minister to seek a discussion on the implications for the British-based pharmaceutical industry of the recommendation from NICE's Raised Appraisal Committee that Relenza should be banned from the NHS [342597]. An FDA submission was made in October 1998 [302732,304779]; the FDA advisory committee met on February 24 1999 to discuss the application [313583]. The Antivirals Drugs Advisory Committee voted against recommending zanamivir for FDA approval [316196]. Members suggested that additional studies using a different endpoint or targeting specific high-risk populations would be more likely to garner support [317454]. Following a discussion with Glaxo Wellcome in April 1999, the FDA indicated that it would continue to review the NDA for zanamivir [320565]. In July 1999, the company received final FDA approval for the drug for the treatment of both influenza A and B [334127], and aimed to initiate a phase IV trial program for the detection of consumer problems with the product, following launch of the product in time for the 1999-2000 flu season [352392,335048]. In September 1998, Glaxo applied to the Canadian Health Protection Branch (HPB) for approval to market zanamivir for the treatment and prevention of influenza. A separate application for Fast Track approval was also made with the HPB [299375,299472]. In November 1999, zanamivir received approval in Canada [346474]. Glaxo expects to make MAA and NDA filings for the use of zanamivir as a prophylactic in 1999 [333494]. In July 1998, Merrill Lynch predicted that as zanamivir offered only modest benefits gained from a narrow treatment window, potential would be limited and forecast annual sales of US dollar 30 million [302048]. In January 1999, Paribas predicted sales of pounds 75 million in 1999, rising to pounds 280 million in 2003 [317650]. In April 1999, ABN Amro predicted sales of pounds 23 million in 1999, rising to pounds 326 million in 2003 [328676]. In August 1999, Lehman Brothers estimated that sales of zanamivir will reach US dollar 400 million by 2003, and that it is an obvious candidate for an OTC switch, although this is not likely until 5 years after launch [336356].

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Ukraine and Russia: major InterNICHE outreach.

During October 2005, InterNICHE National Contacts Anya Yushchenko and Lena Maroueva, and Co-ordinator Nick Jukes, began a large-scale promotion of alternatives across the Ukraine and Russia. The InterNICHE outreach produced a number of positive results: presentations, demonstrations and training in alternatives to over 500 teachers and students; agreements at two institutes to replace harmful animal use in education across a whole department and faculty respectively; information gathering, and discussions with teachers about potential future replacement; reaching a massive audience through positive media coverage; and empowerment of campaigners, including InterNICHE National Contacts who successfully organised the majority of the activities. To continue the successes, funds to enlarge the Russian micro-Loan System of alternatives and to make donations of alternatives to institutes are urgently needed. Support for broadening the InterNICHE impact across Ukraine, Russia and Asian republics through the distribution of translated literature, video, freeware alternatives and web-based resources is also required. Such activity not only supports the development of a progressive, humane education, but impacts positively on animal use in research and testing by creating an environment more conducive to alternatives in general. This is important now as animal testing laboratories consider relocating in or sub-contracting to ex-Soviet countries and in central Asia. New InterNICHE connections have already been made with Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan, and there are many open doors.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2005

The role of sediments in the assessment of ecological quality of European river bodies.

Member States of the EU are presently involved in the enforcement of the Directive of the Council and European Parliament 2000/60/CE, the so-called Water Framework Directive (WFD), establishing a frame for the common water policy of the Union. A major objective of the WFD is to reach within 2015 a good ecological status for all relevant surface water bodies of the Union territory. The assessment of the ecological status must be supported by the assessment of both the hydromorphological conditions of the water and its chemical status as represented by basic chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, oxygen balance and nutrients, and the presence or absence (vs environmental quality standards or natural background concentration) of specific synthetic and non-synthetic micropollutants. According to this approach, the assessment of the presence in any phase (water, sediments and biota) constituting the water body of micropollutants at concentrations below the environmental standards will guarantee the protection from toxic and ecotoxic effects on humans, animal and vegetal communities associated with the water body. In this context, the state of the art in Italy as compared to that in some non-EU states, particularly in Armenia, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Intestinal perforation caused by tuberculosis in a kidney transplant patient who was extensively evaluated for tuberculosis prior to transplant].

A 47-year-old man from Armenia presented at the emergency department with abdominal pain. He had had a kidney transplant 2 years earlier for renal failure caused by amyloidosis that was secondary to familial Mediterranean fever. He was also known to have chronic hepatitis B with persistent viraemia. He had not received any prophylactic anti-tuberculosis treatment due to impaired liver function, but an extensive work-up was performed prior to transplant, including chest radiography, a Mantoux tuberculin skin test and cultures from 3 consecutive fasting gastric lavage samples, which were all negative for active or latent tuberculosis infection. The patient had presented at the emergency department repeatedly with abdominal pain that was attributed to the familial Mediterranean fever. During his last visit his complaints were accompanied by vomiting, coughing, night sweats and weight loss. He was diagnosed with an intestinal perforation with faecal peritonitis and underwent several laparotomies to treat the faecal peritonitis. Histopathological examination of resected bowel tissue revealed granulomatous inflammation, and acid-fast bacilli were seen with appropriate staining. Later, cultures appeared to be positive for normally sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient died as a result of the disseminated tuberculosis. In immunocompromised patients, tuberculosis often has an atypical course and an increased chance of dissemination that may be difficult to recognize.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1990

[A comparative study of two commercial systems for the enzymatic identification of enterobacteriaceae].

Two commercial test systems: Entero-Test manufactured in Czechoslovakia and made in the USSR are compared. Species identification of 33 newly isolated strains of gram-negative bacteria isolated from the wounds of subjects injured in the earthquake in Armenia was carried out. The advantages and shortcomings of the examined systems are analyzed. Species identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the two systems coincided in 97.2% of the examined cultures.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1991

[Intensive therapy of DIC-syndrome in patients with acute renal insufficiency caused by long-term crush syndrome].

Impairment of parenchymatous organs, primarily kidneys, responsible for their dysfunction in crush syndrome results in many respects from disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is also associated with hemorrhagic complications. It is demonstrated that treatment modalities aimed at arrest of DIC syndrome (plasmapheresis, heparin, dysaggregation drugs, transfusions of large amounts of fresh frozen plasma) stopped bleeding and septic shock in 12 patients with crush syndrome following the earthquake in Armenia (1988).

Acute Kidney Injury↗