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PubMed1986

The interaction of complement components with Aeromonas species.

The interaction of seven serum-sensitive Aeromonas strains with the complement system was investigated using a 2-h quantitative assay. Of the strains tested, four isolates activated both the alternative and classical pathways, two activated only the alternative pathway, and one strain was sensitive to the bactericidal action of complement through the classical pathway only. Two of the four Aeromonas caviae strains were such efficient activators of the complement system that when challenged with human sera deficient in normal concentrations of C3 and C4, they were still subject to complement-mediated bacterial lysis. This phenomenon, in conjunction with previous studies on complement activation by Aeromonas spp., may help account for the decreased incidence observed of systemic disease caused by Aeromonas caviae.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1994

Survival and recovery of Aeromonas hydrophila in water: development of methodology for testing bottled water in Canada.

Proposed changes to the Regulations for bottled water in the Food and Drugs Act of Canada include criteria for Aeromonas hydrophila (0 colony-forming units/100 mL water). The development of the methodology used to support these proposed Regulations and the survival of A. hydrophila in inoculated water are described. The methodology used in the isolation of A. hydrophila includes the use of hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMF), a resuscitation step on tryptic soy agar, and selective plating on membrane-Aeromonas-trehalose agar and Aeromonas medium. Aeromonas hydrophila proliferated and survived in inoculated water for up to 60 days or longer depending on the other contaminating bacteria. The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhanced the survival of A. hydrophila and enabled this bacteria to survive for more than 60 days.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2006

[Aeromonas associated with an acute diarrhea outbreak in São Bento do Una, Pernambuco].

An acute diarrhea outbreak, with 2170 cases, was described during January to July, 2004, in São Bento do Una, Pernambuco. 582 stools were examined and an enteric pathogen was recovered in 25% (145 patients). Aeromonas species were the most frequent (114-19.5%) and the main isolates were Aeromonas caviae (57-9.8%), Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (23-3.9%), Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii (15-2.6%) and other species (19-3.2%). The other isolated enteropathogens were Vibrio cholerae O1-Ogawa toxigenic (18-3.1%), Salmonella spp (8-1.4%), Shigella spp (3-0.5%) and Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 (2-0.3%).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Aeromonas bacteremia in patients with hematologic diseases.

Over a 23-year period, 17 patients with hematologic diseases developed Aeromonas bacteremia while in our hematology ward. Male predominance (14 patients, 82%) was seen, with a predilection for the elderly. Hematologic malignancies, especially acute leukemia, accounted for 15 (88%) of all patients. Cancer chemotherapy and neutropenia (15 patients each) were the most common preceding host conditions. Aeromonas bacteremia generally occurred in the second half of the year (July-December), with no exposure to water or fish. Seven recent isolates comprised Aeromonas sobria (five isolates) and Aeromonas hydrophila (two isolates). Twelve patients (71%) showed a clinical picture ranging from mild gastroenteritis to severe enterocolitis. Anorectal and hepatobiliary infections were also noted in a few patients. The overall mortality rate was 35%. Ten (77%) of the 13 patients who were treated with aminoglycoside plus cephalosporin or carbapenem survived in association with marrow recovery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Aeromonas as a human pathogen.

Although the first Aeromonas strain was described by Zimmermann as early as in 1890, it took 60 years until Caselitz established human pathogenicity of strains then called "Vibrio jamaicensis". Since then, and especially in the last 10 years, there have been increasing numbers of reports on different infections caused by members of the genus Aeromonas. These include sepsis; meningitis; cellulitis; necrotizing fasciitis; ecthyma gangrenosum; pneumonia; peritonitis; conjunctivitis; corneal ulcer; endophthalmitis; osteomyelitis; suppurative arthritis; myositis; subphrenic abscess; liver abscess; cholecystitis and/or ascending cholangitis; urinary tract infection; endocarditis; ear, nose, and throat infections; balanitis; etc. The role of Aeromonas in gastrointestinal disease is very controversial. Increasing epidemiological data suggest that these organisms play a major role in enteric infections, but so far enteropathogenicity has not been demonstrable in experiments where volunteers were given high numbers of Aeromonas possessing different virulence factors. Virulence factors include hemolysin(s), enterotoxin(s), hemagglutinins, invasivity, and others; but these are not found more frequently in strains isolated from patients with diarrhea than from healthy controls. Whether there is a correlation between species and disease remains to be elucidated and requires more information about the taxonomy of this genus.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2000

Outcomes of Aeromonas bacteremia in patients with different types of underlying disease.

Over a 6-year period, 42 patients with different underlying diseases developed Aeromonas bacteremia in our hospital. The male to female ratio was 2:1. The vast majority of these patients had underlying diseases, including various types of neoplasm (n = 14), liver cirrhosis (n = 11), biliary tract disorder (n = 10) and other illnesses (n = 7). Community-acquired bacteremia was predominant (33 cases, 79%). Aeromonas hydrophila was the most common species isolated (88%). Monomicrobial bacteremia was more common than polymicrobial bacteremia (64% vs 36%). Monomicrobial bacteremia was associated with neoplasm or liver cirrhosis in 80% of patients. Polymicrobial bacteremia was more common in patients with biliary tract disorder than in patients from other groups (60% vs 40%). Escherichia coli (60%) was the predominant concomitant organism isolated. The major clinical manifestations were fever (74%), jaundice (57%), and abdominal pain (45%). Recognized infection sites included biliary tract, soft tissue involvement, peritoneal involvement, while 50% of patients had no recognized infection site. Eight patients (80%) received cholecystectomy due to gall stone with acute cholecystitis. However, none of the cirrhotic patients with necrotizing fasciitis received surgical treatment. The mortality attributed to Aeromonas bacteremia was 70%. Patients with liver cirrhosis or malignancy had a higher acute mortality (death within 7 days after admission) than the other patients (89% vs 11%). We conclude that Aeromonas bacteremia can cause a rapidly fatal outcome and should be considered an important pathogen for septicemia in patients with liver cirrhosis or neoplasm.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in a drinking-water distribution system: a field and pilot study.

A 16-month study was conducted on the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila in drinking water in Indiana, U.S.A. Enumeration was conducted in source water, in various sites within a water treatment plant, and in the distribution system in both bulk water and biofilm, as well as in a simulated (annular reactors) drinking-water distribution system. Presumptive Aeromonas spp. counts on source waters regularly approached 10(3)-10(4) CFU/100 mL, during summer months and granular activated carbon - filtered water counts ranged from <1 to 490 CFU/100 mL. In source water, presumptive Aeromonas levels were related to water temperature. Aeromonas hydrophila was never detected in the treatment plant effluent or distributed bulk water, showing disinfectant efficiency on suspended bacteria; however, isolates of A. hydrophila were identified in 7.7% of the biofilm samples, indicating a potential for regrowth and contamination of drinking-water distribution systems.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed1992

[A strain of Aeromonas veronii isolated from a patient suspected of cholera].

Investigations were carried on a strain isolated from patient hospitalized in Poland. The patient returned from Odessa, a region with cholera epidemic. The strain was suspected to be Vibrio cholerae, but it did not agglutinate in V. cholerae 01 serum. The aim of this study was establishment of taxonomical classification of this strain, in order to demonstrate whether it is a representative of the non-cholera vibrio group (not agglutinating) or another representative of the family Vibrionaceae. The strain was resistant to bile salts in TCBS medium and demonstrated several properties from a borderline of two Vibrio and Aeromonas species. Its properties were similar to the group of recently described pathogenic vibrio, but it did not require higher concentrations of NaCl in the medium and was resistant to the vibriostatic factor 0/129. These properties were considered as decisive in differentiation of Vibrio and Aeromonas. The strain was finally classified as Aeromonas veronii. It is a first case in Poland of isolation of A. veronii from the feces of patient with cholera-like symptoms. As newly described pathogenic species of genus Vibrio and Aeromonas were not isolated in Poland, we present schemes which may serve for beginning of this type of diagnostic investigations.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2003

Aeromonas hydrophila bacteremia presenting as non-traumatic acute osteomyelitis in a cirrhotic patient.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a low-virulence gram-negative bacillus. It has never been reported as a pathogen of non-traumatic acute osteomyelitis in a cirrhotic patient. Herein, we reported on a case of decompensated liver cirrhosis with Aeromonas hydrophila infection presenting as acute gastroenteritis and non-traumatic acute osteomyelitis. It has been shown that Aeromonas bacteremia usually affects immunocompromised subjects, such as those with liver cirrhosis. Non-traumatic acute osteomyelitis should be highly suggested when a cirrhotic patient with Aeromonas bacteremia presents with severe low back pain and no associated trauma.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Aeromonas hydrophila orbital cellulitis in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.

Orbital cellulitis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila developed in a 73-year-old male with a history of myelodysplastic syndrome. He was admitted because of fever, general malaise, pain as well as periorbital swelling in the right eye. Four days later, a yellowish pustule with purulent material was noted over right lower eyelid. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the discharge. After administering intravenous cefuroxime 1,500 mg every 8 hours and topical ofloxacin eye oint, his symptoms subsided gradually. We present the first known case of orbital cellulitis from Aeromonas hydrophila in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. In patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, Aeromonas hydrophila should be listed as an important pathogen in any soft tissue infection including eyelid infection. Culture and adequate antimicrobial therapy are recommended, because rapid worsening may result in orbital cellulitis or even septicemia in patients with suppressed immune system.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2004

Cytotoxin testing of environmental Aeromonas spp. in Vero cell culture.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Aeromonas spp. are known to cause a variety of infections in humans and this organism has been isolated from a variety of sources including environmental sources. The pathogenicity of the environmental isolates in and around Vellore has not been studied. This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of the Aeromonas spp. isolated from water bodies, soil sediments, plankton and sewers in and around Vellore. METHODS: Aeromonas spp. isolated from environmental sources were identified by standard procedures. Representative isolates of Aeromonas spp. were tested for cell free cytotoxic factor in tissue culture system. Undiluted and diluted cell free filtrates of isolates and known toxigenic and non-toxigenic bacteria were added to Vero cell monolayer in microtitre plates. After appropriate incubation in 5 per cent CO2 atmosphere, the microtitre plate was examined for cytopathic effect. Cell detachment and shrinkage of Vero cells were recorded as toxic changes. RESULTS: All 36 environmental isolates demonstrated cytopathic effect of which 41.7, 50 and 8.3 per cent belonged to A. hydrophila, A. veronii biotype sobria and A. caviae respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated the presence of potentially pathogenic environmental aeromonads in and around Vellore and they produced cytotoxin.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2004

Fatal aeromonas hydrophila infection of soft tissue after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for gastric variceal bleeding.

Aeromonas hydrophila, an anaerobic gram-negative bacillus, can cause severe infections in immune-compromised patients. We present a 45-year-old cirrhotic man who suffered from hematemesis and received emergency endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) for gastric variceal bleeding. Twenty-one hours after EIS, painful swelling of the bilateral lower extremities and fever occurred. Severe soft-tissue infections with emergence of hemorrhagic bullae over the bilateral lower extremities followed. Even under aggressive treatment, the patient died of overwhelming sepsis 42 hours after EIS. Cultures of the blood and serosanguineous fluid from the hemorrhagic bullae revealed Aeromonas hydrophila. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of fatal Aeromonas hydrophila infection after emergancy EIS for gastric variceal bleeding reported in the English literature. It is worth emphasizing that physicians should consider Aeromonas hydrophila infection in cirrhotic patients who develop soft-tissue infections after variceal bleeding whether emergency EIS has been performed or not.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2003

Laminarin enhanced immunological disorders of septicimeric albino rats infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Aeromonas hydrophila is increasingly recognized as a pathogen of man that gives rise to both intestinal and extraintestinal infection. This study examined the effect of one the immunostimulants; fungal cell-wall beta-1, 3-D-glucan (Laminarin) on the immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila in albino rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml of 1% laminarin (15 mg/100 g b.wt) stimulated humoral immunity. On the ninth day, after application of laminarin in vivo, a statistically higher value of total Ig (p < 0.05) was observed. At the same time, serum total immunoglobulins (25.5 +/- 2) g/L in bacterial groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05), compared to the control group (17 +/- 2) g/L. For Aeromonas infected group, all Ig classes showed increase statistically significant (p < 0.05). On the other hand laminarin groups exhibited reduced values of Ig subclasses but still higher than control values. This was reported for all time period. Rats were divided into 3 equal groups designated, Aeromonas infected, Laminarin-treated and control groups. Infection was carrid out by intraperitoneal injection of 2 x 10(6) bacteria daily for 6 days.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

[Purification and immobilization of chondroitinase from Aeromonas sobria YH 311].

Chondroitinase has been used as an important tool in the study of the structure, function and distribution of glycosaminoglycans for many years. Recently, the enzyme has been reported to be a potential enzyme for chemonucleolysis, an established treatment for intervertebral disc protrasion. In this paper, a chondroitinase had been purified from the culture supernatant of Aeromonas sobria YH311 using a simple purification procedure of ammonium sulfate precipitation, QAE-Sephadex A50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. The immobilization of purified chondroitinase using sodium alginate or cellulose as carriers has also been studied. The chondroitinase obtained from Aeromonas sobria YH311 was purified 55-fold to 95.3% pure, the specific activity of the purified enzyme was 31.86u/mg and the yield was 37%. The molecular weight of chondroitinase from Aeromonas sobria YH311 was determined by SDS-PAGE to be 80kD, which was almost the same as those chondroitinase AC from Arthrobacter aurescens, Aeromonas liquefaciens and Flavobacterium heparinum. But its isoelectric point was 4.3 - 4.6, which was far lower than the microbial chondroitinase AC. After the immobilization on sodium alginate or cellulose, the properties of chondroitinase changed greatly. The optimum temperature and pH of the free enzyme were 50 degrees C and 7.0 respectively, and about 10% activity remained after heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 20 minutes, and 47% activity remained after two weeks storage at 4 degrees C. The chondroitinase immobilized on sodium alginate had the optimum temperature and pH of 40 degrees C and 7.0 respectively, about 50% activity remained after 80 degrees C heat treatment for 120 minutes and 50% remained after 30 days storage at 4 degrees C. The chondroitinase immobilized on cellulose had the optimum temperature and pH of 70 degrees C and 6.0 respectively, and more than 70% activity remained after heat treatment at 80 degrees C and 30 days storage at 4 degrees C. The yield of the immobilization was very low, with 18.56% for alginate and 18.86% for cellulose.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1990

[New enteropathogens: Aeromonas spp].

Aeromonas is one of the type of enteric pathogens which is commonly present in less developed countries. It leads to acute diarrhea in children and traveller's diarrhea in adults. Additionally it is also responsible from the extraintestinal infections. Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacteria which is isolated from water, soil, foods and rarely from intestinal tract of human. Aeromonas sobria is especially isolated from wound infection of scuba diver's. There are other types of Aeromonas such as salmonicida, punctata, caviae, masoucida and achromogenes.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1990

Comparative study of the prevalence and clinical profiles of diarrheas due to Aeromonas and other enteric pathogens.

The prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and other enteric pathogens in stool specimens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients was studied over a 12 month period (January to December, 1986). Except for the absence of fever, all the clinical features in Aeromonas diarrhea were comparable to those associated with other diarrheagenic agents. These features included abdominal pain (30%), vomiting (24.5%), fever (31.5%), dehydration (9.5%) and hematochezia (19.5%). Aeromonas spp. were more frequently isolated from patients with gastroenteritis (2.5%) than from control patients (1.0%) (P less than 0.05). Isolates were recovered more often during the dry months (66.7%), than during the wet months (33.3%). Among the enteric pathogens isolated, Aeromonas spp. (2.5%) ranked next to Esch. coli (14.5%) and Shigella spp. (6.3%) in prevalence. Other bacterial isolates included Plesiomonas shigelloides (1.5%) Vibrio spp. (1.0%), Yersinia enterocolitica (1.0%) and Salmonella spp. (1.8%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Aeromonas hydrophila in the drinking water in Djibouti: commensal germ or diarrhea-causing agent?].

To investigate the bacteriological quality of drinking water used by inhabitants of the Republic of Djibouti who were not supplied with piped running water, we analysed 16 fresh-water samples from various sources. Only 3 samples were sterile; they were taken from village pumps and from a water-truck. Eleven samples yielded colonies of Aeromonas hydrophila too numerous to be counted; they were taken from water tanks, metal barrels, or wells dug in either dry river beds or along the seashore. We speculate that this high isolation frequency of Aeromonas hydrophila in fresh water samples may be related to conditions that are exceptionally favourable for the growth of the bacterium (e.g. high temperature and elevated concentrations of certain salts and minerals in the fresh water of Djibouti). We wonder nevertheless whether the infected water supplies were a source of diarrhoea for humans. Indeed, antibiotic resistance patterns were dissimilar when the 11 environmental strains were compared to 7 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Djibouti during the same period. More studies are needed to determine if Aeromonas hydrophila is always a commensal inhabitant of fresh water in Djibouti, or if it can be a cause of infectious diarrhoea. Accordingly, Public Health authorities in Djibouti will be able to decide if water from wells and tanks is safe for drinking, or if it needs disinfection before consumption.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1989

[Intestinal infections caused by Aeromonas].

We have identified 38 instances of intestinal infection by Aeromonas and 4 by Plesiomonas in 16,184 coprocultures carried out during a 4 year period in the HCU of Zaragoza. The low prevalence can be related with the fact that specific media for the recovery of these organisms were not used. The species Aeromonas sobria (47.36%) and A. caviae (39.47%) were more common than A. hydrophila (13.15%). Aeromonas were isolated from patients with and without intestinal disease. The occurrence of gastrointestinal disease was independent from the type of Aeromonas species isolated (p greater than 0.1). We did not find significant differences when we compared patients with and without diarrhea, the rates of the strains that produced gas from glucose, and those of the strains that did not produce arabinose acid. The rates of positivity for lysine decarboxylase and Voges-Poskauer were significantly more common in the strains isolated from symptomatic patients. The sensitivity to cephalothin (MIC less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml) can be an adequate marker to differentiate A. sobria from the other two species (p less than 0.01).

Aeromonas↗