Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ADRENALS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Regulation of cholesterol metabolism in adrenal cortex: comparative studies on cholesterol esterase in human adrenal glands.

We have studied the nature and characteristics of cholesterol esterase (CEase) in human adrenal adenoma and hyperplasia tissues showing Cushing's syndrome, comparing with those in normal tissue. Each tissue demonstrated that two pH optima were found at around 4.5 and 8.0. The results of a subcellular distribution study show that acid and alkaline CEase are mainly located in lysosomes and microsomes, respectively. Our previous data suggested that phosphatidylcholine which was sonicated with cholesteryl oleate as a substrate may play a crucial role in the regulation of CEase in rat adrenal. The effect of phosphatidylcholine was therefore investigated in the present study. Acid CEase in normal tissue was increased in a dose-dependent manner by phosphatidylcholine, but not in the adenoma or hyperplasia tissues. None of those tissues showed any enhancement in alkaline CEase activity when phosphatidylcholine was added to the substrates. It is therefore suggested that the mechanism of regulation of CEase among three different kinds of human adrenals may be different from the data for the effect of phosphatidylcholine. Basal activity of acid CEase in adenoma and hyperplasia was significantly higher than that in normal tissue, and also that of alkaline CEase in hyperplasia tissue was significantly higher than that in normal tissue. Thus it is suggested that such an adrenocortical disorder as Cushing's syndrome due to adenoma and diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex may possess the nature and characteristics of autonomy of steroidogenesis which seems to be induced by the active metabolism of cholesterol, when compared with normal tissue.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1987

A study of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression following curative surgery for Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was investigated in all six patients requiring glucocorticoid replacement 2.5-11 years after unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal adenomas causing Cushing's syndrome. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed by insulin induced hypoglycaemia and CRF testing in each patient. Two patients showed normal cortisol and ACTH responses to hypoglycaemia. Two patients showed subnormal cortisol responses to hypoglycaemia in the presence of high or normal basal ACTH concentrations. ACTH concentrations increased with both hypoglycaemia and CRF. Two patients showed subnormal cortisol responses to hypoglycaemia and CRF. One of these patients showed an ACTH rise following hypoglycaemia but not CRF. Defects at either hypothalamic-pituitary or adrenal levels were demonstrated and recovery of the axis appears to commence at the hypothalamic-pituitary level.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1998

Angiotropic large cell lymphoma which infiltrated to the adrenal glands presenting as reversible adrenal insufficiency.

A 72-year-old man who suffered from recurrent fever was found to have enlarged bilateral adrenal glands on computed tomographic scanning, combined with subclinical adrenal insufficiency. Based on the pathology of bone marrow aspiration, he was diagnosed to have an angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Soon after the treatment with a combination chemotherapy, he achieved complete remission of ALCL and size and function of the adrenal glands were apparently normalized. ALCL should be included in the list of differential diagnoses of non-functioning bilateral adrenal swelling with non-specific symptoms such as fever.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1984

CT of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage with acute adrenal insufficiency in the adult.

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and acute adrenal insufficiency in three acutely ill patients occurred as a complication of pneumonia in two and recent abdominal surgery in the third. The diagnosis was unsuspected in each case before abdominal computed tomography (CT), which showed bilateral adrenal masses. CT was done for suspected intraabdominal sepsis. Adrenal insufficiency was confirmed by endocrine studies, and each patient promptly recovered with steroid replacement therapy. Follow-up CT showed diminution or disappearance of the masses and density changes consistent with resolving hematomas.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

[Bilateral adrenal lymphoma with adrenal insufficiency: a case report].

A 65 year-old man visited the outpatient clinic of internal medicine complaining of fever and upper abdominal pain. Bilateral adrenal tumors were detected by CT scan and ultrasonography without any hormonal abnormalities. The diagnosis was bilateral primary non-functioning adrenal tumors because there was no tumor except adrenals with the detailed examinations. Then we are informed about the patient and he was transferred for the surgery. Cortisol was administrated because adrenal insufficiency was observed before surgery. Right adrenalectomy was performed after the recovery of patient status with cortisol. The pathological diagnosis was malignant lymphoma (diffuse large, B cell type). The patient was getting worse and dead 15 days after the surgery.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1978

Behavioural and pituitary-adrenal characteristics of pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane anesthesia. 2. Pituitary-adrenal function.

Pituitary-adrenal function was investigated in two groups of Pietrain pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane, and in Large White pigs (LW). Plasma basal levels of glucocorticoids, measured by a protein binding technique, and plasma ACTH concentrations, determined by radioimmunoassay, did not differ according to halothane susceptibility but were higher in LW pigs compared with Pietrain pigs. The reactivity of the pituitary-adrenal axis to such stressors as exposition to a novel environment or shaking was the same for all experimental groups. The same was true concerning plasma levels of glucocorticoids and ACTH after injection of dexamethasone and response of the adrenal cortex to a standard dose of ACTH. These results demonstrate that LW pigs have a higher tonic secretion of ACTH than Pietrain pigs, but with identical phasic response to stimulations. Halothane susceptibility by itself appears to have no influence of pituitary-adrenal function.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1986

[Addison's disease with enlarged adrenal glands in sonography and computer tomography. Differential diagnostic considerations based on 2 cases of tuberculous adrenalitis].

One of the major causes of chronic adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) is tuberculous adrenalopathy. Since sonography and computed tomography have become generally available in recent years and are of potential help in the diagnosis of this disease the merits of these methods are discussed in the light of 2 cases of adrenal tuberculosis, followed by a review of the literature. Adrenal calcification is the most significant, although not specific sign of adrenal insufficiency due to tuberculosis. Computed tomography has proven to be the method of choice in the non-invasive diagnosis of tuberculous adrenalopathy and in the monitoring of tuberculostatic treatment in this disease. Sonography is helpful as a preliminary investigation.

Addison Disease↗
PubMed1978

[Primary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia of the adrenals. Study based upon one case and a review of the literature (author's transl)].

The authors report the case of a 41-year-old man suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, predominantly on the left. This condition is somewhat less common than Conn's adenoma and differs distinctly on the basis of a very poor response to surgical treatment. It can generally be diagnosed by non-invasive techniques, the most reliable of which are the postural test and adrenal isotope scan under inhibition with dexamethasone. These methods are nevertheless not always valuable in the presence of certain forms of hyperplasia which are less distinct from an anatomical standpoint, and must then be complemented by adrenal phlebography and estimation of aldosterone in adrenal venous blood or, if this proves impossible, in the inferior vena cava and renal veins.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastatic to the adrenal gland mimicking normal adrenal cortical epithelium on fine needle aspiration.

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of enlarged adrenal glands detected by computed tomography is a valuable method for extrathoracic staging of pulmonary carcinomas. This paper presents the case of a middle-aged man with pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastatic to the adrenal glands, the FNA sample of which closely resembled normal adrenal cortical epithelium. Through review of the case and comparison with cytologic preparations from normal adrenal glands, the aspiration cytologic features suggesting carcinoma are described.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Addison's disease, adrenal autoantibodies and computerised adrenal tomography.

The present study describes 53 patients with Addison's disease, who attended Auckland hospitals between 1971-1980, 32 of whom presented for the first time during this period, when the mean annual incidence of Addison's disease was 4.5 cases/million population, and the respective frequency of idiopathic (auto-immune) and tuberculous aetiologies was 92 percent and 4 percent for caucasians, but 25 percent and 63 percent for Polynesians. In addition, adrenal reserve was tested by ACTH stimulation in 20 clinically non-Addisonian patients in whom circulating adrenal antibodies had been incidentally demonstrated and present for periods of up to six years, and was normal in all cases. Such antibodies therefore lack functional disease specificity. The diagnostic value of CT adrenal scanning in illustrating the contrasting appearances between tuberculous and auto-immune adrenalitis is shown in four patients.

Addison Disease↗
PubMed1983

Effect of adrenal medullectomy on the activity of COMT and MAO in adrenal cortex of control and stressed rats.

The effect of bilateral adrenal medullectomy on the activity of catecholamine degrading enzymes--catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) and monoamino oxidase (MAO)--in adrenal cortex and on the level of corticosterone in plasma was studied in the rats subjected either to a single (2.5 h) or repeated (2.5 h daily for 150 days omitting Saturdays and Sundays) immobilization stress. After medullectomy a significant increase of COMT activity was found in adrenal cortex of unstressed controls, while the activity of MAO was significantly decreased. Similar results were observed also in medullectomized animals subjected either to a single or repeated stress. The levels of corticosterone remained unchanged in medullectomized controls, but were significantly decreased in medullectomized and stressed animals. Although the mechanism still remains to be elucidated, these results may be considered as a further contribution to the understanding of the functional interrelations between the adrenal medulla and cortex.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1977

[Indices of lipid metabolism, thyroid gland and adrenal cortical function in prolonged stress of the central nervous system in chronic stimulation of the adrenals].

The experiments were conducted in 14 male rabbits dynamically on the 5th, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 60th and 80th day of the central nervous system tension or at rest, including the studies of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins content), the function of the thyroid gland (protein bound iodine content) and the function of the adrenal cortex (11-OCS content). Such lasting stimulation of the adrenal cortex was found to be accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, elevated 11-OCS level and lack of thyroid function changes. A lasting tension of the central nervous system against the background of chronic stimulation of the adrenals delays the development of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, reduces the function of the thyroid gland, and increases the function of the adrenal cortex. The observed shifts in the lipid metabolism may be of atherogenic importance. The obtained data may be useful for the study of the pathogenesis of hormonal shifts in atherosclerosis.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1980

[Adrenal cortex transplantation. Animal experimental models for the human Cushing and Conn syndromes--clinical aspects of adrenal cortex transplantation].

Thymusaplastic mutants of mice (nu/nu) and rats (rnu/rnu) were used as recipients for tissue of one aldosteronoma of a 21-year-old male patient with Conn's syndrome and for tissue of one adenoma of a 28-year-old female patient with Cushing's syndrome. In this animal experimental study we succeeded in demonstrating that congenitally athymic rodents are ideal recipients for xenotransplantation of adrenal cortical tissue. The graft viability was demonstrated by obtaining light and electron micrographs of the biopsied transplants and its endocrine function documented by the measurements of plasma renin, cortisol, and urinary excretion of aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Fifteen patients are presented who were surgically treated for Cushing's disease. Fourteen patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia underwent total adrenalectomy and two had after adrenalectomy autotransplantation of adrenal tissue in the forearm muscle. One patient was treated with a transsphenoidal, partial hypophysectomy. Our clinical experience with Cushing's disease showed that the initial surgical procedure may be directed to the pituitary and only in unsuccessful surgery to the adrenals. Adrenal autotransplantation after total adrenalectomy is an obsolete procedure.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1993

Flow cytometric DNA analysis for the determination of malignant potential in adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas.

DNA ploidy studies were performed by flow cytometry on extracted nuclei from 53 adrenal, 13 carotid body, 14 retroperitoneal, two intrathoracic, two urinary bladder, and one cauda equina pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas). A specific technique was used for preparation of paraffin-embedded tissue into single associated nuclei, and another specific method was used for propidium iodide staining. Twenty normal adrenal glands were also analyzed as controls. Six tumors in the adrenal medulla yielded uninterpretable histograms (coefficient of variation > 7%) because of excessive cell debris or other technical failure. All control adrenal glands were diploid. Seventy-two tumors were clinically benign and seven were malignant as evidenced by regional or distant metastases and/or extensive local invasion. Fifty-six (71%) of 79 tumors disclosed a normal DNA diploidy pattern with a benign clinical course. Abnormal DNA histograms including tetraploidy and aneuploidy patterns were observed in the remaining 23 cases, including the seven malignant tumors. Significantly more malignant tumors occurred in the DNA tetraploid group and the DNA aneuploid group than in the normal DNA group; considered together, the two groups with abnormal DNA histograms differed significantly from the normal DNA group. On the basis of these results, nondiploid tumors are considered to be more prone to aggressive behavior than diploid tumors and, therefore, should be carefully monitored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Cushing with transition from pituitary to adrenal origin. Study with SPECT scintigraphy of the adrenal cortex with norcholesterol-I 131 in a case].

The case of a 49 yr old alcoholic women with clinical and laboratory findings that suggested a Cushing syndrome is presented. The functional tests showed cortisol suppression greater than 50% of the basal value with 8 mg of dexamethasone and no response in the combined dexamethasone/desmopressin test. Pituitary Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was negative, Abdominal Computed Axial Tomography suggested hyperplastic adrenal glands; adrenal nodules were not found in the NMR. Pituitary or hipothalamic Cushing with secondary autonomous micronodular adrenal hyperplasia was suspected. Norcholesterol-I131 SPECT scintigraphy under dexamethasone suppression demonstrated a functional adrenal hyperplasia which was hystologically confirmed.

19-Iodocholesterol↗
PubMed2004

Enlarged adrenal glands as a prenatal marker of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a report of two cases.

We report the prenatal findings of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in two consecutive fetuses of one family. The first pregnancy was terminated at 23 weeks' gestation due to the presence of a complex heart anomaly. The adrenal glands appeared enlarged on prenatal ultrasound examination and autopsy confirmed CAH. The parents were subsequently examined and were found to be heterozygous for nucleotide 656 of the CYP21B gene. In a subsequent pregnancy, chorionic villus sampling at 11 weeks confirmed CAH in the male fetus. At this gestational age, mild body edema was present and the nuchal translucency measured 2.1 mm. From 14 weeks onwards, enlargement of the adrenal glands was the only sign of CAH. These findings suggest that enlarged adrenal glands may be a prenatal sign for CAH. In fetal medicine, when a pregnancy is terminated due to fetal malformations, autopsy should be performed because it can provide additional information that is helpful in counseling women with regard to subsequent pregnancies.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1985

Substance P-like immunoreactivity in adrenal chromaffin cells and intra-adrenal nerve fibers of rats.

The present peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical study demonstrated a relatively small number of cells with substance P(SP)-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal medulla of rats. These cells were found alone or in small groups, were polygonal in shape and lacked long cytoplasmic processes. At immunoelectron microscopy, the immunoreactive cells were characterized by abundant granular vesicles, and the immunoreactive material was confined to the round core of the vesicles. Thus, it is suggested that SP co-exists with catecholamines in a population of chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla. In addition a few SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities were found in the adrenal medulla of rats. They extended between small clusters of chromaffin cells and had their dot-like terminals around and within the cell clusters. The SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were characterized by the presence of abundant small clear vesicles mixed with a few large granular vesicles; the immunoreactivity appeared in the latter, but was also perfused throughout the entire axoplasm. The nerve fibers formed synapses on nonimmunoreactive chromaffin cells. Judging from the presence of bundles of SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers penetrating the adrenal capsule and cortex as well as the absence of SP-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the medulla, the intramedullary SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers seem to be extrinsic in origin.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1993

Postoperative primary adrenal failure from bilateral hemorrhagic adrenal infarction associated with coagulation factor XI deficiency.

A 72-year-old man developed bilateral adrenal hemorrhage causing primary adrenal failure three days after total hip replacement, and was found to have coagulation factor XI deficiency. Factor XI deficiency usually causes mild bleeding which is not predictable on the basis of assayable factor XI levels. There have been no previous reports of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in factor XI deficiency or other inherited coagulation factor deficiencies. We suggest that the risk of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage should be considered in any preoperative evaluation of patients with factor XI deficiency.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗