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PubMed2005

Effects of different cultivation temperatures on plasma membrane ATPase activity and lipid composition of sugar beet roots.

Sugar beet seedlings (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Monohill) were cultivated for 3 weeks at different root and shoot temperatures and the plasma membranes (PM) from roots were purified by aqueous two-phase partitioning and analyzed for lipid composition and ATPase activities. Lipid analyses, undertaken immediately after PM purification from the roots, showed that a low root zone temperature (10 degrees C) decreased the ratio between the major lipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A low temperature in the root environment increased the mol% of PE and decreased the mol% of phosphatidic acid (PA), independent on the shoot growth temperature. A low temperature also decreased the mol% of linoleic acid (18:2) and increased mol% of linolenic acid (18:3) in the analyzed lipid classes, especially in PC and PE. The ratio between acyl chain lipids and protein generally increased in PM from roots grown at 10 degrees C, compared with higher temperature. The changes in lipid composition correlated with changes in ATPase activities, detected as hydrolyses of MgATP. The kinetic parameters, K(m) and V of the PM H(+)ATPase in roots increased at a low cultivation temperature, independent on shoot temperature. Moreover, Arrhenius analyses showed that the transition temperature was independent of both root or shoot growth temperature at 10-24 degrees C, whereas the activation energy of the ATPase was dependent on the growth temperature of the root, and independent on shoot temperature. Thus, acclimation processes can take place in roots, irrespective of the shoot temperature.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1982

Effects of Powdery Mildew Infection on the Efficiency of CO(2) Fixation and Light Utilization by Sugar Beet Leaves.

Sugar beet leaves (Beta vulgaris L.) infected with powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni D.C.) show declining rates of net photosynthesis as the disease develops; relative to healthy controls, reductions of 35, 70, and 75% were observed at 9, 16, and 22 days after inoculation, respectively. A leaf gas exchange procedure in which an air stream flowed through the leaf showed that mesophyll conductance declined in parallel with photosynthesis in mildew-infected leaves. Viscous flow conductance of diseased leaves also declined over the same period suggesting that stomatal aperture was reduced. From the magnitude and time course of disease effects on stomatal aperture and mesophyll conductance, it appears that the effects at the mesophyll level were primarily responsible for mediating the decline in net photosynthesis. Changes in mesophyll conductance were closely correlated with reduced activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase on a leaf area basis. This decrease could be attributed to a reduction in the concentration of the enzyme, a reduction which was greater than the reduction in total soluble protein. The quantum efficiency of light use was also decreased by the disease. Mildew-infected leaves had quantum yields that were reduced, relative to healthy leaves, by 17 and 22% at 14 and 18 days after inoculation, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Oxidative burst elicited by Bacillus mycoides isolate Bac J, a biological control agent, occurs independently of hypersensitive cell death in sugar beet.

Response of sugar beet cultivars C40 and USH11 to syringe infiltration of live and dead Bacillus mycoides isolate Bac J, a biological control agent, and virulent and avirulent isolates of Erwinia carotovora pv. betavasculorum was measured by monitoring systemic acquired resistance control of Cercospora beticola, specific activity of chitinase and beta-glucanase, the oxidative burst, and hypersensitive cell death at the infiltration site. Priming sugar beet with B. mycoides Bac J (1 x 10(8) cells/ml) and avirulent isolates of E. carotovora pv. betavasculorum (1 x 10(6) cells/ml) reduced C. beticola symptoms by nearly 70% on distal, untreated leaves. Systemic resistance responses elicited by live B. mycoides Bac J and avirulent E. carotovora pv. betavasculorum isolates, measured by assays for chitinase and beta-glucanase, were statistically equivalent, and biphasic hydrogen peroxide production was observed. Although similar in timing, the second hydrogen peroxide burst was twofold lower for B. mycoides Bac J than for avirulent E. carotovora pv. betavasculorum. Hypersensitive cell death was elicited by avirulent E. carotovora pv. betavasculorum but not B. mycoides Bac J. An oxidative burst was elicited by spray-applied B. mycoides Bac J under both light and green light conditions, indicating that the signal produced by B. mycoides Bac J was not reliant on the stomata for entry into sugar beet. A working model for signal delivery and systemic resistance induction by B. mycoides Bac J in sugar beet is proposed.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2006

A complete physical map of a wild beet (Beta procumbens) translocation in sugar beet.

Two sugar beet lines carry homologous translocations of the wild beet Beta procumbens. Long-range restriction mapping with rare cutting enzymes revealed that both translocations are different in size, however, an overlapping region of about 350 kb could be identified. Both lines are resistant to the beet cyst nematode but only TR520 carries the previously cloned resistance gene Hs1pro-1. Hence, a second gene for nematode resistance (Hs1-1) must be located within this region. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed from line TR520. The library was screened with a number of B. procumbens specific probes and 61 BAC clones were identified. Five BAC clones formed a minimal tiling path of 580 kb to cover the overlapping region between both translocations including the translocation breakpoint. The five BACs from the overlapping region and one additional BAC distal from that contig were sequenced. The total sequence length from the five BACs of the overlapping region amounted to 524 kb which is 74.35% of the total insert size of these BACs. The frequency of retrotransposon sequences ranged between 14.7 and 43.3%. A total of 133 ORFs were identified, none of these showed similarity to known disease resistance genes. Of these, 12 ORFs showed homology to genes involved in biotic stress resistance reactions or to transcription factors. This paper demonstrates how genome specific probes can be employed for cloning an alien gene introgression into a cultivated species.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed2026

Development and validation of whole-genome SSR markers in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important sugar and cash crop worldwide. To systematically characterize SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) loci across sugar beet chromosomes and enable the precise identification of germplasm resources, this study conducted a genome-wide scan for SSR loci, analyzed their distribution patterns, and determined their genotypes using resequencing data from 123 sugar beet varieties. The results revealed an abundance of SSR loci in the sugar beet genome, with a total of 135, 379 identified, from which 135, 344 pairs of SSR primers were designed (135, 344 primer pairs successfully designed; 35 loci failed to meet design criteria). Specifically, 31, 748 primer pairs were designed based on SSRs located in unassigned scaffolds, and 103, 596 primer pairs from SSRs assigned to the nine chromosomes. Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified 28, 768 SSR primers located in multi-copy genes with PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) ≥ 0.5, and 2, 326 SSR markers located in single-copy genes residing in various genic regions (among which 543 had PIC ≥ 0.5, with the highest reaching 0.776). PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) validation confirmed 20 robust and polymorphic markers producing clear and reproducible bands. Among them, 10 SSR primers located in multi-copy genes exhibited three or more polymorphic types, and 10 markers located in single-copy genes displayed 2-3 polymorphic types. The most polymorphic marker, YCD-4-2, detected 11 polymorphic types across 48 varieties. Furthermore, to explore markers with potential functional significance, we annotated the genes harboring SSR markers located in single-copy genes. The results showed that 1, 264 SSRs located in single-copy genes were localized to 967 genes, which are significantly enriched in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, and plant-pathogen interactions. The 20 validated markers and the 2, 326 SSRs located in single-copy genes provided in this study can be directly applied to fingerprinting of sugar beet varieties, seed purity testing, and marker-assisted selection, thus representing a practical resource for molecular breeding.

genome-wide↗
PubMed1972

An Explanation for the Difference in Photosynthetic Capabilities of Healthy and Beet Yellows Virus-infected Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris L.).

Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) infected with the Beet Yellows Virus exhibit lower rates of net photosynthesis at light saturation than do healthy plants. These Pn reductions were correlated with increases in leaf resistance to water vapor loss. Theoretical analyses demonstrated that, although the leaf resistance to water vapor loss increases could account for a major part of the net photosynthesis decreases, some other aspect of leaf functioning also was debilitated by infection. Both the levels and the activities of ribulose-1, 5-diP carboxylase were less on a leaf area basis in extracts from infected leaves than from healthy ones. Soluble carbohydrates accumulate in Beet Yellows Virus-infected leaves, but inhibiting translocation in several ways provided no evidence in support of the hypothesis that the accumulation of photosynthates in leaves has a direct, short term, feed-back effect upon the photosynthetic rate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus from Spanish sugar beets.

Rhizomania is a viral disease, caused by beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus (BNYVV), which was detected in Spanish sugar beets in 1988, it being focused on the Castilla y León region. BNYVV has five RNA fragments with specific functions, and the different composition and proportion of RNA in the virions allow their separation and the characterization of their activities during the development of the disease. Thirty-six samples of sugar beet rootlets and frozen pulps from three different sugar beet zones of Castilla y León were analyzed by DAS-ELISA and Immunocapture-Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (IC-RT-PCR) using specific primers. The identity of the cDNA products was confirmed by nested-PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The uniformity of the patterns obtained by RFLP analyses with nine endonucleases showed the existence of a unique strain of BNYVV in 80,000 Ha of crop surface which could be explained by a recent arrival of the rhizomania disease to this region. The isolates studied were more similar to type A, which has been previously described in BNYVV, but a non-expected cleavage site for this molecular group was observed with endonuclease HincII on the RNA-2 IC-RT-PCR product (nt 2133-3293) in the thirty-six Spanish samples and also in a North American strain taken as reference. The use of frozen pulps obtained as a previous step to the industrial extraction of sugar avoids problems due to erratic distribution of the virus in the roots, provides repetitive results for a particular sample, and facilitates epidemiological and distributional studies on rhizomania disease.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1998

High level fructan accumulation in a transgenic sugar beet.

We have transformed sugar beet into a crop that produces fructans. The gene encoding 1-sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase (1-SST), which was isolated from Helianthus tuberosus, was introduced into sugar beet. In H. tuberosus, 1-SST mediates the first steps in fructan synthesis through the conversion of sucrose (GF) into low molecular weight fructans GF2, GF3, and GF4. In the taproot of sugar beet transformed with the 1-sst gene, the stored sucrose is almost totally converted into low molecular weight fructans. In contrast, 1-sst expression in the leaves resulted in only low levels of fructans. Despite the storage carbohydrate having been altered, the expression of the 1-sst gene did not have any visible effect on phenotype and did not affect the growth rate of the taproot as observed under greenhouse conditions.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2006

Taproot promoters cause tissue specific gene expression within the storage root of sugar beet.

The storage root (taproot) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) originates from hypocotyl and primary root and contains many different tissues such as central xylem, primary and secondary cambium, secondary xylem and phloem, and parenchyma. It was the aim of this work to characterize the promoters of three taproot-expressed genes with respect to their tissue specificity. To investigate this, promoters for the genes Tlp, His1-r, and Mll were cloned from sugar beet, linked to reporter genes and transformed into sugar beet and tobacco. Reporter gene expression analysis in transgenic sugar beet plants revealed that all three promoters are active in the storage root. Expression in storage root tissues is either restricted to the vascular zone (Tlp, His1-r) or is observed in the whole organ (Mll). The Mll gene is highly organ specific throughout different developmental stages of the sugar beet. In tobacco, the Tlp and Mll promoters drive reporter gene expression preferentially in hypocotyl and roots. The properties of the Mll promoter may be advantageous for the modification of sucrose metabolism in storage roots.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed1989

Leaf Phosphate Status, Photosynthesis and Carbon Partitioning in Sugar Beet: II. Diurnal Changes in Sugar Phosphates, Adenylates, and Nicotinamide Nucleotides.

Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris L. cv F58-554H1) were cultured hydroponically in growth chambers. Leaf orthophosphate (Pi) levels were varied nutritionally. The effect of decreased leaf phosphate (low-P) status was determined on the diurnal changes in the pool sizes of leaf ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), triose phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, adenylates, nicotinamide nucleotides, and Pi. Except for triose phosphate, low-P treatment caused a marked reduction in the levels of leaf sugar phosphates (on a leaf area basis) throughout the diurnal cycle. Low-P treatment decreased the average leaf RuBP levels by 60 to 69% of control values during the light period. Low-P increased NADPH levels and NADPH/NADP(+) ratio but decreased ATP; the ATP/ADP ratio was unaffected. Low P treatment caused a marked reduction in RuBP regeneration (RuBP levels were half the RuBP carboxylase binding site concentration) but did not depress PGA reduction to triose phosphate. These results indicate that photosynthesis in low-P leaves was limited by RuBP regeneration and that RuBP formation in low-P leaves was not limited by the supply of ATP and NADPH. We suggest that RuBP regeneration was limited by the supply of fixed carbon, an increased proportion of which was diverted to starch synthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

[The energetic utilization of rations with dried concentrates, potatoes, sugar beets, apple pectin and cane sugar by growing, intact and ileorectostomized swine. 1. Results in swine with ileorectal anastomoses].

Rations with dried feedstuffs and rations with between 30 and 50% raw potatoes in the dry matter as well as steamed potatoes and sugar beets, sucrose and apple pectin were tested in measurings of the total metabolism in growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses. The prececal digestibility of the energy of the rations ranged between 42% (rations with raw potatoes) and 79% (rations with sucrose). The digestibility of the rations with a 50% quota of steamed potatoes was better by 30%--units than that of rations with raw potatoes. In addition to crude nutrient digestibility, data are given on the digestibility of starch, water soluble carbohydrates and pectin. The wide variation in the N retention of 6-25 g/animal.day can only be partly connected with energy retention. Urine energy amounted to between 2.5 and 5% of gross energy. The average utilization of metabolizable energy amounted to 69.4%. A connection is to be seen with the value of energy maintenance requirement of 646 kJ retention energy/kg LW0.62.d.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1991

[The energetic utilization of rations with dried concentrates, potatoes, sugar beets, apple pectin and cane sugar by growing, intact and ileorectostomized swine. 2. Comparison of results].

Results of the measuring of the total metabolism of growing intact pigs (INT) and pigs with ileorectal anastomoses (IRA) are compared. The 16 comparisons are based on studies with rations of dried feedstuffs and rations containing between 30 and 50% of the DM raw or steamed potatoes and sugar beets, sucrose and apple pectin. On an average of all comparisons the relative values for the digestibility of energy, DM and the organic matter as well as for the metabolizability of the energy were between 81 and 82% (values measured at INT animals = 100). The comparison also refers to the crude nutrients, the water-soluble carbohydrates, the starch and the pectin. As a tendency, the IRA utilized the metabolizable energy better than the INT animals. The energy maintenance requirement of the IRA animals was--by 15%--significantly higher than that of the INT animals. There is not yet an answer to the question in how far comparative studies of INT and IRA animals make verified statements with regard to the differences in the energetic utilization of the precaecally and postileally digested nutrients possible. For this, further experiments will be necessary.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2006

Survey on some contaminants in white sugar from Serbian sugar beet refineries.

Refined white sugar is a very pure food product, even though it contains very small amounts of soluble and insoluble impurities. The content of these impurities has nutritional significance and determines the usefulness of sugar for various industrial applications. The main quality criteria used to indicate the content of these impurities are ash and colour. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the quality according to the EU sugar market regime and the content of iron, copper and zinc in white sugar samples from Serbian sugar beet refineries during the 2003 campaign. A total of 166 samples representative of the production of four Serbian sugar refineries were investigated. After wet digestion the concentrations of iron, copper and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean content of iron, copper and zinc in sugar samples was 0.37 mg/kg, 0.06 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg and was significantly different from the average content 0.28 mg/kg, 0.09 mg/kg and 0.07 mg/kg respectively in the analysed European sugar factories. The data were also compared with literature values for commercial white sugar samples from European sugar beet refineries and European legislation set for copper and zinc. Furthermore, the quality of produced sugar was evaluated according to the standards of the European Union indicating that 76% of all investigated Serbian samples belonged to the second sugar quality category.

Copper↗
PubMed2004

Adsorption of sugar beet herbicides to Finnish soils.

Three sugar beet herbicides, ethofumesate, phenmedipham and metamitron, are currently used on conventional sugar beet cultivation, while new varieties of herbicide resistant (HR) sugar beet, tolerant of glyphosate or glufosinate-ammonium, are under field testing in Finland. Little knowledge has so far been available on the adsorption of these herbicides to Finnish soils. The adsorption of these five herbicides was studied using the batch equilibrium method in 21 soil samples collected from different depths. Soil properties like organic carbon content, texture, pH and partly the phosphorus and oxide content of the soils were tested against the adsorption coefficients of the herbicides. In general, the herbicides studied could be arranged according to their adsorption coefficients as follows: glyphosate>phenmedipham>ethofumesate approximately glufosinate-ammonium>metamitron, metamitron meaning the highest risk of leaching. None of the measured soil parameters could alone explain the adsorption mechanism of these five herbicides. The results can be used in model assessments of risk for leaching to ground water resulting from weed control of sugar beet in Finland.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energetic utilization of sugar beets, dried shreds, sucrose and apple pectin by growing swine. 1. Study overview and composition and digestibility of feed and rations].

Total metabolism experiments with a basic ration were carried out over two measuring periods and with a basic ration plus supplements of raw sugar beets, steamed sugar beets, dried sugar beet pulp, sucrose and apple pectin resp. with 4 pigs per test group and 4 test groups (LW 40-135 kg). Live weight gain was approximately equal after the feeding of raw and steamed sugar beets. It amounted to 650 g/animal and day in the first experimental period and to 715 g in the second. After feeding dried sugar beet pulp as supplement the corresponding weight gain was 525 and 565 g/animal and day. In the course of the ontogenetic development up to a live weight of about 70 kg an increase of digestibility could be observed. Adaptation cannot be excluded. This question will be pursued in the following experiments, so that consequences for energetic feed evaluation have to be postponed. For both raw and steamed sugar beets the digestibility of the organic matter was 88%, of NFE 95% and of water soluble carbohydrates 95%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization and systemic induction of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) leaves.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves contain virus-inducible type 1 (single chain) ribosome-inactivating proteins that have been named beetins. The structural and functional characterization, the cellular location, and the potential role of beetins as antiviral agents are reported here. Beetins are formed of a single polypeptide chain with a varying degree of glycosylation and strongly inhibited in vitro protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates (IC50=1.15 ng ml(-1)) and a Vicia sativa L. cell-free system (IC50=68 ng ml(-1)) through the single depurination of the large rRNA. Beetins trigger the multidepurination of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genomic RNA which underwent extensive degradation upon treatment with acid aniline. Beetins are extracellular proteins that were recovered from the apoplastic fluid. Induction of sugar beet RIPs with either H2O2 or artichoke mottled crinkle virus (AMCV) was observed in leaves distant from the site of application of such elicitors. The external application of purified beetin to sugar leaves prevented infection by AMCV which supports the preliminary hypothesis that beetins could be involved in plant systemic acquired resistance subjected to induction by phytopathogens.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed1986

Electrical evidence for turgor inhibition of proton extrusion in sugar beet taproot.

Sections of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) taproot were incubated in various concentrations of mannitol. At 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 molar, the membrane electrical potential difference (E(m)) averaged about -130 millivolts; at 0.2 molar, about -90 millivolts; and at 0 molar, between -60 and -80 millivolts. Additions of 10 millivolts acetate to the incubation solutions (all at pH 5) enhanced the membrane polarity to about -200 millivolts. We conclude from these and previous findings that high turgor inhibits proton extrusion in the sugar beet, but that proton extrusion can be activated in fully turgid tissue by acidification of the cytoplasm. A possible function of this turgor effect may be the control of turgor itself.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding alpha-glucosidase from sugar beet.

A cDNA encoding sugar beet alpha-glucosidase was cloned from a library constructed from mRNA of suspension-cultured cells. The cDNA, 3056 bp in length, had an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 913 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 102,078 Da, included only one of four regions which were conserved in the alpha-amylase family of enzymes. The deduced amino acid sequence from the analysis of the cDNA contained the sequences of the proteolysis peptides and the active site region peptide of sugar beet alpha-glucosidase. The primary structure indicated relatively high homology in the range of 28.2 to 54.3% to those for other alpha-glucosidases. The highest homology was found in barley alpha-glucosidase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗