SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “promoter optimization”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Comparative analysis of factors promoting optimal production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae O1 (classical & E1Tor biotypes) & O139.

Various culture media [AKI, Brain heart infusion broth (BHI), Casamino acid-yeast extract broth (CAYE), Casamino acid-yeast extract broth supplemented with 90 micrograms/ml of lincomycin (CAYE-L), Tryptic soy broth (TSB) and Yeast extract peptone (YEP)], cultural conditions (stationary and shaking) and incubation temperatures (30 degrees C and 37 degrees C) were evaluated to determine optimal conditions for production of cholera toxin (CT) by different biotypes (classical and E1Tor) and serogroups (O1 and O139) of V. cholerae. It was found that V. cholerae O1 E1Tor grown in CAYE-L and incubated at 30 degrees C with constant shaking was optimal for production of CT, while for the classical biotype and for the O139 serogroup, CT was maximally produced when grown in YEP and incubated at 30 degrees C in a shaker. Temperature appeared to be a prominent factor affecting the production of CT by the O1 E1Tor biotype when the media used were AKI, CAYE-L and YEP and also for the classical biotype when the media used were the AKI, BHI, CAYE and YEP. In the case of the O1 E1Tor biotype, CAYE-L was the best medium for CT production whereas for the classical biotype, CAYE-L was a poor medium as far as CT production was concerned. Irrespective of the media used, 30 degrees C shake culture condition seemed to be more favourable for supporting CT production except in CAYE medium for the O1 E1Tor biotype where incubation at 37 degrees C in a shaker was as good as incubation at 30 degrees C.

Cholera Toxin↗

PubMed2003

Mutational analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis dnaK promoter defines the optimal -35 promoter element.

A long-standing question in the biology of the intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia, has been the structure of the promoter recognized by its RNA polymerase. The 'RNA polymerase sigma subunit paradox' refers to the difficulty reconciling the conservation between the RNA polymerases of Chlamydia and Escherichia coli, especially at the level of the promoter-recognition sigma subunit, with the general lack of homology between chlamydial promoters and the E.coli sigma(70) consensus promoter. While the -10 promoter element appears to be conserved between Chlamydia and E.coli, the structure of the chlamydial -35 promoter element has not been defined. We have investigated the structure of the -35 element of the Chlamydia trachomatis dnaK promoter by measuring the effects of single base pair substitutions on in vitro promoter activity. Most substitutions produced large decreases in promoter activity, which allowed us to define the optimal -35 sequence in the context of the dnaK promoter. We found that the optimal chlamydial -35 promoter sequence is identical to the E.coli sigma(70) consensus -35 promoter element (TTGACA). These results indicate that the optimal promoter specificities of the major form of chlamydial RNA polymerase and E.coli sigma(70) RNA polymerase are in fact highly conserved. A further implication of our results is that many chlamydial promoters have a suboptimal promoter structure. We hypothesize that these chlamydial promoters are intrinsically weak promoters that can be regulated during the chlamydial developmental cycle by additional transcription factors.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Continuous in vitro evolution of bacteriophage RNA polymerase promoters.

Rapid in vitro evolution of bacteriophage T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerase promoters was achieved by a method that allows continuous enrichment of DNAs that contain functional promoter elements. This method exploits the ability of a special class of nucleic acid molecules to replicate continuously in the presence of both a reverse transcriptase and a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Replication involves the synthesis of both RNA and cDNA intermediates. The cDNA strand contains an embedded promoter sequence, which becomes converted to a functional double-stranded promoter element, leading to the production of RNA transcripts. Synthetic cDNAs, including those that contain randomized promoter sequences, can be used to initiate the amplification cycle. However, only those cDNAs that contain functional promoter sequences are able to produce RNA transcripts. Furthermore, each RNA transcript encodes the RNA polymerase promoter sequence that was responsible for initiation of its own transcription. Thus, the population of amplifying molecules quickly becomes enriched for those templates that encode functional promoters. Optimal promoter sequences for phage T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerase were identified after a 2-h amplification reaction, initiated in each case with a pool of synthetic cDNAs encoding greater than 10(10) promoter sequence variants.

Bacteriophage T3↗

PubMed1998

A cellular protein binds vaccinia virus late promoters and activates transcription in vitro.

Available evidence indicates that the transcription of the late class of vaccinia virus genes requires the participation of several virus-encoded proteins in addition to the viral RNA polymerase. In this report we describe the identification of a protein present in extracts of uninfected HeLa cells that binds avidly to viral late promoter DNA. The protein bound specifically to several different vaccinia virus late promoters but not an early nor an intermediate promoter. DNase I footprinting localized the protein's binding site to nucleotides surrounding the transcriptional start site of the I1L promoter. Optimal promoter binding required sequences in the highly conserved TAAAT motif at the transcriptional start site as well as sequences immediately upstream; however, one variation on the motif's sequence did not affect promoter binding by the protein. Partially purified late promoter binding protein (LPBP) was capable of stimulating the transcription activity of extracts depleted of LPBP on a late promoter-driven template, establishing LPBP as a transcription activator in vitro. These results suggest that a cellular protein is responsible for targeting vaccinia virus late promoters for initiation of transcription.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1984

Hamster cheek pouch as a bioassay system in short term screening for tumor initiating and promoting agents. Optimization of parameters and observations of effects of cytotoxicity on tumor promotion by retinyl acetate.

The effects of various conditions on tumor initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) and promotion by retinyl acetate (RA), both in dimethylsulfoxide, were studied by topical application in hamster cheek pouch. The variables studied were: initiation and promotion time and schedule (alternate vs consecutive day paintings), concentration of DMBA used for initiation, and cytotoxicity. Spontaneous tumor progression followed by regression was observed in control animals which had been initiated for 4 weeks with 0.2% DMBA, but not given subsequent promotion treatment. Spontaneous progression was not observed in control animals which had been given only 2 weeks of initiation treatment, although RA both promoted new tumors and caused progression of benign hyperplastic lesions (BHLs) to advanced tumors. The approximate optimal conditions for obtaining acceptable tumor yields from promotion while minimizing associated errors and time periods were: 2 weeks of initiation with 0.2% DMBA and 4 weeks of promotion with 0.05 M RA, both with alternate day painting schedules. Reducing the initiation period but painting on consecutive days caused intolerable cytotoxicity and lowered tumor yields although the total dose of DMBA was kept constant. Increasing initiation time increased tumor yield in unpromoted controls as well as promoted groups, thus increasing errors in net yield from promotion. Similar results were obtained from doubling concentration of DMBA and halving initiation time. Reducing promotion time to below 4 weeks lowered tumor yield due to insufficient time for tumor development. Increasing promotion time to 6 weeks lowered tumor yield in both control and promoted groups, possibly due to spontaneous regression. Cytotoxicity enhanced progression to advanced tumors all of which were inflamed polypoid fibrovascular lesions. The cytotoxicity of DMBA was far greater than that of RA. Evidence is presented that tumor promotion by RA is not due to cytotoxicity. The hamster pouch system may afford an excellent short term mammalian screening test for tumor initiating and promotion agents.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2001

Conditional cell ablation by stringent tetracycline-dependent regulation of barnase in mammalian cells.

Conditional expression of suicide genes in vivo has a wide range of applications in biological research and requires a minimal basal promoter activity in the uninduced state. To reduce basal activity of tetracycline (tc)-inducible target promoters we combined synthetic tet operators in varying numbers with a core promoter derived from the plant viral 35S promoter. An optimized promoter, P(TF), was found to exert a stringent regulation of luciferase in combination with tTA and rtTA in different mammalian cell lines. We linked P(TF) to the barnase gene, coding for a highly active RNase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Stable cell clones expressing barnase under control of tTA exerted cell death only after tc withdrawal, correlating with a 10-fold induction of barnase mRNA expression. Directing tTA expression through a neuron-specific enolase promoter (P(NSE)) leads to barnase expression and cell death in neuronal cells after tc withdrawal. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a stringent control of barnase expression in the uninduced state improves cell ablation studies, as high frequencies of transgene propagation in both cell lines and in transgenic mice are observed.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Tumor progression in Sencar mouse skin as a function of initiator dose and promoter dose, duration, and type.

The influence of initiator dose and promoter dose, duration, and type on the progression of papillomas to carcinomas was examined in Sencar mice. A good dose-response relationship for promotion of papilloma formation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) [following initiation with 6.5 micrograms of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)] was observed in the range of 0.125 to 2.0 micrograms/mouse. A maximal papilloma response was induced with 2 micrograms/mouse (24 papillomas/mouse). When adjusted for mortality, the carcinoma incidence after 60 wk of promotion was essentially the same (approximately 80%) for doses above 0.5 micrograms/mouse. In a related experiment, mice were given an initiation dose of either 2 or 20 micrograms of DMBA followed by applications of 2 micrograms of TPA for 3, 5, 7, or 60 wk. Papilloma formation was proportional to length of treatment, with a maximum of 29 papillomas/mouse (20-micrograms initiating dose of DMBA) and 10 papillomas/mouse (2-micrograms initiating dose of DMBA) occurring between 10 and 15 wk of promotion. In this experiment, the carcinoma incidence was clearly proportional to the duration of promoter treatment at the low initiation dose of DMBA. The carcinoma incidence, on the other hand, was similar (approximately 70%) in groups of mice given an initiation dose of 20 micrograms of DMBA and promotion treatment for greater than or equal to 5 wk. Thus, the initiator dose had a dramatic effect on the outcome of these experiments. Additional experiments were performed to compare tumor progression with the anthrone promoter, chrysarobin. At optimal promoting doses, chrysarobin treatment produced a maximum number of papillomas that was approximately 1/3 that produced by TPA (6.4 versus 17.0 papillomas per mouse, respectively). However, the carcinoma response was very similar in these two treatment groups, confirming previous work from this laboratory. In addition, chrysarobin treatment following 10 wk of TPA promotion did not enhance the progression of preexisting papillomas to carcinomas. The data presented in this paper are consistent with a model in which several types or stages of papillomas are initially produced during two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin with different probabilities of progressing to carcinomas. However, the data indicate that optimal doses of promoter and initiator exist and can influence interpretation of tumor progression studies in mouse skin.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2004

Health-service utilization by pregnant women in the greater Mafikeng-Mmabatho district.

Since the implementation of free maternity services in South Africa from 1994, more maternity services were provided (SA, 1994: 73). These services are however inaccessible to many pregnant women in the rural areas, leading to sub-optimal antenatal health service utilization. Another problem that emerged, is deterioration in antenatal health service rendering throughout the country, as well as a lack of guidelines for the mobilization of pregnant women in order to promote optimal antenatal health service utilization (ANHSU) in the North West Province. The mentioned problems were the reasons for undertaking this research. The aims formulated for this research were: To determine the composition of the infrastructure of the antenatal health services and the efficacy of the antenatal health-service rendering in the greater Mafikeng-Mmabatho District; To undertake a survey of the ANHSU by pregnant women attending the mentioned services; To explore and describe the perceptions of these pregnant women regarding ANHSU; To formulate recommendations for antenatal health service providers working in the greater Mafikeng-Mmabatho District for the mobilization of pregnant women to promote optimal ANHSU. A qualitative survey design was followed within the context of the greater Mafikeng-Mmabatho District in the North West Province. Data-collection was managed through completion of structured questionnaires by chief professional nurses and puerperal women and by holding semi-structured interviews with puerperal women who were selected using non-probable, voluntary and purposive sampling. The findings that emerged were, that the composition of the infrastructure of the majority antenatal health services in the greater Mafikeng-Mmabatho District were insufficiently equipped indicating the provision of ineffective antenatal health service rendering. Pregnant women were utilizing the antenatal health services sub-optimally and the exploration and description of their ANHSU, revealed factors promoting and preventing utilization. Recommendations have been formulated for nursing education, nursing research and nursing practice with specific reference to the formulation of guidelines for antenatal health service providers to promote optimal ANHSU by pregnant women.

Efficiency, Organizational↗

PubMed1981

Atherosclerotic occlusive arterial disease: promotion of optimal health.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed1995

Essential role of E2F recognition sites in regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene promoter during Drosophila development.

We have found sequences similar to the transcription factor E2F recognition site within the Drosophila proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene promoter. These sequences are located at positions -43 to -36 (site I). and -56 to -49 (site II) with respect to the cap site Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-E2F and GST-DP fusion proteins cooperate and bind to the potential E2F sites in the PCNA promoter in vitro. A binding factor(s) to these sequences that has similar binding specificity to that of E2F was detected in nuclear extracts of Drosophila Kc cells. Furthermore, transient expression of target site for the activation coincided with the E2F sites. These results indicate that the PCNA gene is a likely target gene of E2F. Examination of lacZ expression from PCNA-lacZ fusion genes carrying mutations in either or both of two E2F sites introduced into flies by germ line transformation revealed that site II plays a major role in the PCNA promoter activity during embryogenesis and larval development, although both sites are required for optimal promoter activity. However, for maternal expression in ovaries, either one of the two sites is essentially sufficient to direct optimal promoter activity. These results demonstrate, for the first time, an essential role for E2F sites in regulation of PCNA promoter activity during development of a multicellular organism.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Imbalance diets in preschool children: study in a day-care center in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of low fat diets in children aged 2 to 5. Eighty two children (40 females and 42 males) attending a school cafeteria (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina), in a cross sectional study, were evaluated. Body weight (W), height (H) and body composition (BC) by bioimpedance were recorded. The anthropometric raw data were processed as Z-score of the weight-for-age (WEZ) and of the height-for-age (HAZ). Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Zinc/haemoglobin ratio (Zn/Hb) were also measured. Results showed that 73.2% of the children were adequate (A) according WEZ, 13.4% were lean (L) and 13.4% overweight (O). 8.5% presented simultaneously impairment in WEZ and HAZ. Body fat percentage and energy metabolism were higher in O than in L and A (p < 0.05). Serum IGF-1's children--aged 4 to 5 years--with HAZ deficit were low than adequate HAZ ones. No statistical differences in Zn/Hb ratio between A, L and O were found. This cross sectional study suggests metabolic disorders in young children attending school cafeterias. These conclusions will allow to design balanced diets in order to optimize the resources, promote optimal growth and development and prevent adult diseases through dietary practices in childhood.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2026

E2F7 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression by affecting phosphorylation and stabilization of β-catenin.

BACKGROUND: E2F transcription factor 7 (E2F7) has been implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of multiple cancer types; however, the molecular mechanisms through which E2F7 regulates malignant phenotypes in cancer cells remain largely undefined. In this study, we investigated the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of E2F7 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS: E2F7 expression in LUAD was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets and further validated in clinical specimens via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The effects of E2F7 on cancer cell self‑renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were assessed using sphere formation and Transwell assays, respectively. In vivo tumorigenicity and metastasis were evaluated using xenograft models combined with extreme limiting dilution analysis to assess tumor-initiating capacity. Wnt/β‑catenin pathway activity was measured using T-cell factor optimal promoter luciferase reporter plasmid/far-from optimal promoter luciferase reporter plasmid (TOP/FOP) flash reporter assays. β‑Catenin expression, stability, and ubiquitination were examined via western blotting, cycloheximide chase assays, and ubiquitination assays. Protein-protein interactions among E2F7, β‑catenin, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) were verified through co‑immunoprecipitation (Co‑IP), glutathione S‑transferase (GST) pull‑down, and immunofluorescence assays. Truncated mutants were generated to map the functional binding domains of E2F7. In vitro immunoprecipitation and kinase assays were further performed to confirm that E2F7 regulates GSK3β autophosphorylation and β‑catenin phosphorylation. RESULTS: Bioinformatic analyses revealed that E2F7 was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues, and elevated E2F7 expression correlated with poor patient prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that E2F7 promoted LUAD cell self‑renewal and EMT. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic E2F7 directly associated with β‑catenin through its DNA‑binding domain (DBD) and PHA03247 domain. E2F7 modulated β‑catenin phosphorylation at Ser675 and Ser33/37/T41, thereby inhibiting ubiquitin‑mediated degradation and enhancing β‑catenin protein stability. Furthermore, E2F7 interacted with GSK3β and suppressed its autophosphorylation at Tyr216, concomitant with reduced β-catenin phosphorylation at Ser33/37/T41 and its accumulation. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings indicate that E2F7 drives LUAD malignant progression through regulation of the GSK3β/β‑catenin signaling axis and stabilization of β‑catenin. This study unveils a novel oncogenic mechanism of E2F7 in LUAD and identifies E2F7 as a promising therapeutic target for clinical intervention in LUAD.

E2F7↗

PubMed1985

Mechanism of mouse skin tumor promotion by chrysarobin.

The skin tumor-promoting ability of 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone (chrysarobin) was compared with that of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone (anthralin) in SENCAR mice. Although dose-response comparisons indicated that chrysarobin was several orders of magnitude less potent than TPA for promoting papilloma formation, this anthrone was 1.5 to 2 times more potent than anthralin. Maximal papilloma responses were achieved by 15 weeks of promotion with TPA whereas at least 25 weeks of promotion were necessary to achieve maximal papilloma responses with chrysarobin or anthralin indicating marked differences in tumor latency between the two classes of compounds. Interestingly, at optimal promoting doses, chrysarobin gave a carcinoma response (22% with 0.3 carcinomas per mouse at 45 weeks) similar to that of TPA suggesting that this compound may be more efficient at promoting carcinomas than papillomas. In two-stage promotion experiments, chrysarobin was incapable of functioning independently as a Stage I or II promoter despite its complete promoting activity. Chrysarobin and TPA were compared at optimal promoting doses for their ability to induce: (a) skin edema, (b) epidermal hyperplasia, and (c) epidermal ornithine decarboxylase. In each case, distinct differences were noted between the two compounds. When taken together, the data support the hypothesis that anthracene-derived skin tumor promoters work at least in part by a mechanism different from the phorbol esters.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Optimizing the promoter and ribosome binding sequence for expression of human single chain urokinase-like plasminogen activator in Escherichia coli and stabilization of the product by avoiding heat shock response.

The expression of recombinant single-chain urokinase-like plasminogen activator (rscuPA) in Escherichia coli was optimized by fusing the puk gene to different promoters and ribosome binding sequences. Comparison of the tac, trp and lambda PL promoters showed that expression was maximal under tac control. Variation in the ribosome binding sequence and its distance to the AUG start codon yielded a further slight improvement of expression. The largest increase in rscuPA expression was achieved by variations in the host strain and growth conditions. In E. coli DG75 grown at 37 degrees C maximal expression was achieved 30 min after induction and decreased gradually until 240 min after induction. Growth at 30 degrees C yielded maximal expression 60 min after induction and resulted in reduced activity at longer times. Western blot analysis of the products showed that degradation of rscuPA was much larger at 37 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Using E. coli CAG630 carrying the htpR mutation, which avoids heat shock response, for expression of rscuPA eliminated the instability of the product at both temperatures. Expression in this strain was even more efficient than in E. coli JM101 carrying the lon mutation. It is concluded that induction of the general heat-shock response in E. coli must be avoided to obtain stabilization of rscuPA. This drastically improves the overall yield of rscuPA from recombinant E. coli strains.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Perinatal cocaine use: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects.

The implications of cocaine use during pregnancy include an increased incidence of stillbirths, abruptio placentae, and an increased risk of other delivery complications. The neonate born to a woman using cocaine may show a lack of definite physical stigmata, absence of consistent withdrawal patterns, and high incidence of irritability during the neonatal period. Nursing implications for promoting optimal pregnancy and neonatal outcome primarily involve early pregnancy intervention, consistent care, education, and delivery management. During the neonatal period, the nurse should work to reduce stimulation, position to promote optimal interaction, educate the parents, and initiate follow-up care for continued developmental assessments. At this time, available data merely suggest associations between cocaine use and negative perinatal outcomes; they do not imply causal relationships. Because the adverse effects to the fetus and newborn are not conclusively documented in the literature, it can be difficult to educate the preconceptual or pregnant woman about the risks of cocaine use during pregnancy. Despite this obstacle, the nurse must use the information available to present as clear a picture as possible of the risks of exposing the fetus to cocaine.

Cocaine↗

PubMed2003

Position of the American Dietetic Association: child and adolescent food and nutrition programs.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that all children and adolescents, regardless of age; gender; socioeconomic status; racial, ethnic, or linguistic diversity; or health status should have access to food and nutrition programs that ensure the availability of a safe and adequate food supply that promotes optimal physical, cognitive, and social growth and development. Appropriate food and nutrition programs include food assistance and meal programs, nutrition education initiatives, nutrition screening and assessment followed by appropriate nutrition intervention, and anticipatory guidance to promote optimal nutrition status. Malnutrition has been linked to delayed physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development and is now recognized as a major contributor to the growing problem of overweight and obesity in the child and adolescent population. Food and nutrition programs create a safety net that ensures that children and adolescents at risk for poor nutritional intakes have access to a safe, adequate, and nutritious food supply and nutrition screening, assessment evaluation, and intervention. It is important that continued funding be provided for these programs, which have been consistently shown to have a positive impact on child and adolescent well-being. Food and nutrition programs will continue to serve not only as a means to combat hunger and food insecurity but also as a vehicle for nutrition education and promotion of physical activity designed to combat overweight and prevent chronic disease. It is the role of the credentialed dietetics professional to support permanent, adequate funding to food and nutrition programs, universal health-care reimbursement for nutrition services, and the use of research and surveillance programs to justify, evaluate, and improve these programs. In addition, the dietetics professional is responsible for serving as a nutrition resource to all groups and individuals working with children and adolescents, acting as an advocate for the establishment of child-care, school, and community settings conducive to the development of good nutrition habits. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:887-893.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Position of the American Dietetic Association: child and adolescent food and nutrition programs.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that all children and adolescents, regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status, racial diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity, or health status, should have access to food and nutrition programs that ensure the availability of a safe and adequate food supply that promotes optimal physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth and development. Appropriate food and nutrition programs include food assistance and meal programs, nutrition education initiatives, and nutrition screening and assessment followed by appropriate nutrition intervention and anticipatory guidance to promote optimal nutrition status. Food and nutrition programs create a safety net that ensures that children and adolescents at risk for poor nutritional intakes have access to a safe, adequate, and nutritious food supply and nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention. It is important that continued funding be provided for these programs, which consistently have been shown to have a positive impact on child and adolescent health and well-being. Food and nutrition programs serve as a means to prevent or reduce hunger and food insecurity, but also as a vehicle for nutrition education and promotion of physical activity designed to prevent or reduce overweight and prevent chronic disease. It is the role of the registered dietitian to support adequate and sustained funding for food and nutrition programs, universal health care reimbursement for nutrition services, and the use of research and surveillance programs to evaluate and improve these programs. In addition, the registered dietitian and dietetic technician, registered, are responsible for serving as a nutrition resource to all groups and individuals providing services to children and adolescents, acting as an advocate for the establishment of child-care, school, and community settings conducive to the development of good nutrition habits.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Importance of physical activity, nutrition, and social support for optimal aging.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article was to provide the clinical nurse specialist (CNS), practicing in settings across the healthcare delivery continuum, with information about physical activity, nutrition, and social support that is essential for optimal aging. BACKGROUND/RATIONALE: Lifestyle choices older adults make concerning physical activity, diet, and social support greatly impact how well they age, their quality of life, and their well-being. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: This article focuses on 3 key factors essential to successful aging: physical activity, nutrition, and social support. It provides information and assessment and intervention strategy tools that can be used by CNSs to promote optimal aging for older clients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This article provides the CNS with resources (literature, assessment tools, and tools for intervention strategies) to promote optimal aging and wellness. CNSs can assist their clients in various settings to age more slowly, delay and prevent certain age-related diseases, and promote more healthful, productive longevity by guiding health-promotion and wellness activities for their older clients.

Aged↗