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PubMed1999

Action research on the legal and policy framework for reproductive rights in eastern and central Europe.

This article describes the goals, methodology and achievements to date of Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives, a four-year global research and empowerment project on reproductive health and women's rights issues undertaken by the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy ("CRLP") in collaboration with the national-level non-governmental organizations ("NGOs") working on such issues in seven regions throughout the world. CRLP is just now beginning its work in Central and Eastern Europe, the fourth of the seven regions to receive concentrated attention from the project.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new policy framework for health care markets.

The frustration with health care markets recorded in the paper by Len Nichols and colleagues reflects the general, and accurate, perception that these markets typically do not work well. But markets respond to the framework of rules and tax incentives in which they must operate, and in health care this framework works against efficiency. The sensible response is not to reject market-based approaches in health care as inherently ineffective in achieving efficiency and cost control. Nor is it to add yet another layer of rules and government micromanagement. It is instead to fix the framework so that markets will foster efficiency.

Health Care Sector↗
PubMed1979

Government intervention and innovation in industry: a policy framework.

The authors build on recent studies to derive a framework for analyzing the effects of basic forms of government intervention on technological innovation. Relying on a recent Rand Corporation study of federally funded demonstration projects, the authors classify 10 projects on the basis of types of government intervention. The authors explain that the government can try to induce change in two basic ways--directly or indirectly. The direct method includes support for the development of new technology and the creation of market mechanisms to provide incentives for change. The indirect approach can range from persuasion to regulating product standards or direct government purchases. The authors set up four categories to encompass the joint effects of direct and indirect intervention, and offer tentative generalizations about the application of intervention. Direct intervention, such as R&D programs, is not likely to produce products of technological significance unless it is complemented by regulatory action. This type of joint action yields a high payoff when successful; many major post-World War II innovations such as the computer, the jet engine, and advanced semiconductor devices resulted from this mix of interventions. Conversely, regulatory measures alone entrench existing technologies and limit the payoff to incremental intervention. The emphasis in this category is on perfecting and redefining established technologies rather than innovating new ones. The findings of this study reinforce the notion that regulatory interventions play a vital role in shaping technological progress, although the process is seen as one that defies simple generalizations.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1989

Policy process framework: a systems approach to policy development.

This paper discusses a framework for understanding policy analysis and development. The framework presented can be used in the policy development process or post facto in policy analysis. The usefulness of the framework is that it provides a means to think about a policy and its development. It is not prescriptive, nor is it predictive about any particular policy. Policy analysis has tended to rely too heavily on technical analysis, with insufficient attention to other dimensions. This framework offers a basis for people to talk across organizations and cultures.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of health policy impact: a theoretical framework for policy analysis.

This paper addresses the role of policy and evidence in health promotion. The concept of von Wright's "logic of events" is introduced and applied to health policy impact analysis. According to von Wright (1976), human action can be explained by a restricted number of determinants: wants, abilities, duties, and opportunities. The dynamics of action result from changes in opportunities (logic of events). Applied to the policymaking process, the present model explains personal wants as subordinated to political goals. Abilities of individual policy makers are part of organisational resources. Also, personal duties are subordinated to institutional obligations. Opportunities are mainly related to political context and public support. The present analysis suggests that policy determinants such as concrete goals, sufficient resources and public support may be crucial for achieving an intended behaviour change on the population level, while other policy determinants, e.g., personal commitment and organisational capacities, may especially relate to the policy implementation process. The paper concludes by indicating ways in which future research using this theoretical framework might contribute to health promotion practice for improved health outcomes across populations.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed1987

Making healthy public policy; developing the science by learning the art: an ecological framework for policy studies.

During the 1980s increasing attention has been given to the view that a vast array of public policies have great potential for health promotion and that this potential ought to be developed. After briefly discussing the basis for this concept and its policy implications, this article turns to a major corequisite for making healthy public policy a political reality: learning how to do it. Where healthy public policy exists, how did it happen? This is a question that calls for a new generation of policy studies, one that is relevant to advocates of healthy public policy within and outside governments. An ecological framework of policy-making is proposed for such studies, delineating the social climate, key players, and strategic action. From it, operational indicators and study methods are suggested, in order to learn some general principles, within a real-world context, of how to develop public policies that are healthful.

Ecology↗
PubMed2002

Primary health care: a framework for policy development.

Primary health care has utility for policy development at all levels of organization in any nation, including policies influencing the health of persons living with severe and persistent mental illnesses. Using the primary health care framework, policies to improve health and housing for this population evolve from intersectoral collaboration. Active participation by those persons whose essential health is compromised by housing that is not acceptable, adequate, suitable, and affordable is required. Appropriate and affordable methods that address health challenges are identified. Access to services meeting essential health care needs of citizens has potential for healthy outcomes.

Canada↗
PubMed2000

The European TrustHealth project experiences with implementing a security infrastructure.

Accepting the shared care paradigm, communication and co-operation required between health care establishments must be provided in a trustworthy way. The solution for establishing such trustworthy environment has to be based on a common policy framework, on services, and mechanisms, which have been standardised. In Europe, the legal framework, other policy issues, and the services and mechanisms needed have been developed within projects launched by the European Commission, by the European standards body CEN as well as by temporarily established groups. Within the European TrustHealth projects. a security infrastructure for trustworthy health telematics applications has been specified, implemented, and evaluated. It is based on Health Professional Cards and Trusted Third Party services. Experiences regarding organisational and technological implications of the specification, implementation, maintenance, and evaluation of such a security infrastructure are described on the basis of the ONOCONET example. For the complete software lifecycle, the UML methodology has been deployed.

Communication↗
PubMed2004

Childhood disadvantage and health inequalities: a framework for policy based on lifecourse research.

Tackling health inequalities is moving up the policy agenda of richer societies like the UK, with governments looking for evidence to guide policy review and development. Observational studies of how childhood disadvantage compromises health in adulthood are an important part of the evidence base, but are largely inaccessible to the policy community. We develop a framework which captures the findings of these studies. Our framework highlights how disadvantage in childhood adversely affects both socio-economic circumstances and health in adulthood through a set of interlocking processes. Key among these are children's developmental health (their physical, cognitive and emotional development) and health behaviours, together with the associated educational and social trajectories. In breaking down the link between childhood disadvantage and adult health into its constituent elements, the framework provides a basis for understanding where and how policies can make a difference. The paper argues that the process of policy review and development needs to include both new programmes and the mainstream policies in which they are embedded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Planning for health sector reform in post-conflict situations: Kosovo 1999-2000.

The restoration and development of health care systems in post-conflict situations and complex emergencies are attracting attention. Kosovo is unique in being a post-conflict situation, in a former socialist country, with an unclear political future, under temporary UN administration. The World Health Organization (WHO) led a process of developing a health policy framework for the emergency period that included elements of health sector reform, a somewhat controversial initiative. Reform elements of the policy were consistent with normative health policies in much of eastern and central Europe. There was tension between the need to have a policy in place rapidly and the desire to be participatory. Policy to deal with emergency situations that is not available at the time required is of limited value. Although there was some tension between relief and development agendas, the policy process did direct significant resources and effort in directions that contributed to longer-term reform and development. A policy framework does not ensure compliance with policy unless issues of authority, mandate, and leadership are clear. A rapidly developed health policy framework at the onset of an emergency is desirable. Policy developers should be experienced, seen as being neutral and be relatively independent of any specific donor or interest group. WHO is well situated to play this role if it meets certain conditions.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

National immigration health policy: existing policy, changing needs, and future directions.

Canada has a long history of welcoming immigrants and a longstanding immigration policy framework. The historic principles that govern immigration selection and processing also include regulatory policies in the area of health. Based on historical principles that pre-date Confederation, Canadian immigration health policy has remained relatively constant. Policies are based on the identification of specific individuals and the exclusion, if appropriate, of the affected individuals - an approach that continues today. During the past three decades, however, evolutionary changes in the patterns, volume and demography of immigration have created situations that may necessitate changes to existing policy frameworks. This paper reviews current immigration health policies and practices in Canada, describes the nature and impact of existing challenges, and proposes some alternatives for future consideration.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

The oil rich Niger Delta region: a framework for improved performance of the Nigerian regulatory process.

The adoption of this policy framework has the ability to reconcile industry, the environment and community interests, taking into account all factors that are relevant to managing developments that are both sustainable and contributory to the achievement of industrial and community stability. The management of resource development is crucial in sustaining the Niger Delta ecosystem and the human population resident in the Niger Delta region. If these separate bodies are constituted they would have the potential to reduce and discourage: i) the vulnerability of the regulatory body to influential and powerful multinational oil companies; ii) the proclivity for unaccountability to the people of the Niger Delta region, since the people of the Niger Delta would have access to the regulatory body's classified and unclassified information, and are part of the decision-making process; and iii) a reduction in conflict between the oil mining companies and the aggrieved youths of the oil rich Niger Delta region. This policy framework also has the added advantage of producing high quality decisions and more acceptable decisions than those for which the people of the Niger Delta region are excluded from the processes that concern their existence. The agency decision-making could now become a multilateral process and thus promote and enhance the accurate, impartial and rational application of legislative directives to given cases or classes of cases. Most importantly, the Minister of Petroleum Resources should be empowered by legislation to revoke any license or lease in respect of an area designated as marginal if left undeveloped for a period of 5 years and grant a lease or license for the area to a more responsible oil company.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗