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PubMed2000

Region based techniques for segmentation of volumetric histo-pathological images.

In this article we have presented the application of three region based segmentation techniques namely, seeded volume growing, constrained erosion-dilation techniques and 3-D watershed algorithm. The algorithms are suitably extended to apply on 3-D histo-pathological images. Suitable modifications and extension for each algorithm is done to obtain better segmentation. A quantitative as well as qualitative comparison of the three methods is presented. Modifications to these algorithms for obtaining better results are discussed. The modifications include, (1) design of adaptive similarity measures to control the seeded volume growing and (2) rule-based merging of the over-segmented cells in the case of the 3-D watershed algorithm. Some results and quantitative study is also presented.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics of the pathological images of coronary artery thrombi according to the infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Unstable plaque and coronary arterial thrombi sometimes induce a no-reflow phenomenon after intervention whereby there is sufficient reperfusion. The greater susceptibility of the right coronary artery to development of large thrombi makes successful reperfusion more difficult, therefore the characteristics of the pathological images of coronary arterial thrombi according to the infarct-related coronary artery were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Coronary arterial thrombi were extracted from 77 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using a thrombectomy catheter. The 36 patients had a thrombus containing atherosclerotic cells. Platelets, fibrin, and neutrophils were seen in all cases. The mean ratios of structural components of thrombi were 51.0 +/- 29.5% (mean +/- SD) of the platelet component, 19.9 +/- 25.7% of the erythrocyte component and 11.9 +/- 22.5% of atherosclerosis component. Erythrocyte-rich thrombi and mixed thrombi mainly composed of erythrocytes were seen in 14 of the 30 cases involving the right coronary artery, 6 of the 35 cases in the left anterior descending artery, 2 of the 11 cases of the left circumflex artery, and in the 1 case of saphenous vein bypass graft. There was significantly more erythrocyte component in the thrombi from the right coronary artery (28.7 +/- 30.1%) than in those from the left coronary artery (12.1 +/- 18.4%). CONCLUSION: Coronary artery thrombi in AMI are composed principally of platelets. Atherosclerotic cells were identified within thrombi from some patients. In the right coronary artery there were many more thrombi that were rich in erythrocytes than in thrombi from the left coronary artery.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Progress in understanding spinal cord injuries. Clinical aspects, imaging, pathological correlations].

Close inspection of MR images in all stages of SCI can reveal alterations which are important for our understanding of the changes which occur in SCI and may be crucial for planning surgical intervention. Importantly also, these observations may assist in the evaluation of novel therapies in SCI, such as cellular transplantation. It is hopeful that MR strategies which are currently in routine use in the brain, such as diffusion weighted imaging, perfusion studies, spectroscopy, and magnetization transfer can be adopted for use in the spine [8]. Because of the small size of the cord, the magnetic susceptibility problems caused by surrounding air and bone, and nearby vascular and CSF flow/pulsations, these techniques are currently very difficult to employ in the cord. They will however evolve over time and give us greater insights into the in-vivo status of the injured cord.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Focal liver lesions: MR imaging-pathologic correlation.

Magnetic resonance signal intensity of focal liver lesions is affected by numerous pathologic factors. Lesion histologic features, such as cellularity, vascularity, stromal component, and intratumoral necrosis or hemorrhage, strongly affect T1 and T2 relaxation times. Additionally, intracellular content of certain substances, such as glycogen, fat, melanin, iron, and copper, may also have a substantial role in determining MR signal behavior. In this review we discuss the correlations between MR imaging features and pathologic findings in benign and malignant focal liver lesions. Knowledge of imaging-pathology correlations greatly assist in charac terizing focal lesions. Moreover, in certain tumor histotypes, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, careful analysis of lesion signal intensity may help predict the degree of tumor differentiation.

Angiomyolipoma↗
PubMed1994

[Serial changes of atelectasis in acute bronchial obstruction: MR imaging pathologic correlation in experimental animal model study].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate MR imaging (MRI) of atelectatic lungs caused by acute bronchial obstruction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 12 Japanese white rabbits, sudden obstruction of one main bronchus was induced with compressed polyvinyl-alcohol sponge plugs, and three rabbits each were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Unilateral complete airway obstruction persisted in 8 of the 12 rabbits. After T1: [500/20/2 (TR/TE/excitations), 5 mm thickness, 12cm FOV] and T2: [2500/80/4,5mm thickness, 12cm FOV] weighted imaging, both lungs and heart were inflated, fixed (Heitzman's method) and embedded en bloc in collodion. MR images of the atelectatic portion were evaluated, and MRI findings of the atelectatic portion were correlated with pathologic findings. RESULTS: MRI, especially T2 weighted images showed some characteristic signal patterns in each period. Correlations of these MRI features were performed with the pathologic findings: 1) The peripheral pulmonary parenchyma, on T2 weighted images showed signal increase with time which was attributed to edematous fluid retention in pulmonary alveoli. 2) The difference between inhomogeneous and homogeneous signal intensities on T2 weighted images on the 7th day was attributed to the patchy and even distribution of inflammatory process in pulmonary parenchyma. 3) On the 21st day, hypointensity bands were observed on T1 and T2 weighted images. These hypointensity bands were attributed to fibrotic changes in bronchial walls and nearby alveolar walls. CONCLUSION: MR images well demonstrated pathological changes in atelectatic lungs caused by acute bronchial obstruction with time, suggesting the clinical usefulness of this approach.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Attitude toward patients with pulmonary pathological images supposed to be tuberculosis but without bacteriological confirmation].

In view of establishing an attitude toward patients with pathological pulmonary images, suspected of tuberculosis but without bacteriological confirmation, a study was organized in an area serviced by 9 offices of phthisiology. A total of 154 such cases were identified between 1st January and 30th April 1978. These were followed up and controlled by radiological as well as bacteriological examinations for a period of one year. The anti-tuberculous treatment did not have to be applied except when the diagnosis was confirmed as tuberculosis. In 11 of the patients (7,1%) the diagnosis was made from the start, and it was established that they had active, non-bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis. In another 49 patients (31,8%) the suspicion was abandoned, and tuberculosis. In another 49 patients (31,8%) the suspicion was abandoned, and various other pulmonary affections, but not tuberculosis, were diagnosed, either of chronic or acute type. The remaining 94 patients (61,1%) remained suspected of tuberculosis. In 16 of them, in spite of the provisions made in the protocol of the study, anti-tuberculous treatment was applied. Of them 3 died of pulmonary cancers during the follow-up. The remaining suspects were not treated. Five of them (7,3%) have developed active tuberculosis, bacteriologically confirmed in 3 of the cases. The rest had a normal eventless evolution. The authors consider the careful investigation and follow-up of suspects for a period of one year as the most correct attitude in such cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Anatomic pathology image capture using a consumer-type digital camera.

Low-cost, high-quality consumer-type digital cameras are now on the market. They can be used for taking photomicrographs by simply placing the camera over the eyepiece of a conventional light microscope and pressing a button. Similar techniques can be used for capturing digital images through various types of viewing instruments. The quality of the digital images obtained is surprisingly high. With this low-cost approach, the uses of digital imaging in the author's anatomic pathology department have widely expanded.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1994

Peribiliary cysts associated with severe liver disease: imaging-pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: Prior pathology reports describe peribiliary cysts in patients who have severe liver disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these cysts could be identified on imaging studies, and to determine the range of imaging findings when identified. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Imaging and pathologic findings were correlated in 12 patients in whom peribiliary cysts were found on gross inspection of the liver after autopsy (one) or liver transplantation. All patients had been examined with CT and sonography, three patients had undergone MR imaging, and one had had cholangiography. The liver was sectioned in the axial plane at 1-cm intervals, and the porta hepatis and the proximal extrahepatic bile ducts were examined macroscopically. Pathologic findings were recorded and compared with the patients' imaging findings and clinical course. RESULTS: CT showed the peribiliary cysts in the porta hepatis in 10 of 12 patients. These appeared as discrete cysts in four patients, a tubular structure paralleling the portal structures in four patients, and a string of cysts that simulated abnormal bile ducts in two patients. Sonography showed the cysts in four of 12 patients, as anechoic cystic structures in three and as a septated, tubular channel in one. MR showed the cysts in two of three patients, and T2-weighted images were better than T1-weighted images. The cysts appeared in a cluster in one patient, and as a tubular structure of high intensity on T2-weighted images that simulated a dilated bile duct in the other. Patients were asymptomatic in 11 of 12 cases. In one case, large cysts caused biliary obstruction, which was apparent on CT scans, sonograms, and cholangiograms. CONCLUSION: Peribiliary cysts associated with a variety of disorders can be detected with CT, sonography, and MR imaging. Recognition of the imaging appearance of these cysts may avoid the misdiagnosis of dilated bile ducts, cystic neoplasm, or abscess. Conversely, when seen on images, these cysts might suggest one of the underlying associated disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Small renal neoplasms: diagnostic imaging, pathologic features, and clinical course.

We retrospectively studied nine patients with solitary renal neoplasms that were first visible when smaller than 3 cm in diameter to determine their imaging and pathologic characteristics and clinical course. These neoplasms represented 14% of the total renal neoplasms discovered over a 6-year period, and only one-third were initially identified by screening urography. While seven of the patients had hematuria, most had associated urologic conditions (calculi, prostatism). Two patients had widespread metastases 2 and 4 years after the carcinomas first appeared. The remaining seven patients are alive and well 8 months to 6 years after undergoing nephrectomy, despite the significant delayed diagnosis in three patients. Only one lesion was pathologically benign (an oncocytoma). Two of the renal cell carcinomas were found within the walls of partially calcified renal cysts. Two (22%) of nine neoplasms exhibited aggressive biologic behavior, which suggests that these lesions may have greater metastatic potential than previously thought. We suggest that computed tomography be performed after screening urography and cystoscopy when unexplained hematuria is present.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Normal and pathologic imaging of the pituitary stalk].

Study of the pituitary stalk pathology about six demonstrative cases. This illustrative cases are described after review of literature, anatomy and imaging modalities. CT and MRI are very sensitive technics but not very specific.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Correlation of an abnormal rest 201T1 myocardial image: pathological findings in cardiac transplant recipients.

Rest myocardial 201T1 scintigraphy was undertaken in 15 males mean age 39 years (22-54) who had been accepted for cardiac transplantation. Complete pathological correlation was obtained in 14 after transplantation and in 1 who died before a suitable donor heart became available. The average time from scintigraphy to pathological evaluation was 42 days (9-103). All the 201T1 images were grossly abnormal and on the basis of these studies it was not possible to differentiate ischemic from idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Each of the three views of the 201T1 study was divided into three segments, therefore 135 areas were available for comparison (3 x 3 x 15). Eighty-eight of these were abnormal on scan and 78 of these were abnormal pathologically. The right ventricle was seen on all rest images but the degree of uptake bore no relationship to the measured thickness of the right ventricular wall. Structures such as the atrial wall and the enlarged papillary muscle were visualized in some patients. In two patients there was an improvement of the rest 201T1 image in delayed views and histologically these areas showed a mixture of muscle and fibrous tissue. The sensitivity of 201T1 imaging in this study was 89% and there was close correlation of the images with gross and microscopic pathological findings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hyperintense benign liver lesions on spin-echo T1-weighted MR images: pathologic correlations.

BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence of hyperintensity on T1-weighted spin echo (SE) images in benign liver lesions, value of fat-suppressed magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the detection of fat within these lesions, and the causes of hyperintensity by correlation to pathologic examinations. METHODS: Five hundred forty-nine patients with 805 benign liver lesions including 585 hemangiomas, 188 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNHs), 14 hepatic adenomas (HAs), 14 focal fatty infiltrations (FFIs), two biliary cystadenomas, and two hemorrhagic cysts were examined by T2-weighted and T1-weighted SE MR imaging. For hyperintense lesions on T1-weighted SE images, fat-suppressed images were obtained by selective presaturation of fat. RESULTS: Thirty-two lesions (four FNHs, 10 HAs, 14 FFIs, two biliary cystadenomas, and two hemorrhagic cysts) appeared hyperintense on T1-weighted SE images; 21 of these became hypointense on the fat-suppressed T1 weighted SE images (one FNH, six HAs, and 14 FFIs) and contained fat at pathological examination. The other 11 lesions remained hyperintense on fat-suppressed T1-weighted SE images and had no fat deposition. Causes of hyperintensity in these cases were sinusoidal dilatation, copper deposition, hemorrhage, and high protein content. CONCLUSION: Among benign liver lesions, hyperintensity on T1-weighted SE images is rare (3.9%). Causes of this hyperintensity are fat deposition, copper accumulation, sinusoidal dilatation, bemorrhage, and high protein content. Fat-suppressed imaging can distinguish fat deposition from other causes of hyperintensity.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1997

Osteomyelitis of the diabetic foot: MR imaging-pathologic correlation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot by using anatomic and histologic studies of the resected tissue as a standard of reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen diabetic patients with high clinical suspicion of osteomyelitis underwent a total of 15 MR examinations before surgery. Correlation was made between MR findings and the histologic features of the resected tissue, which included 57 bones. RESULTS: Maximum signal intensity on the T2-weighted or short inversion time inversion-recovery images of the bones was due to osteomyelitis (prospective sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 71%). Eighteen bones with increased signal intensity showed only edema of the marrow. The range of signal intensity in edema overlapped that in osteomyelitis but was lower. The use of gadopentetate dimeglumine improved delineation of soft-tissue inflammatory masses, but this contrast material was not useful in distinguishing osteomyelitis from edema. CONCLUSION: Marrow edema cannot be reliably distinguished from osteomyelitis with MR imaging. Gadopentetate dimeglumine is of limited use. Some previously published false-positive reports of osteomyelitis were most likely due to edema of the marrow. MR imaging is useful in planning surgery of the infected diabetic foot, as it enables reliable distinction between normal and abnormal areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Vascular leiomyoma of an extremity: MR imaging-pathology correlation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to analyze MR images of vascular leiomyoma of the extremity and to compare these images with histopathologic findings to determine if a correlation exists. CONCLUSION: T2-weighted MR images of vascular leiomyoma of an extremity showed a mass with mixed areas that were both hyper- and isointense to skeletal muscle and also revealed a hypointense rim; these images correlate with histopathologic findings of smooth muscle, vessels, fibrous tissue, an intravascular thrombus, and a fibrous capsule.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Phlebosclerotic colitis: imaging-pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the imaging findings of phlebosclerotic colitis in comparison with histologic findings. CONCLUSION: Calcifications and/or obstructions of the veins of the colonic wall and adjacent mesentery and collateral formation, edematous thickening of the colonic wall, and increased density in the fatty tissue of the surrounding mesentery were features of this rare entity. However, in the early stage of the disease, no definite calcification of the affected veins was observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma: clinical-imaging-pathologic correlations with emphasis on the importance of ovarian stroma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate cross-sectional imaging in the distinction of biliary cystadenoma from cystadenocarcinoma and in the determination of the presence of ovarian stroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 34 patients, radiologic studies and specimen photographs and descriptions were reviewed retrospectively without knowledge of the patient group. Histologic features were reviewed without knowledge of the radiologic findings and analyzed for epithelial and stromal components. Correlation was made between the radiologic findings, gross morphologic features, internal fluid characteristics, and histologic features. RESULTS: The 34 patients had 27 biliary cystadenomas, 22 with ovarian stroma, and seven cystadenocarcinomas, four with ovarian stroma. Gross morphologic and imaging features suggestive of biliary cystadenocarcinoma included internal septation and nodularity. Septation without nodularity was seen only in biliary cystadenoma. Nonbilious fluid was the only feature associated with the presence of ovarian stroma but was not distinguishable on images. CONCLUSION: Imaging studies accurately reflect the nodularity and septation seen grossly to distinguish biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma but do not allow distinction of the presence or absence of ovarian stroma.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗