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PubMed2004

[Resistance surveillance of common community respiratory pathogens isolated in China, 2002 - 2003].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate antimicrobial resistance of common community respiratory pathogens isolated in China, 2002 - 2003. METHODS: 779 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci and oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections at 5 hospitals in China from April 2002 to 2003. Meanwhile, 185 strains of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were isolated from nasopharynx swabs at 2 day-care centers in Beijing. Agar dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) of cefprozil and other 9 antibiotics against these strains. RESULTS: The prevalence of penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP) was 23.9% and that of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) was 22.7% at 5 cities in China. The prevalence of PISP were 44.1% in Hangzhou, 26.2% in Wuhan, 21.5% in Shenyang, 20.8% in Shanghai, 18.5% in Beijing, and 12.7% at day-care centers in Beijing;the prevalance of PRSP were 34.9% in day-care centers, 31.9% in Shanghai, 27.9% in Wuhan, 22.1% in Hangzhou, 13.8% in Shenyang and 8.6% in Beijing. The susceptible rate of levofloxacin in S. pneumoniae was 96.3%. 9.5% of H. influenzae and 87.4% of M. catarrhalis produced beta-lactamases. The susceptibility of amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefprozil, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and levofloxain in these two species ranged from 96.4% to 100%. The resistance rate of azithromycin in S. pneumoniae was higher than 60%. Cefprozil MICs against PISP, Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci and MSSA were 4 - 16 fold lower than cefaclor. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory pathogens, especially S. pneumoniae is increasing. It brings concerns that high macrolide resistance was found in gram-positive cocci. Cefprozil was more active than cefaclor against respiratory pathogens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

An evaluation of indices for quantifying tuberculosis transmission using genotypes of pathogen isolates.

BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases are often studied by characterising the population structure of the pathogen using genetic markers. An unresolved problem is the effective quantification of the extent of transmission using genetic variation data from such pathogen isolates. METHODS: It is important that transmission indices reflect the growth of the infectious population as well as account for the mutation rate of the marker and the effects of sampling. That is, while responding to this growth rate, indices should be unresponsive to the sample size and the mutation rate. We use simulation methods taking into account both the mutation and sampling processes to evaluate indices designed to quantify transmission of tuberculosis. RESULTS: Previously proposed indices generally perform inadequately according to the above criteria, with the partial exception of the recently proposed Transmission-Mutation Index. CONCLUSION: Any transmission index needs to take into account mutation of the marker and the effects of sampling. Simple indices are unlikely to capture the full complexity of the underlying processes.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1976

[Gentamicin-susceptibility of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials].

We studied on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against various pathogens isolated from clinical materials mainly isolated during 1974 and 1975, comparing with other antibiotics. Beta hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci are less susceptible to gentamicin than staphylococci. Staph, aureus and Staph. epidermidis resistant to various antibiotics are very susceptible to gentamicin, and no resistant strain to this drug was found. Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and H. parahaemolyticus are very susceptible to gentamicin, and there is no resistant strain to this drug. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Serratia and five species of Proteus are more susceptible to gentamicin and tobramycin than dibekacin and amikacin. A few resistant or less susceptible strains to gentamicin are found in E. coli, Citrobacerr, Serratia, Pr. morganii and Pr. rettgeri. Pr. inconstans is less susceptible to gentamicin than other species of Proteus. Antibacterial activity of gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very strong, but dibekacin and tobramycin are stronger. Gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are now rather few.

Citrobacter↗
PubMed1986

[Comparison of in vitro activities of first, second and third generation cephem antibiotics against various pathogens isolated from clinical material in 1985].

In vitro susceptibilities of 2,133 strains of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1985 to various cephem antibiotics were studied using the Showa disk diffusion test. The following antibiotics were evaluated: cephalexin (CEX), cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ), cefotiam (CTM), cefoxitin (CFX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoperazone (CPZ), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX) and cefsulodin (CFS). S. aureus: Susceptible strains to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ with MICs less than 15 micrograms/ml accounted for 93, 73, 94, 80 and 96% of the strains tested respectively, while those susceptible to CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX, LMOX and CFS accounted for 91, 65, 53, 96, 65 and 95%, respectively. Susceptible strains to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml were 52%. Prevalence of bacterial resistance to CEX and CEZ, which have been used extensively, was greater than that to CET, CTM or CMZ, showing a bimodal distribution of MICs. The third generation cephems studied, in general, also showed bimodal distributions of MICs. S. epidermidis: Susceptible strains to CET, CEZ, CTM, CMZ, CTX, CPZ and CMX with MICs less than 15 micrograms/ml were more than 82% of the strains tested. S. pyogenes: All strains studied were susceptible to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX, CMZ, CTX, CPZ, CZX and CMX at MICs less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml. However, susceptible strains to either LMOX or CFS accounted for 95%, while those to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml accounted for 95%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1984

[Comparison of in vitro activity of first, second and third generation cephem antibiotics against various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1983].

In vitro susceptibilities of 3,286 strains of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1983 to various cephem antibiotics were studied using the Showa disk diffusion test. The following antibiotics were evaluated: cephalexin (CEX), cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ), cefotiam (CTM), cefoxitin (CFX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoperazone (CPZ), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX) and latamoxef (LMOX). S. aureus: Susceptible strains to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ with MIC less than 15 micrograms/ml accounted for 93, 75, 93, 70 and 96% of the strains tested, while those to CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX and LMOX for 89, 65, 61, 86 and 62%, respectively. Susceptible strains to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml were 60%. Prevalence of bacterial resistance to CEX and CEZ, which have been used extensively, was greater than that to CET, CTM or CMZ, showing a bimodal distribution of MICs. The third generation cephems studied, in general, also showed bimodal distributions of MICs. S. pyogenes: All strains studied were susceptible to CET, CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX and LMOX at MICs less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml. However, susceptible strains to CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ accounted for 95, 95, 80 and 90%, respectively, while those to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml for 79%. S. pneumoniae: At MICs less than 3 micrograms/ml, all strains were susceptible to all cephem antibiotics tested. S. faecalis: Only a very few strains were susceptible to these antibiotics. E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus spp.: Susceptible strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml accounted for 80 and 81% of the strains tested, while those of indole negative and positive Proteus for 69 and 4%, respectively. Strains of E. coli susceptible to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ at MICs less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml were 78 to 96%, while those to CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX and LMOX were 94 to 100%. Those of K. pneumoniae to these 2 groups of antibiotics were 81 to 95% and 94 to 100%, respectively. Susceptible strains of indole negative Proteus to the former group were 81 to 93% and those to the latter were 100%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cefazolin↗
PubMed2001

Pathogenic isolates in meningitis patients in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.

OBJECTIVES: To determine, from laboratory records, the spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of in-patients with meningitis at Muhimbili Medical Centre (MMC) in Dar es Salaam and to ascertain the laboratory results (based on microscopy and culture) using the latex agglutination technique. DESIGN: A retrospective study based on laboratory records of CSF samples investigated between November 1999 and June 2000 and a cross-sectional study involving investigation of 60 freshly collected CSF samples by conventional (microscopy and culture) and antigen detection by latex agglutination technique (LAT). SETTING: Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. INVESTIGATIONS: Information from laboratory records, bacteriological examination of CSF by microscopy, culture and agglutination techniques. RESULTS: According to records, a total of 1144 CSF samples were investigated between November 1999 and June 2000, of which two hundred and twenty two specimens (19.4%) had a positive bacterial or fungal culture. Fifty five of the isolates were from children (aged less than 15 years) and were; 20 (36.4%) were Streptococcus pneumoniae, 12(21.8%) were Cryptococcus neoformans, and nine (16.4%) were Haemophilus influenzae type b. The remaining 14 (25%) isolates included three group B streptococci, three Klebsiella spp, two E. coli, two Staphylococcus aureus, two Pseudomonas spp, one Moraxella and one Salmonella group B. For adults a total of 167 positive cultures were reported and 163 (97.6%) of the isolates were Cryptococcus neoformans, two (1.2%) were Pseudomonas spp. and two were S. aureus. There was good agreement between conventional microscopy and culture with the latex agglutination technique in the identification of CSF pathogens. CONCLUSION: In children, S. pneumonia, and bacteria in general constituted the majority of isolates. Adult cases of meningitis were almost exclusively due to C. neoformans. Overall, C. neoformans appears to be the most common isolate among meningitis cases. Based on LAT results, our routine diagnostic methods seem to be adequate in the identification of the common CSF pathogens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Genetic and phenotypic characterization of intestinal spirochetes colonizing chickens and allocation of known pathogenic isolates to three distinct genetic groups.

Infection with intestinal spirochetes has recently been recognized as a cause of lost production in the poultry industry. Little is known about these organisms, so a collection of 56 isolates originating from chickens in commercial flocks in Australia, the United States, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom was examined. Strength of beta-hemolysis on blood agar, indole production, API ZYM enzyme profiles, and cellular morphology were determined, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to analyze the extent of genetic diversity among the isolates. The results were compared with those previously obtained for well-characterized porcine intestinal spirochetes. The chicken isolates were genetically heterogeneous. They were divided into 40 electrophoretic types distributed among six diverse genetic groups (groups b to g), with a mean genetic diversity of 0.587. Strains in two groups (groups d and e) may represent new species of Serpulina, and the groups contained only strains isolated from chickens. Three genetic groups contained isolates previously shown to be pathogenic for chickens. These corresponded to the proposed species "Serpulina intermedius," to an unnamed group (group e), and to Serpulina pilosicoli. Two of the chicken isolates (one "S. intermedius" and one S. pilosicoli isolate) were strongly beta-hemolytic, two (both "S. intermedius") had an intermediate level of beta-hemolysis, and the rest were weakly beta-hemolytic. Fourteen isolates of "S. intermedius" produced indole, as did one isolate from group d. Isolates identified as S. pilosicoli resembled porcine isolates of this species, having four to six periplasmic flagella inserted subterminally in a single row at each end of the cell, and had tapered cell ends. All other spirochetes were morphologically similar, having seven or more periplasmic flagella and blunt cell ends. The identification of three genetic groups containing pathogenic isolates provides an opportunity for more detailed epidemiologic studies with these pathogens and for the development of improved diagnostic tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Chromosomal regions specific to pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli have a phylogenetically clustered distribution.

We studied the ancestry of virulence-associated genes in Escherichia coli by examining chromosomal regions specific to pathogenic isolates. The four virulence determinants examined were the alpha-hemolysin (hly) loci hlyI and hlyII, the type II capsule gene cluster kps, and the P (pap) and S (sfa) fimbria gene clusters. All four loci were shown previously to be associated with pathogenicity islands of uropathogenic E. coli isolates. The hly, kps, sfa, and pap regions each have an unexpected clustered distribution among the E. coli collection of reference (ECOR) strains, but all these regions were absent from a collection of diarrheagenic E. coli isolates. Strains in the ECOR subgroup B2 typically had a combination of at least three of the four loci, and all strains in subgroup D had a copy of the kps and pap clusters. In contrast, only four strains in subgroup A had either hly, kps, sfa, or pap, and no subgroup A strains had all four together. Strains of subgroup B1 were devoid of all four virulence regions, with the exception of one isolate that had a copy of the sfa gene cluster. This phylogenetic distribution of strain-specific sequences corresponds to the ECOR groups with the largest genome size, namely, B2 and D. We propose that the pathogenicity islands are ancestral to subgroups B2 and D and were acquired after speciation, with subsequent horizontal transfer into some group A, B1, and E lineages. These results suggest that the hly, kps, sfa, and pap pathogenicity determinants may play a role in the evolution of enteric bacteria quite apart from, and perhaps with precedence over, their ability to cause disease.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation, pathogenicity, and H120 protection efficacy of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Taiwan.

Seven isolates of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) were isolated from two breeder farms and five broiler farms in Taiwan in 1992. The cardinal signs of disease in breeders were egg production drops and watery albumen, and those in broilers were respiratory distress and renal urate deposition or death. All diseased chickens had been vaccinated with IB vaccines (mostly H120). The viruses were isolated and identified by chicken embryo inoculation and electron microscopy. The genomes of the isolates were extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction; the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggested that the genotypes of the present IBV isolates were different from the eight reference strains. One-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were inoculated with the field isolates in order to test the virulence of those isolates. Respiratory distress and depression commenced at 24 hours after inoculation. Two of the seven isolates were found to be highly virulent, causing 50% or more mortality in inoculated chicks. Vaccine protection tests showed that H120 could protect chickens against challenges with four of six field isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparative in vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against respiratory pathogens isolated in recent years.

We investigated the antibacterial activity of 12 antibiotics, including 4 carbapenems, against 200 strains of respiratory pathogens isolated in 1997, and compared the results with those obtained in 1993. The strains examined were 38 strains of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), 32 strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 22 strains of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP), 10 strains of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP), 53 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 19 strains of Moraxella catarrhalis, and 26 strains of Haemophilus influenzae. In 1993, 100 strains were examined. The minimal inhibitory concentration data of the present study showed that imipenem and panipenem were more active than the other agents against gram-positive bacteria, and that meropenem and biapenem were more active than the other agents against gram-negative bacteria. By comparing these results with those obtained in 1993, it was found that increase of resistance to carbapenem antibiotics was not observed against all the strains tested in this study. Thus, it can be stated that carbapenem antibiotics retain their position as the drug of first choice for severe infections.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial activity of cefotaxime tested against infrequently isolated pathogenic species (unusual pathogens).

The cefotaxime sodium spectrum of activity is very broad and includes many common species and a variety of less frequently isolated pathogens. We have reviewed the clinical microbiology literature (44 references) and the data base of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (Iowa City, IA) to collect data on the activity of cefotaxime against the less common species. Cefotaxime was consistently active against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp., Eikenella corrodens, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Pasteurella multocida, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The species Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Flavobacterium spp., Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Rhodococcus equi were uniformly cefotaxime resistant. For many other species there was considerable variation in reported minimum inhibitory concentrations. These data may be helpful in guiding therapy of unusual infections, particularly in the case of fastidious species, where the appropriate susceptibility testing methodology may not be immediately or routinely available.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial resistance patterns in respiratory pathogens isolated in an Italian university hospital during a period of eight years: a statistical analysis.

The antimicrobial resistance patterns of respiratory pathogens isolated during an 8-year period (1990-1997) in an Italian hospital from patients with bronchopulmonary infections were investigated. A global variation in the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to all relevant antibiotics was observed during the years 1990-1997. With the exception of penicillin and amoxicillin, to which Staphylococci were always resistant, and vancomycin, to which they were always susceptible, in the first period (1990-1992) the percentage of resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and cotrimoxazole was about 15%, while in the last period (1993-1997) it was about 35%. No global variation in resistance to the antimicrobials examined during the study period was observed for gram-negative bacteria. The percentages of resistance to the more recent beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones were generally less than 10% for the KES group, less than 20% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and less than 30% for other Pseudomonas species. A high percentage of resistance was observed for the KES group to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (60%) and to cefoxitin (48%).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on interferon induction by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). II. Interferon production in White Leghorn chickens infected with an attenuated or pathogenic isolant of IBDV.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolants that differed in virulence for chickens, were compared as to: 1) induction of interferon in serum and tissues; and 2) stimulation of IBDV serum antibody. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were infected at one day and four weeks of age by the subcutaneous and intranasal routes of inoculation. The pathogenic isolant induced a more generalized interferon response than the attenuated isolant, independent of age or route of inoculation. Pathogenic IBDV stimulated interferon in serum, kidney, lung, thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. The attenuated virus induced interferon only in the bursa. The serum interferon response was greater following inoculation with pathogenic IBDV than with the attenuated virus. Serum interferon titers peaked 2-3 1/2 days after inoculation. The pathogenic and attenuated viruses stimulated similar IBDV-neutralizing antibody responses, which occurred after peak serum interferon activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparative in-vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against respiratory pathogens isolated between 1999 and 2000.

We investigated the antibacterial activity of 12 antibiotics, inclusive of four carbapenems, against 167 strains of respiratory pathogens isolated between 1999 and 2000. Thirty strains of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), 28 strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 11 strains of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP), 29 strains of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP), 30 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14 strains of Moraxella catarrhalis, and 25 strains of Haemophilus influenzae were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs)50/90 (microg/ml) of imipenem, panipenem, meropenem, and biapenem against the clinical isolates obtained between 1999 and 2000 were: 0.06/0.25, 0.12/0.25, 0.12/0.25, and 0.12/0.25, respectively, against MSSA; 16/32, 16/32, 16/32, and 8/32 against MRSA; < or = 0.015/0.06, < or = 0.015/0.03, 0.03/0.12, and < or = 0.015/0.06 against PSSP; 0.12/0.25, 0.03/0.06, 0.25/0.5, and 0.12/0.25 against PRSP; 1/8, 2/8, 0.5/2, and 2/16 against P. aeruginosa; 0.06/0.06, 0.03/0.06, < or = 0.015/0.06, and 0.06/0.12 against M. catarrhalis; and 1/4, 1/4, 0.12/0.25, and 2/4 against H. influenzae. A comparison of the antibacterial activity of the four carbapenems with that found in our previous studies showed no significant difference in the susceptibility of clinical isolates, except for a slight decrease in the susceptibility of MSSA. Carbapenems have remained effective for severe infections. The MIC data showed that imipenem and panipenem were more active than meropenem and biapenem against gram-positive bacteria, and that meropenem and biapenem were more active than imipenem and panipenem against gram-negative bacteria. As only meropenem had an MIC90 below the breakpoint of pneumonia against all species except MRSA, meropenem was considered to be the most potent of the four carbapenems studied.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene in two cell culture-adapted HAV strains from a unique pathogenic isolate.

The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 coding region of two newly characterized, cell culture-adapted hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains (RG-SB11 and RG-SB16) were analyzed and compared with homologous regions of previously characterized HAV strains of human or monkey origin, and at different levels of tissue-culture adaptation. In particular, HM175wt and its derivative strains and MBB, LCDC1, PA21, and AGM27 isolates were considered. RG-SB11 and RG-SB16 HAV strains were derived from a pathogenic isolate from an acutely infected patient, purified from stool, and subjected to different strategies of adaptation. Several nucleotide differences were observed, but high conservation was found in the predicted VP1 protein sequences, which confirms structural constraints for this region. Furthermore, comparative amino-acid sequence analysis of VP1 from all HAV isolates studied has shown, particularly for those from naturally infected monkeys, that differences are limited to the amino and carboxy-terminal part of the molecule. The results of phylogenetic analysis have confirmed the common origin of the RG-SB11 and RG-SB16 strains. The complete nucleotide sequences of the VP1 coding region of the RG-SB11/16, HM175 derivative strains and of other HAV strains has shown that branch-length evolution can give a measure of the evolution of HAV during adaptation processes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: To compare microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 23 dogs with chronic bilateral otitis externa. PROCEDURES: Swab specimens of the horizontal ear canal and middle ear were obtained for cytologic analysis, bacterial culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Integrity of the tympanic membrane was observed. If the tympanic membrane was intact, myringotomy was performed to collect specimens. RESULTS: Otitis media was diagnosed in 38 of 46 (82.6%) ears evaluated. The tympanic membrane was intact in 71.1% of the ears with otitis media. The 3 most common organisms isolated from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear were Staphylococcus intermedius, yeast, and Pseudomonas spp. A difference in total isolates or susceptibility patterns between the horizontal ear canal and middle ear was found in 34 (89.5%) ears. Compared with results of bacterial culture, cytologic examination of swab specimens was not as effective for detection of rods and cocci from the middle ear. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: In dogs with chronic otitis externa, otitis media often exists even when there is an intact tympanic membrane. In our study, the same isolates were rarely found in the horizontal ear canal and middle ear. Therefore, to choose appropriate antimicrobial agents, in addition to cytologic examination, bacterial culture and susceptibility testing of swab specimens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear should be performed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

In vitro antibacterial activity of S-4661, a new parenteral carbapenem, against urological pathogens isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections.

The antibacterial activity of S-4661, a new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, was assessed against the major urological pathogens isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections. S-4661 was slightly less active than imipenem and panipenem, but more active than meropenem and ceftazidime against Gram-positive bacteria. Against Gram-negative bacteria, S-4661 was similar to meropenem, similar to or more effective than imipenem, and more active than panipenem and ceftazidime. Thus S-4661 possesses potent and well-balanced wide-spectrum antibacterial activity against various urological pathogens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗