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PubMed2000

Recommendations for water supply in arsenic mitigation: a case study from Bangladesh.

Arsenic problems have been observed in several countries around the world. The challenges of arsenic mitigation are more difficult for developing and poor countries due to resource and other limitations. Bangladesh is experiencing the worst arsenic problem in the world, as about 30 million people are possibly drinking arsenic contaminated water. Lack of knowledge has hampered the mitigation initiatives. This paper presents experience gained during an action research on water supply in arsenic mitigation in rural Singair, Bangladesh. The mitigation has been implemented there through integrated research and development of appropriate water supply options and its use through community participation. Political leaders and women played key roles in the success of the mitigation. More than one option for safe water has been developed and/or identified. The main recommendations include: integration of screening of tubewells and supply of safe water, research on technological and social aspects, community, women and local government participation, education and training of all stakeholders, immediate and appropriate use of the available knowledge, links between intermediate/immediate and long term investment, effective coordination and immediate attention by health, nutrition, agriculture, education, and other programs to this arsenic issue.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2001

Windbreaks as a pesticide drift mitigation strategy: a review.

The use of natural and artificial barriers to mitigate pesticide drift from agricultural and forest applications is discussed. This technique has been considered as an alternative to current methods at a time when environmental concerns are under great public scrutiny. There has been a variety of research experiments on this subject from New Zealand to The Netherlands which have documented reductions in spray drift of up to 80-90%. However, there are still enormous data gaps to utilize this method accurately. The aerodynamic factors of wind barriers and shelter effects on crop growth and yield have been well investigated. In contrast, some of the important aspects of drift mitigation, e.g. porosity and turbulence, have been difficult to obtain and no standard methodologies are currently available to evaluate and classify windbreaks and shelterbelts or to determine their efficiency in reducing drift. Thus there is a significant opportunity to incorporate windbreaks into the tool set of drift mitigation tactics. Government policies, initiatives, legislation, etc, which currently address water quality, BMP, stewardship, buffers, etc, are issues which so far have not included windbreaks as a valuable drift mitigation strategy.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Thioredoxin-linked mitigation of allergic responses to wheat.

Thioredoxin, a ubiquitous 12-kDa regulatory disulfide protein, was found to reduce disulfide bonds of allergens (convert S-S to 2 SH) and thereby mitigate the allergenicity of commercial wheat preparations. Allergenic strength was determined by skin tests with a canine model for food allergy. Statistically significant mitigation was observed with 15 of 16 wheat-sensitive animals. The allergenicity of the protein fractions extracted from wheat flour with the indicated solvent was also assessed: the gliadins (ethanol) were the strongest allergens, followed by glutenins (acetic acid), albumins (water), and globulins (salt water). Of the gliadins, the alpha and beta fractions were most potent, followed by the gamma and omega types. Thioredoxin mitigated the allergenicity associated with the major protein fractions-i.e, the gliadins (including the alpha, beta, and gamma types) and the glutenins-but gave less consistent results with the minor fractions, the albumins and globulins. In all cases, mitigation was specific to thioredoxin that had been reduced either enzymically by NADPH and NADP-thioredoxin reductase or chemically by dithiothreitol; reduced glutathione was without significant effect. As in previous studies, thioredoxin was particularly effective in the reduction of intramolecular (intrachain) disulfide bonds. The present results demonstrate that the reduction of these disulfide bonds is accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in allergenicity of the active proteins. This decrease occurs alongside the changes identified previously-i.e., increased susceptibility to proteolysis and heat, and altered biochemical activity. The findings open the door to the testing of the thioredoxin system in the production of hypoallergenic, more-digestible foods.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Compliance with EPA guidelines for follow-up testing and mitigation after radon screening measurements.

A survey was taken of 314 individuals, 55 of whom had residences that exceeded the EPA action level of 148 Bq m-3 (4 pCi L-1) of radon as measured by a medical center radon testing service. The survey was designed to assess whether these individuals followed the 1986 EPA guidelines for follow-up testing and mitigation. The survey indicated 41% of respondents performed follow-up tests and 16% of the respondents performed some form of mitigation. Some respondents had performed mitigation after inadequate or no follow-up radon tests. There was a positive relationship between follow-up testing and mitigation and higher initial radon screening values.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1992

Mitigation of elevated indoor radon gas resulting from underground air return usage.

Underground air returns have been found to be active transportation pathways for radon gas entry into homes. Several homes for which underground air returns were contributing to elevated indoor 222Rn concentrations were evaluated for possible mitigation. Two houses with such problems were successfully mitigated by inserting flexible ducts into the returns. In one of these houses, the initial mitigation attempt resulted in an exacerbation of the problem due to leakage of the ducting. This was solved by re-sleeving the returns using a stronger material. Mitigation of elevated indoor radon gas caused by use of underground air returns by inserting flexible ducts is not possible for all situations, especially those for which the returns are small, filled with debris, misaligned, or inaccessible.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1995

Mitigation of indoor radon in an area with unusually high radon concentrations.

In an area of unusually high indoor radon concentrations of up to 270,000 Bq m-3, four houses were selected for mitigation of indoor radon. Methods used were basement sealing, soil depressurization, a mechanical intake and outlet ventilation system with heat exchanger in the basement, and a multilayer floor construction using a fan to suck radon from a layer between bottom slab and floor. Basement sealing proved unsuccessful, the radon concentration remained unchanged after the mitigation attempt. The most successful remedial measure was soil depressurization using two fans and loops of drainage tubes to withdraw radon from the region under the floor and outside the walls of the basement and from soil under the part of the house without a basement. This method reduced the basement radon level in winter by about a factor of 200, i.e., from 100,000 Bq m-3 to 500 Bq m-3, and the ground-floor level by about a factor of 400. As regards the mechanical intake and outlet ventilation system with heat exchanger in the basement, it is essential to ensure that ventilation provides increased air pressure in the basement compared to outdoors. Unbalanced mechanical intake and outlet ventilation may decrease the air pressure indoors compared to outdoors, leading to increased radon concentrations. Optimization of this method reduced radon concentrations from 200,000 Bq m-3 to 2,000-3,000 Bq m-3 in winter. In one house with only a very small basement, a multilayer floor construction using a fan to suck radon from a layer between the bottom slab and floor was found to reduce radon concentrations on the ground floor from 25,000 Bq m-3 to about 1,700 Bq m-3 in winter. The results show that even in areas with extremely high radon concentrations, effective mitigation of indoor radon can be accomplished if suitable techniques are used. The evaluation of the different mitigation methods shows good coincidence with the ICRP 65 report.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1998

Radon measurements and mitigation at a fish hatchery.

Groundwater radon concentration of 83 Bq L(-1) generated indoor radon levels exceeding 3,300 Bq m(-3) at a commercial fish hatchery. Passive and active mitigation strategies to reduce the waterborne radon levels included a packed column, a waterfall through perforated grates, surface aeration, and bottom bubblers. Waterborne concentrations were reduced up to 83% using a combination of mitigation procedures, but a comparable reduction in indoor radon concentrations was not observed. A diurnal cycle showed that indoor radon levels peaked in early afternoon, probably as a result of warmer air being dissolved in the water during mitigation. Reduction of indoor radon levels below 148 Bq m(-3) was seldom achievable with both water mitigation and direct air ventilation at 23 room air changes hourly.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative goals for a 222Rn multimedia mitigation plan.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's revised proposed 222Rn in drinking water regulation gives states or individual community water systems the option of compliance with the maximum contaminant level or compliance with the higher, alternate maximum contaminant level accompanied by the implementation of a multimedia mitigation plan. If states or water suppliers choose to comply with the alternate maximum contaminant level, the health risk reduction achieved by multimedia mitigation programs must be equal to or greater than the health risk reduction that would be achieved by compliance with the maximum contaminant level rather than the alternate maximum contaminant level. We have developed a method to determine quantitative goals for mitigating existing homes and building new 222Rn-resistant homes to achieve a health risk reduction to the public equivalent to the health risk differential between alternate maximum contaminant level and maximum contaminant level compliance. This method can be applied to an entire state, a portion of a state, or to an individual water supplier. The method was applied to North Carolina, and it was concluded that, over time, the health risk reduction achievable from alternate maximum contaminant level compliance and the implementation of a multimedia mitigation program would be much greater than from compliance with the maximum contaminant level.

Radon↗
PubMed2001

Re-framing risk: the changing context of disaster mitigation and preparedness.

This issue of Disasters explores the roles of NGOs and other actors in disaster mitigation and preparedness and also reviews broad international trends in risk management and disaster prevention. The need to address risk, and with that the motivation to improve disaster mitigation and preparedness, has tended to fall between the cracks of grander frameworks of development co-operation and humanitarian assistance. Despite the seemingly glaring need to reduce the horrific impact of floods, droughts and wars, disaster mitigation and preparedness have neither the allure of directly 'saving lives', nor of providing an 'escape from poverty'. There are, however, signs that risk management is becoming a mainstream concern. Factors such as the need to address factors that do not fit into traditional slots on the relief-development continuum, the rising economic costs of disasters and a growing acknowledgement that aid will never cover more than a small fraction of the costs of disasters are all leading to new approaches, priorities and institutional configurations. A realisation that dealing with risk and insecurity is a central part of how poor people develop their livelihood strategies has begun to position disaster mitigation and preparedness within many poverty alleviation agendas. A number of long-standing challenges remain; most of all, the complexities of maintaining the political will that is needed to ensure that risk management becomes more than a passing fad.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2002

Why courts cannot deny ADA protection to plaintiffs who do not use available mitigating measures for their impairments.

Congress intended the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") to provide strong standards for addressing and eliminating discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Many commentators have concluded, however, that the federal courts are undermining the goals of the ADA by too narrowly construing membership in the statute's protected class. One example of this trend is courts' hostile treatment of ADA plaintiffs who do not use medications or devices that might alleviate their impairments ("nonmitigating plaintiffs"). Numerous district and appellate decisions have held or suggested that nonmitigating plaintiffs are not protected by the ADA. In addition, some commentators have proposed that courts should evaluate the reasonableness of a plaintiff's decision not to use mitigating measures; they argues that it is unfair to burden an employer with the cost of accommodating a disability that continues to exist only because an employee unreasonably refuses to mitigate it. Contrary to the views of these courts and commentators, however, this Comment will show that nonmitigating plaintiffs are entitled to ADA protection from employment discrimination. It argues that the statute's language, history, and structure, as well as Supreme Court precedent, demonstrate that courts cannot deny ADA protection based on a plaintiff's nonuse of available mitigating measures. It also presents several considerations that weigh against any future congressional enactment that would tie ADA protection to the reasonableness of a plaintiff's decision not to mitigate an impairment.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2026

A Review on Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens: Mechanisms, Effects and Mitigation Strategies.

BACKGROUND: Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental challenge for broilers, particularly under rising global temperatures and high humidity. Broiler chickens are highly susceptible because of their rapid growth rate, high metabolic heat production, limited thermoregulatory capacity and genetic selection for fast growth. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to synthesise current evidence, evaluate the effectiveness of existing mitigation strategies, identify key knowledge gaps and provide future research directions to improve broiler resilience, welfare and productivity under increasingly HS conditions. METHODS: This review synthesised evidence published between 2010 and 2025 on the physiological, metabolic, intestinal, immunological and productive consequences of HS and evaluated mitigation strategies. RESULTS: The reviewed studies demonstrate that HS reduces feed intake by approximately 10%-30%, suppresses body weight gain and feed efficiency and increases mortality, with severity depending on temperature, humidity and broiler genotype. HS disrupts carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism; induces acid-base imbalance and oxidative stress; compromises intestinal barrier integrity; alters gut microbiota; suppresses immune function; and reduces meat quality. Nutritional interventions, including dietary electrolyte balance, antioxidants, vitamins, selenium, zinc, phytogenic compounds, probiotics, betaine and optimised feeding strategies, environmental management and genetic approaches, including naked-neck and frizzle genes, can partially alleviate these adverse effects. However, inconsistencies among studies persist because of differences in broiler strains, environmental conditions, dietary formulations and experimental protocols. CONCLUSION: HS substantially compromises broiler health, welfare, productivity and meat quality. Nutritional, environmental and genetic approaches can partially mitigate its adverse effects; however, further research is needed to improve broiler resilience under increasingly HS conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Berberine shows potential in mitigating PM2.5-induced breast cancer progression by inducing DNA damage and inhibiting error-prone DNA repair pathways.

Breast cancer remains the most common cancer among women, with 2.3 million new cases reported globally in 2022. Alongside established risk factors such as age, family history, genetics, obesity, smoking, and alcohol, exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has recently emerged as an environmental contributor. This risk is especially concerning for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where both PM2.5 exposure and cancer burden are disproportionately high; however, mechanistic studies from these regions remain limited. To address this gap and develop mitigation strategies, we investigated the oncogenic potential of water-soluble PM2.5 collected from ambient air on breast cancer and evaluated the potential role of nutraceuticals in mitigating these effects. PM2.5 exposure increased proliferation, migration, and ROS generation, while promoting the formation of multinucleated giant cells, leading to genomic instability. Berberine, a natural alkaloid, countered these effects by increasing DNA damage and exploiting tumor-specific genomic vulnerabilities through disruption of DNA damage response and repair networks, thereby promoting programmed cell death. Transcriptomic profiling of Delhi PM2.5-treated MCF7 cells revealed a Delhi PM2.5-associated carcinogenic gene signature enriched in MAPK signalling, reactive oxygen species, metabolic, lysosomal, and ribosomal pathways. We also found that several genes, including BIRC5, WSB1, and RCC1, within this PM2.5-induced gene signature were dysregulated in breast cancer patients and were inversely regulated by berberine treatment, suggesting that berberine counteracts the transcriptional effects of PM2.5. Our findings highlight ambient PM2.5 exposure as a driver of breast cancer progression and identify berberine as a promising candidate in mitigating PM2.5 effects; however, thorough preclinical and clinical validations are warranted.

Berberine↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter in an adenoviral vector and its application for the mitigation of toxicity in suicide gene therapy of gastrointestinal cancers.

The application of adenoviral molecular chemotherapy for systemic malignant disease using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase has been limited by ectopic transgene expression in the liver due to the vector hepatotropism. The aim of this study was to mitigate this hepatotoxicity using the promoter of cyclooxygenase-2, inactive in liver but active in many gastrointestinal cancers. To analyze the specificity of transgene expression driven by cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) promoters, promoters of two different lengths were incorporated into adenoviral vectors to drive luciferase expression. The specific cytocidal effect and in vivo toxicity were analyzed with thymidine kinase expression vectors. The specificity of the cox-2 promoter was well preserved in the adenoviral vector. In vivo, the cox-2 promoter (-1432/+59) showed very little activity in the liver but attained high activity, comparable to that of the cytomegalovirus promoter, in cyclooxygenase-2-positive subcutaneous tumors. The cox-2 promoter-driven thymidine kinase-expressing vectors showed a cytocidal effect specifically in cyclooxygenase-2-positive cells. When mice were treated with the thymidine kinase-expressing vector and ganciclovir, the cox-2 promoter successfully mitigated the fatal hepatotoxicity, which was observed with the cytomegalovirus promoter-driven vector. The cox-2 promoter successfully mitigated the adverse effects of adenoviral suicide gene therapy by minimizing transgene expression in the liver.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1996

Wetlands Mitigation: Partnership Between an Electric Power Company and a Federal Wildlife Refuge

/ Nine hectares (23 acres) of a degraded section of Patuxent Research Refuge in Laurel, Maryland, USA, were converted to wetland habitat by the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company in 1994. The wetlands were created as mitigation for 5.7 ha (14 acres) of wetlands that were impacted as part of the construction of an 8.5-km (5.3-mile) 500-kV overhead transmission line on the refuge. The area consists of a created forested wetland of 5.5 ha (13.5 acres), a seasonally inundated green-tree reservoir of 7.6 ha (6.5 acres), and an impounded pond wetland of 1.2 ha (3 acres). Construction included the planting of 6131 trees, 4276 shrubs, and 15,102 emergent plants. Part of the site has been studied intensively since completion and survival of trees and shrubs after two years was 88%. Measurements of these transplants have shown growth greater than on other created sites in Maryland. Grasses and other herbaceous vegetation were dominant plants in the meter-square plots in the first two years of sampling of the created forested wetland. Wildlife surveys for birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles have revealed diverse communities. Although these communities represent species consistent with open habitat, more typical forest species should colonize the area as it undergoes succession into a more mature forested wetland. The creation, management, and research of this mitigation site represents an excellent example of a partnership between a private electric power company and a federal wildlife refuge. This partnership has increased local biodiversity and improved regional water quality of the Patuxent River and the Chesapeake Bay.KEY WORDS: Wetlands; Mitigation; Wildlife; Partnership; Biodiversity

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Diminished responsibility as a mitigating circumstance in juvenile offenders' legal judgments.

The legal judgments of 20 juvenile offenders and 20 non-offenders were examined for three types of crimes: assault, arson and treason. Mitigating circumstances cast in the form of an inability to control events consisted of brain damage, passion and economic need, in contrast to a situation in which no mitigating circumstances were offered. The results indicated that despite the often-made legal argument, neither group regarded passion and economic need as circumstances warranting the reduction of sentencing. Compared to the non-offender group, offenders rated brain damage as less mitigating. While non-offenders rated passion and economic need more severely than brain damage, offenders' ratings of the three circumstances did not differ significantly. The findings are discussed in terms of perceptions of control and structural-developmental approaches to socialization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest.

At the beginning of the 1900s, the Canberra plain was largely treeless. Graziers had carried out extensive clearing of the original trees since the 1820s leaving only scattered remnants and some plantings near homesteads. With the selection of Canberra as the site for the new capital of Australia, extensive tree plantings began in 1911. These trees have delivered a number of benefits, including aesthetic values and the amelioration of climatic extremes. Recently, however, it was considered that the benefits might extend to pollution mitigation and the sequestration of carbon. This paper outlines a case study of the value of the Canberra urban forest with particular reference to pollution mitigation. This study uses a tree inventory, modelling and decision support system developed to collect and use data about trees for tree asset management. The decision support system (DISMUT) was developed to assist in the management of about 400,000 trees planted in Canberra. The size of trees during the 5-year Kyoto Commitment Period was estimated using DISMUT and multiplied by estimates of value per square meter of canopy derived from available literature. The planted trees are estimated to have a combined energy reduction, pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration value of US$20-67 million during the period 2008-2012.

Carbon↗
PubMed2003

Environmental support promotes expertise-based mitigation of age differences on pilot communication tasks.

The authors investigated whether expertise is more likely to mitigate age declines when experts rely on environmental support in a pilot/Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication task. Pilots and nonpilots listened to ATC messages that described a route through an airspace, while they referred to a chart of the airspace. They read back (repeated) each message and then answered a probe question about the route. In a preliminary study, participants could take notes while listening to the messages and performing the read-back and probe tasks. In Experiment 1, opportunity to take notes was manipulated. Note taking determined when expertise mitigated age differences on the read-back task. With note taking, read-back accuracy declined with age for nonpilots but not for pilots. Without note taking, similar age-related declines occurred for pilots and nonpilots. Benefits of expertise, younger age, and note taking occurred for probe accuracy, but mitigation did not occur. The findings suggest that older adults take advantage of a domain-relevant form of environmental support (note taking) to maintain performance on some complex tasks despite typical age-related declines in cognitive ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Making mitigation decisions based on short-term tests of 222Rn.

One test option recommended by the EPA for deciding to mitigate involves up to two short-term measurements. If the initial measurement is > or = 148 Bq m-3, the test is repeated and the house is mitigated only if the mean of the two measurements is > or = 148 Bq m-3. The frequency of errors under this test option was evaluated using 2-d and 1-y measurements from 1,449 houses. The chances of making incorrect mitigation decisions vary from 1% to more than 50%.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗