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PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of longitudinal changes in memory, visuospatial, and verbal functioning in very old demented adults.

Longitudinal changes in memory, visuospatial and verbal functioning in a sample of demented persons were examined. The role of several demographic, psychometric, and biological indices in predicting the rate of cognitive deterioration was also investigated. The sample consisted of 31 very old (mean age at entry = 83.5 years, range = 75-95) persons with Alzheimer's disease (n = 22) and vascular dementia (n = 9) from a community-based study. Subjects were tested on two occasions separated by approximately 2.5 years. Results indicated significant longitudinal decline in verbal fluency and visuospatial ability, but only on 1 of 3 measures of episodic memory. Results from regression analyses indicated that a variety of putatively important variables, including age, gender, education, digit span, as well as a number of biological (vitamin B12, TSH), dementia etiology, and psychometric (digit span) indicators, exhibited no relationship to rate of memory, visuospatial, or verbal decline. The results suggest that the rate of cognitive deterioration in dementia is highly variable, and this variability in change appears to include a variety of characteristics. A possible reason thereof may be that the role of individual-difference variables for cognitive functioning in dementia is overshadowed by the pathogenetic process itself.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal changes in dietary habits and attitudes of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: Assess longitudinal changes in dietary habits and attitudes of elderly Europeans in relation to selected socio-economic factors. DESIGN: Longitudinal survey with a baseline measurement in 1988/1989 and a follow-up measurement in 1993, using a standardized questionnaire. SUBJECTS: Elderly men and women born between 1913 and 1918. SETTING: The second SENECA survey in 1993 assessed the dietary intake and the nutritional status of 676 men and 759 women aged 74-79 years in 13 small towns. In 9 of these towns, 571 men and 603 women had already been surveyed during the baseline study in 1988/1989. RESULTS: An increased regularity of food intake, as assessed by the consumption of daily cooked meals, was shown for this group of successfully aging elderly subjects. In three towns, Haguenau/F, Betanzos/E and Vila Franca de Xira/P, a disproportionate increase in subjects never shopping, not shopping daily and not consuming home-produced foods was observed. This suggests a higher than average loss in activity in these towns. Differences in food budget problems, in including or avoiding foods for health reasons or in following special diets could not be evaluated because of methodological problems. It had to be assumed that, for psychological reasons, subjects responded differently or interviewers questioned the subjects in different ways in the two surveys. In 1993, meal patterns were for the first time assessed quantitatively. Highly significant differences between northern (Culemborg/NL, Roskilde/DK, Ballymoney-Limavady-Portstewart/NI/UK) and more southern towns could be shown with regard to the structure of all three main daily meals and also to the distribution of energy intake during the day and to the time spent for meal preparation and eating. CONCLUSION: The possibility that differences in meal patterns might affect physiological functions requires the regular inclusion of this kind of data in all dietary surveys and the elaboration of the respective standardized methods.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal change in serum cholesterol levels among isolated hypertriglyceridemic cases.

The present study investigated longitudinal change in serum cholesterols of isolated hypertriglyceridemic cases (54 males, 34 females) and age-matched controls (115 males, 98 females) based on a 4-year longitudinal observation. At the baseline, the level of triglyceride was significantly higher in hypertriglyceridemic cases (329 +/- 133mg/dl in males, 274 +/- 76mg/dl in females) than in the controls (81 +/- 18 mg/dl in males, 73 +/- 16mg/dl in females). Further, body mass index (BMI) was also significantly higher than that of the controls. There were no statistical differences in total cholesterol(TC) between the cases (197 +/- 23mg/dl males, 211 +/- 30mg/dl females) and the controls (189 +/- 19mg/dl males, 202 +/- 18mg/dl females). In hypertriglyceridemic cases, both TC and low density lipoprotein plus very low density lipoprotein cholesterols significantly increased between the baseline and the four years later (TC: 197 +/- 23mg/dl to 205 +/- 26mg/dl in males, p < 0.05. 211 +/- 30mg/dl to 227 +/- 44mg/dl in females, p < 0.01), whereas no change was observed in the controls. The BMI of the cases and the controls were unchanged throughout the study period. The present study shows that isolated hypertriglyceridemia with normocholesterolemia proceeds to hypercholesterolemia, which is compatible with endogenous lipoprotein metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Longitudinal changes in blood viscosity are correlated with fetal outcome.

The importance of longitudinal changes in maternal Whole Blood Viscosity (WBV) for fetal well-being was investigated. Consecutive WBV data were available, obtained from 44 pregnancies before 36 0/7 weeks. An increase in WBV was found to be associated with an unfavorable fetal outcome. This result might be considered as clinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that maternal WBV contains information on the efficacy of placental perfusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal changes in the intake of energy and macronutrients of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: To assess longitudinal changes in intakes of energy and macronutrients in elderly Europeans. DESIGN: Longitudinal study including a dietary assessment in 1988/1989, which was repeated in 1993. SETTING: Serial data were collected in nine European towns: Belgium: Hamme (H/B); Denmark: Roskilde (R/DK); France: Haguenau (H/F) and Romans (R/F); Italy: Padua (P/I); the Netherlands: Culemborg (C/NL); Portugal: Vila Franca de Xira (V/P); Spain: Betanzos (B/E) and Switzerland: Yverdon (Y/CH). In other centres dietary intake data were collected in 1993 only: Portugal: Coimbra (C/P); Poland: Marki (M/PL); Northern Ireland: Ballymoney-Limavady-Portstewart (BLP/NI/UK) and United States: Mansfield (Connecticut) (M/CT/USA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using standardized methodologies, data were collected from a random stratified sample of elderly men and women born between 1913 and 1918. In 1993 dietary intake data were collected from 1125 subjects by a modified validated dietary history method. RESULTS: Over the 4-year study period, a decline in mean energy intake of one MJ or less per day was observed in most towns, which was significant (P < 0.01) in only four of the towns. The within- and between-centre variation of change was large. Overall, a slight decline was reported for all macronutrients and with the exception of protein, large within and between centre variations were observed in both men and women. CONCLUSION: Intake of energy and macronutrients was found to decline with age. This may be of special concern for small eaters.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Longitudinal changes in the adult facial profile.

Longitudinal growth changes in the adult craniofacial complex were studied for 24 white male and 23 white female subjects between the ages of 18 and 42 years who had Class I or end-to-end molar relationships and no excessive protrusions or retrusions. The male profile straightened with age, and both lips became more retrusive. The males increased in all nose dimensions and in soft tissue thickness at pogonion, but decreased in upper lip thickness at labrale superius with a slight decrease in lower lip thickness at labrale inferius. The female profile did not become straighter with age, and the lips did not become more retrusive as with males. The females also increased in nose dimensions but decreased in soft tissue thickness at pogonion, decreased in upper lip thickness at labrale superius, and slightly increased in lower lip thickness at labrale inferius. For males most changes in hard tissue measurements had been accomplished by age 25 years, whereas soft tissue changes in the nose, lips, and chin occurred as much after age 25 years as from age 18 to 25 years. For females, both hard and soft tissue measurements had more changes after age 25 years than before. Those males who had high relative sagittal mandibular growth also experienced larger sagittal maxillary growth, and those who showed greater skeletal growth also had more soft tissue growth at the nose. The females also had good correlation between sagittal growth in the mandible and the maxilla. Later maturing males had greater adult craniofacial skeletal growth in several dimensions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal changes in the intake of vitamins and minerals of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: To assess longitudinal changes in intake of vitamins and minerals in elderly Europeans. DESIGN: Longitudinal study including the collection of dietary intake data in 1988/1989 and in 1993. SETTING: Baseline and follow-up data were collected from nine European towns: Belgium: Hamme (H/B); Denmark: Roskilde (R/DK); France: Haguenau (H/F) and Romans (R/F); Italy: Padua (P/I); the Netherlands: Culemborg (C/NL); Portugal: Vila Franca de Xira (V/P); Spain: Betanzos (B/E) and Switzerland: Yverdon (Y/CH). In four other towns dietary intake data were collected in 1993 only: Portugal: Coimbra (C/P); Poland: Marki (M/PL); Northern Ireland: Ballymoney-Limavady-Portstewart (BLP/NI/UK) and United States: Mansfield (Connecticut) (M/CT/USA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using standardized methods, data were collected from a random sample of 658 elderly men and 731 women born between 1913 and 1918. Dietary intake data were collected by a validated modified dietary history method. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the median intake of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C or iron was observed in several towns and for most of these nutrients in H/B, R/DK, R/F and V/P. Over the 4-y follow-up period, the proportion of elderly people with nutrient intakes below the lowest European RDI's increased for various nutrients in most towns, whereas the nutrient density of the diet, especially for iron and vitamin C, decreased significantly only in a few towns. The proportion of elderly people taking nutrient supplements varied from less than 5% in H/B to 60% in R/DK. CONCLUSION: The observed decrease in intake of some vitamins and minerals in most of the participating towns, indicates an increased risk for malnutrition in elderly Europeans.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Longitudinal changes of serum lipid and apoB levels in a newborn-infant cohort.

Longitudinal changes in serum apoB levels in relation to serum lipid levels were determined in a subset (n = 30) of a newborn-infant cohort selected from infants (n = 440) of Bogalusa, Louisiana who were born between January 1, 1974 and June 30, 1975. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol and apoB levels were measured at birth, 6 mo, 1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr of age. The mean +/- SD, mg/dl, levels of these variables increased dramatically (p less than 0.0005) from birth to 6 mo (Total cholesterol: 65.0 +/- 15.7 versus 136.3 +/- 27.4; triglycerides: 32.9 +/- 18.9 versus 82.3 +/- 28.9; beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol: 31.8 +/- 9.1 versus 87.3 +/- 25.7; apoB: 20.8 +/- 5.3 versus 49.0 +/- 13.5). On the other hand, the ratio of apoB to beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol at birth was significantly higher than at 6 months of age (0.69 +/- 0.24 versus 0.58 +/- 0.12, p less than 0.0005). None of the variables changed significantly between 6 mo and 3 yr of age except the increase in serum total cholesterol level from yr 2 to yr 3 (142.6 +/- 26.6 versus 156.4 +/- 23,0, p less than 0.01). A high intra-child year to year correlation for serum apoB was noted beginning at 6 mo of age (r = 0.67, p less than 0.0001); while the apoB levels were proportional to beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in some children, others had varied levels of apoB in relation to cholesterol carried by this apoprotein. The fact that apoB levels persist beginning at 6 mo of age and that we are beginning to observe interindividual differences in levels of cholesterol carried by this apoprotein may have clinical implications for coronary artery disease.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1989

Detection of longitudinal change in periodontitis.

In any longitudinal study of periodontitis, it is important to determine when change in probing depth or clinical attachment level occurs as soon as possible. In this study, simulation was used to compare three statistical methods for detecting change in linear periodontal measurement under a variety of conditions including type of change, number of follow-up visits, magnitude of linear measurement and examiner variance. The statistical methods included: 1) testing the slope of a regression line, 2) a comparison of running medians and 3) the cumulative sum (cusum) method. Three types of change and random examiner error were imposed on baseline linear measurements. The types of change included a gradual change, a burst, and rapid loss followed by regeneration. The results indicated that all three methods yielded similar results when the change was gradual. However, the regression line was less sensitive to bursts of change than the other methods. Overestimation of examiner error for the running median and cusum methods increased specificity and decreased sensitivity. Underestimation of examiner variance decreased specificity and increased sensitivity of the cusum and running median methods, while the regression was unaffected by estimates of examiner variance. If preventive or therapeutic action does not need to be taken immediately, either the running median or the cusum would be a good choice for detecting change. If immediate intervention is needed, the cusum appears to be the method of choice for detecting change at specific sites in longitudinal periodontal studies.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1994

[Longitudinal change in independence in the elderly--Kahoku Longitudinal Aging Study (KLAS)].

A community based study named Kahoku Longitudinal Aging Study (KLAS) was conducted since 1990 for the purpose of evaluating the comprehensive geriatric functional assessment (CGA) and preventing a decline in CGA in the community-dwelling elderly population. It was carried out in a Japanese rural town, in which 32% of the population was over 65 years of age. This study included a questionnaire about activity of daily living (ADL), information-related physical function, mental (cognitive and affective) and social functional domains. In addition to subjective informative instruments, various types of objective assessment such as quantitative neuro-behavioral function tests and medical examinations were performed. Subjects were all the eligible elderly aged over 65 years in the community. Although the ratio of subjects who were independent in ADL decreased with advancing age in both 1991 and 1993, the ratio of the independent elderly in ADL became significant higher (74%) in 1993 than in 1991 (71%). Scores on 2 kinds of neurobehavioral function tests in the 159 subjects aged over 75 years who attended the examination every year showed a significant and slight decrease during two years. However, some test indices significantly improved during the 2 years. These results suggested that age-related dependency in ADL and some kind of neurobehavioral functions might be prevented, in part, by health promoting education and improvement of life style.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults. Methodologic considerations and findings in healthy nonsmokers.

Longitudinal changes in FEV1 (delta FEV1) have been examined in a sample of the general population of Tucson, Arizona. Adults with satisfactory spirometric tests in all 7 surveys performed over a period of 11 yr showed some between-survey differences in mean FEV1. Although small in absolute magnitude, such survey biases (which would be impossible to detect unless multiple spirometric tests were carried out on a relatively large group of subjects) could have a marked effect on calculated changes in FEV1 and may explain the widely divergent delta FEV1 values reported in the literature. After adjusting for survey biases, the relationships of delta FEV1 to age, sex, and body size were examined in "healthy" nonsmokers in the population who were followed for an average of 9.6 yr. The FEV1 showed an accelerating decline with age, and delta FEV1 was best explained by a model of proportional change in which it is a function of Age X Height3. Longitudinally determined delta FEV1 showed much less decline in function and a later apparent age of onset of decline than suggested by cross-sectional analyses. While small "learning effects" in longitudinal calculations cannot be excluded, most of the cross-sectional versus longitudinal differences are probably ascribable to past events that have adversely affected the FEV1 in older adults, thereby increasing cross-sectional age effects. Present findings also suggest that generally applicable "prediction equations" for delta FEV1 probably cannot be developed and that delta FEV1 values should only be compared between groups studied in an identical manner within a given study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Longitudinal changes in nutritional habits of teenagers: differences in intake between schooldays and weekend days.

Longitudinal changes in nutritional habits were studied in Dutch adolescents from 12 to 17 years of age (131 girls and 102 boys). The dietary differences on schooldays and weekend days are reported. In girls only small changes in nutritional habits were seen as they grew older. In boys there was a gradual increase in food intake with age. Overall, higher nutrient intakes could be seen on weekend days. The energy intake on weekend days was consistently higher for girls and boys in all age-groups. The proportional intakes of fat and sugar were rather high, especially on weekend days. The alcohol consumption increased with age for girls as well as boys, and was for some individuals extremely high (boys) on weekend days. The observed levels of intake compared with the recommendations showed a rather low intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides and iron.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal changes in IQ among fragile X males: clinical evidence of more than one mutation?

Longitudinal changes in IQ among mentally retarded (MR) fragile X [fra(x)] males have been reported previously. While age is associated with decline in IQ, not all males are so affected. This suggests that there may be more than one subtype of affected fra(X) male. Therefore, we examined the distribution of standardized difference scores (Zdiff) in IQ to determine if subjects were from an admixture of at least 2 populations. Cluster analysis of Zdiff scores was used to partition subjects into 2 groups. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that scores were more likely to come from an admixture. Discriminant functions (DF) were calculated to determine predictive validity of Zdiff scores. To eliminate the effect of skewing, a power transform was applied to Zdiff scores and DFs recomputed. Zdiff and transformed scores provided similar results. The mean and variance for one group showed no differences in test-retest scores as would be expected from examining any population while the mean for the second group indicated significant decline in IQ nearly 4 standard errors below the first test score. These results suggest that there may be clinical evidence for 2 types of fra(X) mutation: One which causes MR but is static, and a second mutation which causes MR but is dynamic and contributes to an apparent longitudinal decline in cognitive function.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Longitudinal changes in rigidity in old age].

This investigation attempted to deal with the question of longitudinal changes in the rigidity of attitudes and behaviour in a sample of elderly persons (68--90 years old). This was done by collecting data twice (1969/70 and 1976) from 86 subjects on a serie of measures of rigidity. At the same time additional data were collected on external variables such as intelligence, anxiety, state of health, extraversion, neuroticism, etc. Analyses of variance with the factors "time of measurement" and "sex" indicated a change in the predicted direction for the majority of the measures used. After an internal of six years, the capacity for adaptive and spontaneous flexibility had decreased, whereas intolerance and dispositional rigidity had increased. On the Riegel-scales R1 and R2, a rise in age was accompanied by a rise in rigidity, as measured in terms of statement in the form of personal judgments. Agreement with other judgments in the form of more generally formulated statements, on the other hand, decreased. Sex differences were found for Brengelmann's NR-scale and the Gottschaldt Hidden Figure test. Women were found to be less rigid than men, but also revealed less adaptive flexibility. A comparison of the test scores of longitudinal subjects and a comparable group of control group subjects yielded no signs of differences which would be traced back to a biased selection of the longitudinal sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Longitudinal changes in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cerebral infarction.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has revealed changes in lactate and N-acetyl-aspartate in acute cerebral infarction. However, the details of these drastic changes and subsequent chronic changes have not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to disclose longitudinal changes in spectra seen in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS: Six patients with completed cerebral infarction were examined longitudinally with localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: (1) In the acute stage (within 2 days after onset), two drastic changes were observed: N-acetyl-aspartate decreased rapidly and severely within 2 days after onset, and lactate increased immediately and reached a high level in the acute stage after onset. (2) In the chronic stage (more than 1 month after onset), two features were observed: lactate, which had increased in the acute stage, remained high for more than 1 month, and other signals such as those of N-acetyl-aspartate, choline, and phosphocreatine/creatine decreased dramatically. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that N-acetyl-aspartate and lactate as revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be useful indicators of the ischemic damage to the brain in clinical cases of cerebral infarction.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Longitudinal changes of serum albumin in elderly people living in the community.

The relationship of serum albumin at baseline to mortality, and longitudinal changes of serum albumin were investigated in a 10-year longitudinal study of 421 (197 men, 224 women) community residents aged 69-71. The 10-year survival rate was the lowest in the first quartile of serum albumin at baseline, followed by the second quartile, and third and fourth quartiles (p less than 0.05). In both sexes, 10-year survival curves did not differ between the group with diseases or disabilities at baseline or over time and the group without them.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation.

Longitudinal changes in FEV1 (delta FEV1) in relationship to smoking habits were examined in 1,705 adults enrolled in a prospective study of a general population sample. In both men and women, there were excessive rates of decline in FEV1 in smokers, at least in those smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day. The excess decline of smokers was age dependent, particularly in men, with much of the excess loss of function occurring between 50 and 70 yr of age. Effects of smoking on delta FEV1, observed minus expected delta FEV1 and observed minus expected percent delta FEV1, were greater in men than in women even when controlled for current cigarette dose. Ex-smokers show delta FEV1 values similar to those of nonsmokers. In subjects younger than 35 yr of age, quitting smoking during follow-up was associated with an actual increase in FEV1. In men 50 to 70 yr of age, smoking cessation early in the study appeared to lead to a relatively prompt return to normal rates of functional decline. Thus, the findings suggest relatively prompt beneficial effect of smoking cessation even in late middle age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Longitudinal changes in time domain spirogram indices and their variability.

The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in time domain spirogram indices and their variability. We therefore measured forced expiratory spirograms of 326 middle-aged male employees in two asbestos-using factories four times over 5 yrs. From the original sample of 326, 225 healthy subjects, who provided reliable results for three or more surveys, were selected for analysis. The mean and standard deviation of transit time and their log-transformed values (MTT, STT, ln(MTT), and ln(STT), respectively), as well as two indices of the estimated time constant distribution (Mu and Sigma, respectively) were analysed using a longitudinal model. The longitudinally estimated annual increase of MTT, STT, ln(MTT), and ln(STT) was about three times larger than the cross-sectional estimate, whilst they were comparable in Mu and Sigma. A highly significant contribution of between-subject variability was found in all indices. This was particularly remarkable in the mean components. The between-subject variability was about eight times larger than the error variance in Mu, and three times in MTT and ln(MTT). We conclude that the longitudinal data of transit time indices should not be compared with cross-sectional reference values, and that the magnitude of error variance of these indices in longitudinal repeated measurements will be rather less than the cross-sectional counterpart reported previously.

Adult↗