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PubMed1978

A model for the estimation of change in knowledge between two interview occasions with unreliable responses.

If a person gives the right answer to a question of yes/no type concerning a certain fact, the answer is correct either because the person knows the truth or because he/she happens to guess the right response alternative. Suppose that such a question is given to the same persons on two occasions, and that between these occasions, a campaign is undertaken, the aim of which is to raise the level of knowledge in the population. A model is introduced for this situation, making it possible to estimate the proportion (PB) of persons who know the answer before the campaign, the difference (D=PA-PB) in knowledge after (PA) vs. before the campaign, and the rate (g) of persons who guess the correct answer without having the actual knowledge. Asymptoic variances for the estimates are also given. The method is illustrated by means of data from a socio-medical survey in Addis Ababa, were the spread of knowledge concerning various vaccinations was investigated.

Health Surveys↗
PubMed2026

Community-tailored One Health educational intervention to enhance knowledge and practices for zoonotic disease prevention in rural Thailand: A protocol for a prospective cluster randomised controlled Trial in Chanthaburi, Thailand (Saan Suk trial).

BACKGROUND: Zoonotic infectious disease risk arises at human-animal-environment interfaces where pathogen spillover can occur. Rural communities living in biodiverse settings may experience frequent contact with wildlife and shared environments through livelihoods, food practices, and economic activities. Reducing spillover risk and strengthening pandemic prevention requires both structural and individual-level change. Community-based interventions that promote awareness, risk perception, self-efficacy, pro-environmental behaviour, and safe coexistence with wildlife may support prevention by shifting behavioural determinants of zoonotic disease risk. The Saan Suk intervention was co-developed with rural communities in Thailand using a Human-Centred Design approach and is grounded in the Health Belief Model and One Health principles. The intervention is intended to be feasible, acceptable, and deliverable through Thailand's established Village Health Volunteer (VHV) system. METHODS: This protocol describes a parallel-arm, cluster-randomised controlled superiority trial that will be conducted during July - October 2026, in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand. 24 villages will be equally randomised to the Saan Suk intervention or the current practice (control). In intervention villages, trained VHVs will deliver, once a week over four weeks, a multimodal One Health educational intervention designed to improve knowledge of zoonotic spillover, promote protective behaviours, reduce risky wildlife-related contacts, and support respectful coexistence with wildlife. Trained outcome assessment teams will conduct structured interviews with 42 adult participants per village, yielding a total sample size of 1,008 participants. The sample size was calculated for the primary outcome, accounting for clustering, with 90% power to detect a medium effect size (6 points on the 0-100 knowledge scale) at a significance level of 0.05, accounting for a design effect with an ICC of 0.028. The primary outcome is knowledge of zoonotic spillover, transmission pathways, risk factors, protective and risky behaviours, and safe coexistence with wildlife. Secondary outcomes include attitudes, self-efficacy, preventive and risky behaviours, and reported contacts with major local reservoir hosts. A structured questionnaire was developed, expert-reviewed, and piloted for the outcome assessment. Outcomes will be analysed using mixed-effects regression models with random effects for village and adjustment for relevant pre-specified confounders. Primary analyses will follow the intention-to-treat principle. DISCUSSION: This trial will evaluate whether a co-designed, VHV-delivered One Health educational programme can improve knowledge of zoonotic disease prevention and behavioural determinants in rural communities living in close contact with wildlife and shared ecosystems. If effective and feasible, Saan Suk could inform integration into routine VHV training and community-based zoonotic disease and pandemic prevention strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Saan Suk trial is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS). Registration ID: DRKS00038582; date of registration: 11 May 2026.

Zoonoses↗
PubMed1979

Discrepancies between knowledge and use of diagnostic studies in asymptomatic patients.

The value of educational programs designed to promote optimal use of laboratory tests by physicians remains unsolved. To assess the effects of level of training and knowledge of test characteristics in determining laboratory ordering habits, physicians' use of laboratory tests as applied to asymptomatic patients was surveyed and their knowledge of four specific procedures was tested. The survey included 148 physicians both in training and in practice in Rochester, New York. Increased selectivity in the use of tests occurred during residency training, but selectivity correlated poorly with knowledge of test characteristics. These data underline the need for additional studies to determine the role of factors other than knowledge which contribute to the use of laboratory tests. Planners of cost containment programs and educational strategies will need to direct attention to these factors.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1979

Relationship between dental knowledge and tooth cleaning behavior.

A study was carried out to determine whether knowledge about dental health is related to dental behavior in a group of patients who have a positive attitude towards their dental health. Recall patients attending a clinic for periodontal care were asked to fill in a questionnaire to assess: 1) attitudes and beliefs, and 2) dental knowledge and reported behavior. They were then examined to assess their gingival health and plaque control (actual behavior). 161 patients were seen in Social Classes 1-3. Responses to the attitudinal questions indicated that approximately 80% of the patients had positive attitudes. Patients were grouped (1-5) according to Gingival Index scores (range 0.13-1.83). None of the attitudinal concepts tested were associated with the lower GI groupings. Correct knowledge about gingival disease and reported higher frequency of cleaning did not show correlation with the lower GI groupings. No significant relationship could be determined between positive attitudes and knowledge levels as predictors of gingival health.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

The relationship of assumption and knowledge of the homosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties.

This article is concerned with the relationship of assumption or knowledge of departure from the heterosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology for obtaining data on sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation are provided. The results indicated that: (a) the most frequently violated civil liberties were equality and procedural due process; (b) there was more assumption than knowledge of sexual orientation; (c) patterns of violations of civil liberties were similar whether sexual orientation was known or assumed; and (d) there was much more use of avoidance than any other mode of resolution, both when the sexual orientation was known and when it was assumed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes regarding monitoring the behaviors of children with learning disabilities.

The attitudes and knowledge of pharmacists in Nebraska regarding children's learning disabilities were surveyed by questionnaire. One hundred thirty-three pharmacists responded. The results were analyzed according to type of practice (community, chain and hospital) and age (20--30 years, 31--40 years, 41--50 years, and 51 years and over). The results indicate that pharmacists are being asked about learning disabilities. Overall, 53% of the pharmacists responding had been asked about learning disabilities by parents, physicians, teachers or others. No significant interactions were found between the type of practice and age, and no significant main effect for type of practice was found in the ANOVA results for knowledge scores or attitude scores. Even though there were no differences owing to age in pharmacists' knowledge of learning disabilities, age was found to have a significant effect on attitudes toward increased pharmacist involvement in monitoring behaviors of learning-disabled children; the younger groups had a more positive attitude. The pharmacist seems to have the knowledge and attitudes required to become more actively involved in monitoring the medications and behaviors of children with learning disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Human sexuality: a survey of the knowledge of medical students.

A survey of New Zealand medical students is described in which knowledge of human sexuality is documented to vary with age, sex, marital status, participation in a human sexuality teaching programme and year of course. Whilst no group scored disastrously and all groups scored well in some areas of sexuality, most groups also demonstrated significant gaps in their knowledge. Within any large medical school it is likely that there will be student subgroups with widely different levels of knowledge and therefore different needs requiring to be met in terms of education. Knowledge of sexuality was demonstrated to increase during the Otago medical course and for this process to have been facilitated by a formal human sexuality teaching programme. Support is therefore given to the need for, and effectiveness of, such teaching programmes in medical schools.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Intimate Partner Violence Training Intervention on Healthcare Providers' Preparedness, Knowledge, and Experiences: A Mixed-Methods Study From Nepal.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) places a considerable burden on health systems globally due to its profound effects on women's health, and women who experience violence often seek care from healthcare providers (HCPs). However, HCPs often lack the preparedness and confidence to respond effectively, resulting in missed opportunities for support and care. This study, conducted in Nepal, evaluated the impact of structured training intervention on HCPs' perceived preparedness, knowledge, and attitudes toward managing IPV and its mental health consequences, including self-harm and suicidal tendencies. The study was nested within a larger cluster randomized trial. A convergent mixed-methods design with a comparison group was conducted among 46 female HCPs in all public hospitals (except one) and 17 primary healthcare centers in Madhesh Province, Nepal. The intervention group (n = 24) received a 10-day intensive IPV and mental health training, while the control group (n = 22) completed 3-day training. Quantitative data were collected using a validated self-administered Physician's Readiness to Manage IPV questionnaire and IPV consequences scale. Paired and independent t-tests were applied to assess changes. Insights from key informant interviews were thematically analyzed to explore participant experiences and perceived impacts. At baseline, over 80% of participants had not received IPV management training. Post-intervention, significant improvements were observed in HCPs perceived preparedness (median change 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1- 2.9), knowledge (median change 2.7; 95% CI: 2.0-3.1), and awareness of IPV consequences (mean difference 1.2; 95% CI: 0.5-2.0), with greater gains in the intervention group. Qualitative findings revealed enhanced confidence in identifying IPV, addressing psychological impacts, and supporting survivors through safety planning and referral. The training significantly improved HCPs' knowledge, preparedness, and confidence to manage IPV and related mental health issues, underscoring the need to scale similar programs to frontline providers, particularly in rural and underserved settings, to strengthen health system's response to IPV.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: effects of a community-based campaign on knowledge and behavior.

In 1972 the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program launched a three-community field study. A multimedia campaign was conducted for two years in two California communities (Watsonville and Gilroy), in one of which (Watsonville) it was supplemented by an intensive-instruction program with high-risk subjects. A third community (Tracy) was used as a control. The campaigns were designed to increase participants' knowledge of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, to change such risk-producing behavior as cigarette smoking, and to decrease the participants' dietary intake of calories, salt, sugar, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Results of a sample survey indicate that substantial gains in knowledge, in behavioral modification, and in the estimated risk of cardiovascular disease can be produced by both methods of intervention. The intensive-instruction program, when combined with the mass-medica campaign, emerged as the most effective for those participants who were initially evaluated to be at high risk. The results after two years of intervention are reported for effects on knowledge and behavioral change for the total participant samples and for the high-risk subsamples in each of the three communities.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2026

Operationalizing Local Ecological Knowledge for Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation: A Systematic Review and Management Framework.

Effective conservation and management of aquatic biodiversity is severely constrained by the absence of long-term ecological data in small-scale, tropical, and data-poor fisheries, where roughly one-quarter to one-third of freshwater fish species and 37.5% of elasmobranchs are threatened with extinction once Data Deficient species are accounted for. Conventional monitoring and stock-assessment tools are often financially and technically inaccessible in these systems, leaving managers without the evidence needed to prioritize conservation action or implement precautionary governance. Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) is a largely underutilized resource for natural resource management that can provide temporal depth, spatial resolution, and species-specific ecological insights unavailable from scientific records. We conducted a systematic review and bibliometric synthesis of 60 peer-reviewed studies (1997-2025) applying LEK to assess fish conservation status, examining how, where, and through what methods this knowledge has been used. Our analysis identifies four complementary pathways through which LEK informs conservation management: reconstructing multi-decadal population changes, documenting spatial contraction and habitat loss, detecting extreme rarity and local extirpation, and characterizing intrinsic sensitivity to exploitation based on life-history traits. Despite growing methodological rigor, freshwater systems and African fisheries remain critically underrepresented, and formal integration of LEK into fisheries governance and biodiversity assessment remains the exception rather than the rule. We propose a practical three-stage framework to operationalize LEK within existing management and conservation systems. Recognizing fishing communities as legitimate co-producers of ecological knowledge is both scientifically necessary and an equity imperative for achieving global biodiversity commitments under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Biodiversity↗
PubMed2026

Voluntary Knowledge Brokering to Promote Evidence-Based Nursing Practice: A Qualitative Study.

Knowledge brokering is a process of connecting knowledge producers with users to facilitate evidence-based practice through relationship building and information sharing. This descriptive qualitative study aimed to clarify knowledge brokering by nurses in Japanese hospitals. Twelve registered nurses in Japanese hospitals participated. They had over 5 years' clinical experience, including experience in conducting research, particularly staff research, and education. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The analysis revealed a central theme: continuous efforts to foster empathy among colleagues and spontaneously promote evidence-based practice: multifaceted brokering activities by clinical nurses. Findings identified 10 categories categorized into four interconnected gears: establishing the foundational ground, assessing clinical needs and staff readiness, tailoring and diffusing evidence, and sustaining and evolving evidence-based practice. Even nurses without formal titles voluntarily bridged the research-practice gap, providing new insights into informal brokering. Brokers communicated considerately, balanced evidence with clinical context, negotiated practical compromises, and fostered staff research competency.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Indigenous and local knowledge inclusion in forest fauna research: A systematic review in the tropics.

Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) is an expression of biocultural diversity and is vital for inclusive and sustainable forest management and epistemic justice. We examine how researchers studying tropical forest fauna engage with ILK and the Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC) who are holders of this knowledge. We conducted a systematic review of 62 articles that focus on tropical forest fauna and ILK. We used a category-based quantitative and qualitative content analysis on the types of forest fauna studied and how research engages with, defines and represents ILK. We also evaluated the varied forms of inclusion of IPLC in the research. We find that less than half of the reviewed studies (25) explicitly define ILK, and only four studies reported including IPLC in the decision-making processes. Our findings reveal that science has not fully acknowledged and understood the depth of ILK and we suggest ways to address this in future research.

Forests↗
PubMed1979

Alcohol: a description and comparison of recent scientific vs. public knowledge.

Sought to survey alcohol research since the "rediscovery" of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and to compare recent scientific knowledge with that of the general public. Research was found to concentrate on searching for explanations of alcohol use and/or abuse and on several areas of biological morphogenesis. Significant documentation exists for FAS and validates both physiological and developmental attributes. As an index of public knowledge, an alcohol questionnaire was administered to 190 high-school, college, and graduate students. True-false items represented statements relative to the nature, etiology, effects, variables, and consequences of alcohol use/abuse. The composite mean of less than 60% correct suggested significant misinformation and misconceptions about alcohol. A summary of the most dramatic informational deficits was presented. There was a positive, though minimal, relationship between alcohol knowledge and education, and both sex and race differences were noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A detailed description of mothers' knowledge before genetic counseling for Down syndrome: Part I.

This study focuses on counselees' knowledge of the Down syndrome before receiving genetic counseling. Data were collected from 47 mothers of children with the Down syndrome using a structured interview of 13 open-ended questions. This instrument was found to be both internally reliable and consistent. Results of this study document the enormous variation of counselees' knowledge of the Down syndrome before genetic counseling and show that this is positively associated with their educational background. Counselees with more than a high school education knew about 60% of the genetic information pertaining to the diagnosis before genetic counseling, while those with less than a high school education knew only 23% of this information before counseling. These results indicate that the better educated counselees are less apt to need to learn basic genetic information and may seek out genetic counseling services for other reasons. Possible motives are seeking knowledge confirmation, emotional support, and personalization of the information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Sexual knowledge and attitudes of Southampton medical students.

A survey of three groups of medical students at the University of Southampton--each group being at a different stage in the course--was carried out in order to establish how far sexual attitudes and knowledge were influenced by the curriculum. Few changes in attitude were recorded, but knowledge of sexual matters was found to have increased in the students who had completed the third year of the course, compared with the level of knowledge assessed in those who were about to begin their course or who had completed the first year. As a result of the survey, some changes have been made in the undergraduate curriculum.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1979

The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT).

The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT) was designed to measure knowledge, attitudes and degree of experience in a variety of sexual behaviors, and to be used as a teaching and research instrument. The SKAT has been administered to over 35,000 students, approximately two-thirds of whom have been medical students. SKAT has served two major objectives: to measure changes in knowledge and attitudes after a course or program in human sexuality and to demonstrate the deficiencies of medical and nursing education in preparing health professionals to aid patients with sexual problems. Additional types of research using the SKAT are suggested.

Attitude↗
PubMed2026

MetagenomicKG: a knowledge graph for metagenomic applications.

MOTIVATION: The sheer volume and variety of genomic content within microbial communities makes metagenomics a field rich in biomedical knowledge. To traverse these complex communities and their vast unknowns, metagenomic studies often depend on distinct reference databases, such as the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC), for various analytical purposes. These databases are crucial for the genetic and functional annotation of microbial communities. Nevertheless, the inconsistent nomenclature or identifiers of these databases present challenges for effective integration, representation, and utilization. Knowledge graphs (KGs) offer an appropriate solution by organizing biological entities from different databases to standardized identifiers, allowing their interrelations to be captured into a cohesive network regardless of the naming conventions used in each source. The graph structure not only facilitates the unveiling of hidden patterns but also enriches our biological understanding with deeper insights. Despite KGs having shown potential in various biomedical fields, their application in metagenomics remains underexplored. RESULTS: We present MetagenomicKG, a novel knowledge graph specifically tailored for metagenomic analysis. MetagenomicKG integrates taxonomic, functional, and pathogenesis-related information on the human microbiome sourced from various databases, and further connects these with existing biomedical KGs to expand the biological network. Through various case studies involving the human microbiome, we demonstrate its utility in enabling hypothesis generation regarding the relationships between microbes and diseases, generating sample-specific graph embeddings, and providing robust pathogen prediction. CODE AVAILABILITY: The source code and technical details for constructing the MetagenomicKG and reproducing all analyses are available on GitHub at https://github.com/KoslickiLab/MetagenomicKG. The data used in this manuscript, including the pre-built files and use case input data, are archived on Zenodo with DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17546861.

Metagenomics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conceptualization: knowledge and logic guiding empirical research.

This article analyzes functions and processes of research conceptualization. The most prevailing limitation of nursing research, as represented in its published literature, concerns the relevant use of knowledge and logic for the formulation of that which is to be studied. To that end, the components of the conceptual phase of research, as they develop progressively from the initiating question through the stipulation of the specific purpose of a study, are discussed. For each component emphasis is given to the function served by past knowledge toward the generation of new knowledge.

Concept Formation↗