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PubMed1994

Maternal inheritance of chloroplast genome and paternal inheritance of mitochondrial genome in bananas (Musa acuminata).

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used as markers to determine the transmission of cytoplasmic DNA in diploid banana crosses. Progenies from two controlled crosses were studied with heterologous cytoplasmic probes. This analysis provided evidence for a strong bias towards maternal transmission of chloroplast DNA and paternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA in Musa acuminata. These results suggest the existence of two separate mechanisms of organelle transmission and selection, but no model to explain this can be proposed at the present time. Knowledge of the organelle mode of inheritance constitutes an important point for phylogeny analyses in bananas and may offer a powerful tool to confirm hybrid origins.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed1976

Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. I. Evidence for an extrakaryotically inherited mutation conferring resistance to antimycin.

In crosses of [ANTr8] with auxotrophic strains, resistance to antimycin segregates almost 50:50 in random spore analysis with a slight preponderance for the sensitivity allele. Tetrad analysis, however, shows all possible types of tetrads (2:2; 3:1; 1:3; 4:0; 0:4 resistant versus sensitive) with an excess of 2:2 segregations and sectoring of colonies on antimycin medium indicating an extrachromosomal mode of inheritance. The overall ratio of resistant versus sensitive spores is the same as compared with random spore data. Using a mutant blocked in meiosis (mei 1) mitotic segregation of stable diploids is achieved, leading to a ratio of 20% resistant to 80% sensitive clones. Possible reasons for the bias in transmission of the resistance determinant is discussed.

Antimycin A↗
PubMed2005

Molecular diagnosis of inheritable neuromuscular disorders. Part I: Genetic determinants of inherited disease and their laboratory detection.

Understanding of the genetic basis of inheritable neuromuscular disorders has grown rapidly over the last decade, resulting in improved classification and understanding of their pathogenesis. A consequence of these advances has been the development of genetic tests of blood specimens for the diagnosis of many of these diseases. For many patients, these blood tests have eliminated the need for other more invasive diagnostic tests such as muscle or nerve biopsy, and for some patients, reduced exposure to immunosuppressive medication and its complications. The first part of this review focuses on the nature of genetic disorders, the laboratory methods used in the performance of genetic tests, and general practical aspects of their use and interpretation. The second part discusses the applicability of these tests to the range of neuromuscular disorders.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. II. a general model of combined polygenic and cultural inheritance.

A general linear model of combined polygenic-cultural inheritance is described. The model allows for phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, maternal and paternal effects, and genic-cultural correlation. General formulae for phenotypic correlation between family members in extended pedigrees are given for both primary and secondary assortative mating. A FORTRAN program BETA, available upon request, is used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from reported correlations. American data about IQ and Burks' culture index are analyzed. Both cultural and genetic components of phenotypic variance are observed to make significant and substantial contributions to familial resemblance in IQ. The correlation between the environments of DZ twins is found to equal that of singleton sibs, not that of MZ twins. Burks' culture index is found to be an imperfect measure of midparent IQ rather than an index of home environment as previously assumed. Conditions under which the parameters of the model may be uniquely and precisely estimated are discussed. Interpretation of variance components in the presence of assortative mating and genic-cultural covariance is reviewed. A conservative, but robust, approach to the use of environmental indices is described.

Computers↗
PubMed1993

The inheritance of vertebral shape in the mouse. II. A study using Fourier analysis to examine the inheritance of patterns of vertebral variation in the cervical and upper thoracic vertebral column.

In this paper we continue an earlier study which examined shape differences between the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae of 2 inbred strains of mice (CBA, C57BL) and their F1. Our earlier study showed that the amount of shape difference varied between different vertebrae, even from adjacent levels, and that the vertebrae of the F1s showed a degree of resemblance to one or other parental strain which varied from vertebral level to vertebral level. We have suggested that this variation from level to level may have evolutionary significance in that it demonstrates a degree of autonomy in the genetic control of vertebral morphology between successive levels and, as such, allows the possibility of a form of mosaic evolution. In this study we further consider the inheritance of vertebral morphology both in the above-mentioned and in other crosses: this time, however, we focus on the ways in which vertebral morphology changes from level to level and on any differences in patterns of metameric change between inbred strains and their offspring. Our findings indicate that the morphology of vertebrae shows a metameric gradation in shape and that the rates of shape change along the column can vary from region to region. Furthermore, the F1 between 2 inbred strains may follow the pattern of variation characteristic of one parent for several metameric segments at a time. Different crosses between different inbred strains indicate that many genes influence the pattern of metameric variation in the vertebral column and that these genes have different actions along the column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. II. Evidence for extrakaryotically inherited respiratory deficient mutants.

In contrast to the wild-type, mutant [ANTr8] is able spontaneously to throw off stable respiratory deficient mutants. The frequency of these mutants is considerably enhanced by treatment with ethidium bromide (EB) or the azo-dye Janus green (JG). An unstable cell state with a petite-like phenotype is found in both mutant [ANTr8] and wild-type after EB-treatment. However, only in the mutant is this unstable cell state followed by the appearance of stable respiratory deficient (RD) mutants. Formation of microcolonies is observed both in [ANTr8] and wild-type. RD mutants were isolated after EB treatment. Three of them (mit-12, mit-25, and mit-30) were analyzed and mit-25 characterized in more detail.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1996

Abstract and review of "Studien Uber Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Störungen. I. Zur Vererbung und Neuentstehung der Dementia praecox." (Studies on the inheritance and origin of mental illness: I. To the problem of the inheritance and primary origin of dementia praecox). 1916.

The first major family study of schizophrenia, reported by Ernst Rüdin in 1916, examined 2,732 siblings of 755 probands, diagnosed according to the teachings of Kraepelin. This study, the goal of which was to see whether the segregation pattern of schizophrenia in siblings conformed to simple mendelian expectations, was the first in psychiatry to use systematic ascertainment, proband correction and calculation of an age corrected risk of illness--the morbid risk (MR). The MR for narrowly and broadly defined schizophrenia in this sample can be calculated to equal 5.4 and 7.7%. "Other psychoses"--a heterogeneous category--were also common in these siblings (a MR of 5.1%). In a small sample of half-siblings, the MR for narrowly defined schizophrenia was quite low (0.6%). The risk for schizophrenia in siblings was significantly increased by a parental diagnosis of alcoholism, a history of schizophrenia in second or third degree relatives, and, particularly, by a parental diagnosis of "other psychoses." No evidence was found for sex-specific transmission of schizophrenia in these sibships. The MR for narrowly and broadly definite schizophrenia in parents of these probands can be estimated to be 2.3% and 3.9%, respectively. In accord with more recent studies, Rüdin found i) a familial relationship between schizophrenia and other psychoses ii) a substantially lower risk for schizophrenia in parents vs. siblings and iii) a segregation pattern of schizophrenia in siblings that did not conform to that expected for a simple mendelian disorder.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. VII. Studies by zygote clone analysis on transmission, segregation, recombination, and uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to antimycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin.

Crosses involving mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to antimycin (anar, AR), chloramphenicol (capr, CR), and erythromycin (eryr, ER) in cis- and trans-configuration were studied by zygote clone analysis. Mutant anar-8, from which all other drug--resistant isolates were derived, exhibits a highly biased transmission (6.8% anar) in an analysis of 100 individual zygote clones. Important results of zygote clone analyses were:--Zygote clones may contain one, two, three, or four mitochondrial genotypes.--The proportion of the two parental and the two recombinant genotypes in individual zygote clones can vary almost over the entire range of percentages.--Proportions of the two corresponding recombinant types in individual clones are usually unequal.--Transmission rates of markers are higher in trans- than in cis-crosses, indicating additivity of bias by two mutated alleles in coupling.--Transmission rates are different for the three markers both in cis- and trans-crosses, being lowest for CR and highest for ER.--Up to more than 80% uniform clones, expressing only one genotype, can be produced in cis- and trans-crosses. In cis-crosses always the double-sensitive parental type becomes uniform, in trans-crosses this may be the case for parental and/or recombinant genotypes. A tentative map is presented using data from cis- and trans-crosses, including a correction by omission of uniform clones. Phenomena of transmission, segregation, and formation of uniform clones are discussed with special regard to the difference brought about by fission versus budding. A comparison with relevant data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other organisms is presented.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Identification of an inherited form of Peyronie's disease with autosomal dominant inheritance and association with Dupuytren's contracture and histocompatibility B7 cross-reacting antigens.

Peyronie's disease is an inflammatory disorder with no confirmed etiology. We have documented the familial transmission of the disease as an autosomal dominant trait in 3 pedigrees. The occurrence of Dupuytren's contracture in 7 of 9 (78 per cent) affected individuals, which is a significant increase over the average 0 per cent reported in sporadic cases, suggests that both of these fibrosing disorders are pleiotropic effects of the same gene in these families. Similarly, the histocompatibility B7 cross-reacting antigens were present in 90 per cent of the patients with Peyronie's disease. Additional studies, including careful family histories and histocompatibility antigen typing, are necessary to elucidate the role of histocompatibility antigens as a relative risk factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

The inheritance of gossypol level in Gossypium. II. Inheritance of seed gosypol in two trains of cultivated Gossypoium barbadense L.

Two strains of cultivated Gossypium barbadense L., Sea Island AS-2 and Pima S-4, were used to study the effects of alleles at two loci on the production and/or storage of gossypol in mature embryos. The normal alleles, Gl(2) and Gl(3), are "native" to G. barbadense, whereas the mutant alleles, gl(2) and gl(3), were introduced from Gossypium hirsutum L. through backcrossing. Each strain was grown in three replications per trial, and one, Sea Island AS-2, was grown in three environments. Each experiment consisted of all possible crosses, including reciprocals, of the four true-breeding genotypes, plus parents. Additive effects accounted for more than 90% of the total genetic variance for seed gossypol level in all trials. Epistatic effects, though small, were frequently significant. In G. barbadense Gl(2) and Gl(3) were associated with the production of similar amounts of gossypol, whereas previous trials with cultivated varieties of G. hirsutum showed that Gl(2) was more than twice as expressive as Gl(3). The greater average productivity of seed gossypol in cultivated G. barbadense, as compared with G. hirsutum, was attributed to greater activity at the Gl(3) locus in the former species.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

Antenatal causes of cerebral palsy: associations between inherited thrombophilias, viral and bacterial infection, and inherited susceptibility to infection.

UNLABELLED: Cerebral palsy rates of 2 in every 1,000 births have varied little over the last 40 years, despite improvements in obstetric care. In the past, cerebral palsy was thought to be due to poor obstetric care and management; however, epidemiological studies have refuted this, suggesting that there is usually an antenatal timing to the neuropathology of cerebral palsy. There are many known risk factors for cerebral palsy, including multiple gestation, prematurity, and low birth weight. Recently, intrauterine infection, maternal pyrexia, and the presence of thrombophilic disorders (thrombophilia) have been identified as major risk factors for subsequent cerebral palsy. This review examines the links between intrauterine infection, the fetal inflammatory response, and thrombophilia as possible causes of cerebral palsy. The interactions of viral or bacterial infections during pregnancy, normal or abnormal fetal cytokine responses, and hereditary fetal thrombophilias as antenatal causes of the neuropathology of cerebral palsy are now areas of research priority. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the condition cerebral palsy, list the risk factors for the development of cerebral palsy, outline the ultrasound findings associated with cerebral palsy, and point out other conditions associated with cerebral palsy.

Cerebral Palsy↗