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PubMed1999

Gene discovery and product development for grain quality traits.

The composition of oils, proteins, and carbohydrates in seeds of corn, soybean, and other crops has been modified to produce grains with enhanced value. Both plant breeding and molecular technologies have been used to produce plants carrying the desired traits. Genomics-based strategies for gene discovery, coupled with high-throughput transformation processes and miniaturized, automated analytical and functionality assays, have accelerated the identification of product candidates. Molecular marker-based breeding strategies have been used to accelerate the process of moving trait genes into high-yielding germplasm for commercialization. These products are being tested for applications in food, feed, and industrial markets.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1990

Effect of saline soil on grain quality of rices differing in salinity tolerance.

Four varieties of rice, differing in salinity tolerance and grown in saline soil (electrical conductivity 5-6 dS/m) at Sadhoke, Punjab, Pakistan, had lighter grain and higher Na content than control samples. Grains of three out of the four rices grown on saline soils had higher brown rice protein (higher nutritional value), less translucent grain, lower starch and amylose content, and lower K than their control samples, but these differences were not related to salinity tolerance. Alkali spreading value and gel consistency were not affected by culture in saline soil. Cooked rice Instron hardness increased in saline culture in two higher-protein samples of the four rices. Amylograph peak viscosity was suppressed by saline culture.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Influence of grain quality, heat, and processing time on the reduction of aflatoxin B1 levels in 'tuwo' and 'ogi': two cereal-based products.

During the production of 'tuwo' from laboratory-contaminated corn (AFB1:150 mcg/kg) and sorghum (AFB1:87.5 mcg/kg) grains, reductions in the aflatoxin-B1 levels of pastes boiled for 30 min and 60 min were found to be 68.0% and 80.8%, respectively. In the preparation of 'ogi' from contaminated corn and sorghum grains, reductions of about 72.5% and 71.4%, respectively, were obtained after fermentation at ambient conditions. Reconstitution of 'ogi' paste into a porridge (akamu) considerably reduced the AFB level.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1990

Grain quality characteristics of rice in Madagascar retail markets.

A survey of rice in retail markets of Madagascar with emphasis on the surplus regions of Marovoay and Lac Alaotra and the deficient area, Antananarivo City showed rices of Madagascar to be predominantly medium-long, medium-shaped, with high apparent amylose content, low gelatinization temperature, and soft, hard or medium gel consistency. Mean protein content was 7.5%. Percent white grains among red and white grains ranged from 0 to 100% (mean 56%), head rice 0-94%, translucency 6-66%, and Kett whiteness 12-48%.

Amylose↗
PubMed2004

[Response of rice grain quality traits to free-air CO2 enrichment].

The study showed that under field condition, when the CO2 concentration was elevated 200 micromol x mol(-1) above control, the average brown rice rate of japonica variety Wuxiangjing 14 was 1.4% higher, while lead milled rice rate was 12.3% lower than control. The brown rice rate increased at lower nitrogen supply level (LN), while lead milled rice rate increased at higher nitrogen supply level (HN). The percentage of chalky grain was 11.9% higher, and chalkiness degree was 2.8% higher than control, but no obvious difference was found in chalkiness area between the FACE and the control. The chalkiness area, percentage of chalky grain and chalkiness degree decreased at HN plus higher phosphorus supply level (HP). The gelatinization temperature was elevated 0.52 degrees C, gel consistency increased, while amylose content was not statistically significant. The amylose content decreased at HN plus HP, while gel consistency and gelatinization temperature decreased at LN plus HP and at LN, respectively. The protein content was decreased 0.6% under FACE treatment and at LN plus lower phosphorus supply level.

Amylose↗
PubMed1991

Yield and grain quality of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Drabant) exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers.

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Drabant) was exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers for two growing seasons, 1987 and 1988, at a site located in south-west Sweden. The chambers were placed in a field of commercially grown spring wheat. The treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) and non-filtered air plus extra ozone (NF(+)). In 1988, one additional ozone concentration (NF(++)) was used. Grain yield was affected by the ozone concentration of the air. Air filtration resulted in an increase in grain yield of about 7% in both years, compared to NF. The addition of ozone (NF(+), NF(++)) reduced grain yield and increased the content of crude protein of the grain in both years. Filtration of the air had no significant effect on the content of crude protein, compared to NF. The results showed a strong positive chamber effect on grain yield in the cold and wet summer of 1987. In 1988, there was no net chamber effect on grain yield. The relative differences between the CF, NF and NF(+) treatments with respect to grain yield were of the same magnitude in the two years, despite the very different weather conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Influence of ozone stress on growth processes, yields and grain quality characteristics among soybean cultivars.

Field studies were conducted at USDA Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, in 1984 and 1985 using open-top chambers to acquire information on the responses of 12 soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars to O3 stress and to examine the interactions between maturity groups and O3 stress. Cultivars representing Groups III, IV, and V were exposed for approximately 3 months to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and nonfiltered air plus 40 nl litre(-1) O3 (NF + O3). Ozone was added 6 h d(-1), 5 d week(-1) for 13 weeks. The CF effectively reduced the accumulative oxidant exposure (AOX) to less than 1.0 microl litre(-1) h and the NF + O3 treatment approximately doubled the ambient AOX (16.7 microl litre(-1) h) to about 30 microl litre(-1) h. The AOX estimates the total O3 exposure above 30 nl litre(-1) during an entire growing season. Plant growth rates and relative growth rates were reduced by 17.0 and 14.4%, respectively, when averaged over cultivars. Based on growth rates, the Group III cultivars were the most affected by O3 stress. Averaged over cultivars, leaf expansion rates, leaf conductance, and transpiration rates were lower in the NF + O3 treatment compared to the CF control; however, wide variation was found with the stomatal results from field observations. Combined over years and cultivars, grain yield was reduced by an average of 12.5% by O3 stress with 3 of 12 cultivars showing significant reductions. Grain protein content was increased by 0.7% by O3 stress, but cultivar differences were equal to the differences caused by the O3 treatments. Grain oil content was unchanged by the O3 treatments. Group IV cultivars showed the greatest decrease in grain yield due to O3 stress. Multiple regression analyses were calculated using the difference between the CF and NF + O3 treatment as a measure of O3 stress. Significant positive relationships were found among net assimilation rates, plant growth rates, relative growth rates, and leaf expansion rates, which suggest that growth analysis characteristics would be useful in addition to yield in air pollution tolerance improvement studies with soybeans.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Effects of ozone on grain quality of wheat grown in open-top chambers: three years of experimentation.

Field trials with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in open-top chambers and exposed to either ambient filtered (F) or unfiltered (NF) air were carried out for 3 years in northern Italy. The experiments were performed at two places, a rural and an urban site in the Po Plain. The data obtained show no significant difference in protein, starch and glucose contents between the treatments; nevertheless, a tendency towards an increase in glucose and a decrease in starch contents was observed in the F chambers compared with NF. In addition, potassium levels were lower in F than in NF treatment, while calcium were higher. Ozone levels observed in the Po Valley are not sufficiently high to cause significant differences in quality parameters of winter wheat.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The occurrence of friabilins in triticale and their relationship with grain hardness and baking quality.

Grain hardness is a quality parameter in wheat and other cereals. In wheat, a group of M(r) 15 000 proteins called friabilins have been shown to be related to grain hardness. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of friabilins on starch granules of different triticale lines and their relationship with grain texture and baking quality. The triticale lines studied have a wide range of hardness, which presented correlation with baking quality parameters such as damaged starch and solvent retention capacity. All of the triticale lines contained friabilins on the starch granules. However, the correlation between hardness and friabilin content was not observed, suggesting that these proteins would not be directly involved in grain texture determination of triticale. Consequently, friabilin content did not have any relation with cookie quality in triticale flours, but it could be related to breadmaking quality because it has a positive correlation with the sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation index.

Bread↗
PubMed1995

Screening tests of the protein quality of grain legumes for poultry production.

Three screening tests for protein quality, modified limiting amino acid score (MLAAS), net weight gain (NWG) and net protein ratio (NPR), were compared. Two experiments using young broiler chickens were conducted in a temperature-controlled room at 28.5 +/- 0.5 degrees with no adaptation to cages and diets, or at 31 +/- 0.5 degrees with 2 d adaptation to cages and diets. Nine isoenergetic diets containing nominally 100 g crude protein/kg supplied by legume meals and one isoenergetic N-free diet were randomly allocated to chicks in single cages in each side of a four-tier battery brooder. Each dietary treatment had eight replicates. The chickens had access ad lib. to diet and drinking water throughout a 14 d observation period. Body weight and feed were measured at the start on day 7 and at the end on day 21. The results indicated that keeping the chickens at 31 +/- 0.5 degrees and giving them a 2 d adaptation period decreased the variability of chickens' responses to each treatment. MLAAS, NWG and NPR methods could distinguish legume proteins of high, medium and low feed values. MLAAS correlated well with NWG (r 0.90; P < 0.001) and NPR (r 0.78; P < 0.01) in evaluating the protein quality of grain legumes used as sole sources of protein for meat chickens. However, MLAAS did not predict the exact order of NWG and NPR. Growth was limited because dietary methionine, the first limiting amino acid, provided only 27.6-55.2% of the recommended proportion in the protein. Although the results should be interpreted cautiously since a small sample size was used, it was concluded that the MLAAS calculation could be used as a reasonable estimate of the relative protein quality of most grain legumes, but that NWG and NPR were better methods as they detected limiting factors other than limiting amino acids in raw and processed legumes.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Mapping quantitative trait loci underlying triploid endosperm traits.

Endosperm, which is derived from two polar nuclei fusing with one sperm, is a triploid tissue in cereals. Endosperm tissue determines the grain quality of cereals. Improving grain quality is one of the important breeding objectives in cereals. However, current statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) under diploid genetic control have not been effective for dealing with endosperm traits because of the complexity of their triploid inheritance. In this paper, we derive for the first time the conditional probabilities of F(3) endosperm QTL genotypes given different flanking marker genotypes in F(2) plants. Using these probabilities, we develop a multiple linear regression method implemented via the iteratively reweighted least-squares (IRWLS) algorithm and a maximum likelihood method (ML) implemented via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to map QTL underlying endosperm traits. We use the mean value of endosperm traits of F(3) seeds as the dependent variable and the expectations of genotypic indicators for additive and dominance effect of a putative QTL flanked by a pair of markers as independent variables for IRWLS mapping. However, if an endosperm trait is measured quantitatively using a single endosperm sample, the ML mapping method can be used to separate the two dominance effects. Efficiency of the methods is verified through extensive Monte Carlo simulation studies. Results of simulation show that the proposed methods provide accurate estimates of both the QTL effects and locations with very high statistical power. With these methods, we are now ready to map endosperm traits, as we can for regular quantitative trait under diploid control.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2002

Arabidopsis is susceptible to the cereal ear blight fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum.

The fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum cause ear blight disease on cereal crops worldwide. The disease lowers both grain quality and grain safety. Disease prevalence is increasing due to changes in cropping practices and the difficulties encountered by plant breeders when trying to introgress the polygene-based resistance. The molecular basis of resistance to Fusarium ear blight in cereal species is poorly understood. This is primarily due to the large size of cereal genomes and the expensive resources required to undertake gene function studies in cereals. We therefore explored the possibility of developing various model floral infection systems that would be more amenable to experimental manipulation and high-throughput gene function studies. The floral tissues of tobacco, tomato, soybean and Arabidopsis were inoculated with Fusarium conidia and this resulted in disease symptoms on anthers, anther filaments and petals in each plant species. However, only in Arabidopsis did this initial infection then spread into the developing siliques and seeds. A survey of 236 Arabidopsis ecotypes failed to identify a single genotype that was extremely resistant or susceptible to Fusarium floral infections. Three Arabidopsis floral mutants that failed to develop anthers and/or functional pollen (i.e. agamous-1, apetala1-3 and dad1) were significantly less susceptible to Fusarium floral infection than wild type. Deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin production was also detected in Fusarium-infected flowers at >1 ppm. This novel floral pathosystem for Arabidopsis appears to be highly representative of a serious cereal crop disease.

AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1984

[Determination of the internal mycoflora of grain for quality control].

A method for the investigation of the internal mycoflora of cereal grains is described. Surface disinfected kernels are incubated on a malt agar with 5% NaCl. The percentage of kernels containing moulds of different taxa and ecological groups, the infection rate, is determined. Qualitative changes are better demonstrated qualitatively by the determination of the sum infection rates of the ecological groups of the field and storage fungi. The fitness of this method for the estimation of the quality of cereal grains is demonstrated by numerous results from literature and own investigations of grain spoilage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

[Construction of chromosome segment substitution lines carrying overlapping chromosome segments of the whole wild rice genome and identification of quantitative trait loci for rice quality].

Rice is one of the major staple cereal grains. Most of the important traits of crops are complex traits controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). Detection and genetic identification of QTLs can provide insights into molecular and biological mechanisms of development and physiology. Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) have been proposed as a simple and powerful way to identify QTLs. The demand for rice grain quality becomes increasingly important. The primary components of rice grain quality include appearance, milling and physico-chemical, cooking and eating quality. Most of these traits are complex and controlled by QTLs, so genetic characterization of these traits is more difficult than that of traits each controlled by a singular gene such as Waxy, which controls glutinousness of rice grain. We constructed 133 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) from backcross progenies (BC3F2) derived from a cross between Teqing (an O. sativa L. ssp. indica variety) as the recurrent parent and wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) as the donor parent. In this process, we carried out marker-assisted selection (MAS) by using 118 CAPS or SSR markers covering the whole rice genome (Figs.1, 2). Because phenotypic values of quality trait were significantly different between cultivar Teqing and wild rice, the CSSLs were used to identify QTLs for rice quality traits. Three appearance quality traits (head rice percentage, HRP; percentage of chalky rice grains, PCRG; transparency, TP) and five physico-chemical properties (gelatinization temperature, GT; gel consistency, GC; amylose content, AC; protein content, PC; fat content, FC) were scored using 133 CSSLs which substituted segments covering the whole genome of wild rice. A total of 15 QTLs for five of the eight traits mentioned above (HRP, PCRG, TP, PC and FC) were identified on nine chromosomes, and several QTLs affecting different quality traits were mapped in the same regions (Fig.3, Table 1).

Chromosomes, Plant↗
PubMed1985

[Microflora of grain in the cleaning and milling process. 7. Modification of the microbiologic and health quality of grain by product separation].

Food cereals and food cereal products which are consumed directly (without any heart treatment in order to reduce their microflora) should fulfil certain criteria with regard to their microbiological hygienic condition. It can be proved that the microflora of a given cereal batch is differently destributed according to the kernel volumes. Small and light kernels have more microorganisms than heavy kernels. By the separation of certain amount of light kernels (about 15%) from a batch the microbiological condition of the remainder of the batch can be improved. Any separation procedure seizes definite "Besatz" fractions and takes therefore different influence on the microbiological condition of the obtaining cereal fraction, therefore the microbiological condition of the cleaned cereal fraction can be differently affected by the cleaning method. A suitable method for preparation of food cereals is a diagram consisting of: aspirator, light kernels separator, stoner and magnetic separator. In order to get milling products with reduced microbiological germ content the sorting of product can be applied.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2026

Climate and soil shape Daqu wheat quality and seed microbiome via rhizosphere taxa and microbial assembly.

The grain quality and seed microbiome of Daqu wheat are fundamental determinants of Daqu fermentation performance; however, the mechanisms by which cultivation environments influence these traits via rhizosphere microbial communities remain unclear. Bacterial and fungal communities across the bulk soil-rhizosphere-seed continuum of three wheat cultivars grown in four ecoregions were characterized using absolute quantitative amplicon sequencing. The rhizosphere microbiome was treated as a central intermediary, while the response variables were seed microbial diversity and grain-quality traits, including starch content, protein content, and grain hardness. Twelve physicochemical properties of soil and 11 climatic factors were integrated into a multidimensional association framework. Environmental conditions exerted stronger influences on both seed quality traits and microbial diversity than cultivar identity. Distinct regional signatures were also evident in rhizosphere microbiomes, with environmental gradients explaining community variation more effectively than geographic distance. Bacterial communities exhibited greater sensitivity to environmental fluctuations than fungi. Mantel analyses identified available nitrogen, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure as significant drivers of core rhizosphere taxa (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). iCAMP revealed that stochastic processes predominantly governed rhizosphere bacterial assembly, whereas stochastic and deterministic mechanisms jointly shaped fungal assembly. Partial least squares path modeling further uncovered a rhizosphere-mediated environment-seed cascade, wherein sunlight intensity and duration, atmospheric pressure, and soil nitrogen directly or indirectly affected seed wet gluten content, grain hardness, and seed microbial diversity through their influences on rhizosphere microbiota. Rhizosphere bacterial diversity was negatively associated with seed bacterial diversity (path coefficient&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.118, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05), indicating that rhizosphere communities may shape seed endophytic bacterial assemblages via environmental filtering and competitive interactions. Collectively, these findings elucidate how environments shape the quality and seed microbiomes of Daqu wheat, providing scientific guidance for optimal site selection and the standardized production of high-quality brewing wheat for industrial Baijiu.

Triticum↗