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PubMed2026

Gut bacteria associated with an atherogenic TMAO-dietary pattern and choline-rich foods among aging women.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Choline can be metabolized by gut bacteria with a choline utilization gene, CutC, as identified through genome sequencing studies. This metabolism produces trimethylamine, the precursor to the atherosclerotic metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Bacterial species involved in trimethylamine production in free-living humans have been under-investigated. We previously developed the TMAO dietary pattern (TMAO-DP), which is predictive of plasma TMAO and choline. We evaluated associations between the TMAO-DP, dietary choline, and choline-rich foods (fish, red meat, eggs) with the abundance of species with CutC. We also explored associations between the TMAO-DP and microbiome diversity. METHODS AND RESULTS: This cross-sectional analysis included 287 women (mean age = 79.6 years) from the Women's Health Initiative. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA were sequenced. Adjusted linear regression models evaluated associations between the TMAO-DP with the CLR-transformed abundance of species with CutC and with alpha-diversity indices. For beta-diversity, PERMANOVA examined measures of Aitchison distance within and between quartiles of the TMAO-DP. Associations between dietary choline and choline-rich foods with the abundance of species were evaluated using linear regression. The TMAO-DP was associated with Acidaminococcus intestini [Beta (SE): 0.23 (0.09), p-value = 0.035] and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans [Beta (SE): 0.16 (0.6), p = 0.035]. The TMAO-DP was not associated with alpha- or beta-diversity. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Acidaminococcus intestini, two species identified as having CutC by gene sequencing, may produce trimethylamine from diet in free-living women.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Ruminosignatures associated with methane emissions and feed efficiency across geographies and cattle breeds.

The cattle rumen microbiota represents a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose organization and relationship to host phenotypes are important for food security and environmental sustainability. We analyzed rumen microbiota profiles from 2496 cattle representing five breeds and production systems across five countries, identifying microbial co-abundance groups termed Ruminosignatures. We detected 14 distinct Ruminosignatures, including 2 observed across all populations dominated by Prevotella and UBA2810. Additional Ruminosignatures showed breed- and diet-specific patterns and collectively explained 96%-99% of variance in rumen microbial composition. Integrative cross-country analysis confirmed 10 out of 14 Ruminosignatures identified in cohort-specific analyses. Several Ruminosignatures were associated with methane emissions and feed efficiency traits and were partially under host genetic control, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.09 to 0.58. Structural equation modeling revealed consistent negative genetic and phenotypic correlations between the UBA2810-dominated Ruminosignature (RS_UBA2) and methane emissions across cohorts (rg = -0.40 to -0.65), with structural coefficients concordant in sign across all populations, supporting the expected direction of phenotypic response to selection on RS_UBA2. Meta-analysis confirmed positive associations of RS_UBA2 with average daily gain and negative associations with methane-related traits and feed conversion ratio. Functional genome-based predictions suggested RS_UBA2 may reduce methanogenesis through alternative hydrogen utilization pathways competing with methanogenic archaea. Production system type influenced both Ruminosignature occurrence and relationships with host phenotypes, emphasizing the relevance of context-specific strategies for microbiome modulation. Our findings highlight the potential of the Ruminosignatures framework for microbiome-informed breeding programs aimed at improving feed efficiency while reducing the environmental impact of cattle production.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Monthly changes in the gain and loss of growth in weight of children living in Guatemala.

Monthly increments of weight growth for a sample of 246 Guatemala City private school children are analyzed for the presence of a seasonal pattern in rates of growth. Neither a seasonal pattern nor any other periodic rhythm is found. It is observed that a significantly greater number of children aged 5.0 to 6.9 years experience their minimum annual growth rate during the dry season, with up to 60% of them losing or not gaining weight in any one month. Patterns of diet, exercise and disease cannot explain this trend. A possible association between minimum weight growth and maximum growth in height is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The fetal alcohol syndrome in mice: an animal model.

CBA and C3H female mice were maintained on liquid diets--Metrecal plus ethanol--containing 15-35% ethanol-derived calories. These diets, which resulted in alcohol blood levels of 73-398 mg/100 ml blood in nonpregnant females, were the sole sustenance for the females for at least 30 days before and throughout gestation. Females were killed on day 18 of gestation and offspring examined for skeletal and soft tissue anomalies. Prenatal death and maldevelopment increased with the level of alcohol intake. Deficient occiput ossification, neural anomalies, and low fetal weight occurred with low ethanol diets, and cardiac and eye-lid dysmorphology with higher ethanol diets. This pattern of malformations, which exhibited both a dose-response effect and strain differences in susceptibility, indicated that chronic maternal alcoholism is embryolethal and teratogenic in mice.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1975

Breast cancer rates in populations of single women.

The well known associations of breast cancer with fertility patterns and diet are interdependent and it is difficult to estimate the extent to which breast cancer is related to diet. This was attempted by analysing breast cancer rates in populations of single (never married) women for which the contribution of childbearing would be small. Age specific breast cancer rates for single women showed the same variation by country, social class, urban-rural area and with time, as did the corresponding rates for married women, suggesting that common or related factors determined breast cancer rates in single and married women. Also, dietary correlations of breast cancer rates at 55-64 years, around 1960, were not sifnificantly different for single women and the general female population. This supported the view that the dietary associations with breast cancer, observed in larger studies of general female populations, did not arise indirectly from an association with childbearing rates. It was pointed our that the positive association of breast cancer with sugar, observed for single and for all women, was accopanied by a negative association with starch. These opposite associations with two forms of varbohydrate seemed inconsistent on general nutritional grounds and could be explained as arising indirectly to the association of breast cancer with affluence. Otherwise, it would seem necessary to establish a nutritional difference between starch and sugar, which could reasonably influence breast cancer rates, before the association was accepted as indicating cause.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep and goats to a single experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus.

Four breeds of sheep and three breeds of goats, maintained on both high and low planes of nutrition were given a single infection of 350 Haemonchus contortus larvae per kg. Although animals on a low protein diet had much higher faecal egg counts than those on the high protein diet the pattern of relative susceptibility was similar in both cases. It would appear that the nutritional status of the host influences its resistance to H contortus infection. Of the breeds studied the indigenous Red Masai was the most resistant breed of sheep while the exotic Saanen was more resistant than the the two indigenous breeds of goats.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and incident cardiovascular outcomes among older adults.

AIM: The present study examined the prospective associations between adherence to the Mediterranean (MED) diet, its individual components, and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Participants aged ≥65 years without hypertension at baseline (Wave 9, 2018-2019) were followed through Wave 11 (2023-2024). Adherence to the MED diet was assessed using the Medi-Lite score. Incident hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke were identified through self-reported physician diagnoses. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the prospective associations between MED diet adherence, individual dietary components, and cardiovascular outcomes, adjusting for age, sex, and caloric intake. RESULTS: A total of 338 participants (74.6 ± 6.2 years; 56.6% women) were included. During follow-up, the incidence of hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke was 12.4%, 2.6%, and 2.6%, respectively. No statistically significant associations were detected between overall MED diet adherence and incident hypertension (OR = 0.992, 95% CI = 0.586-1.679), myocardial infarction (OR = 1.422, 95% CI = 0.381-5.302), or stroke (OR = 0.808, 95% CI = 0.360-1.811). Likewise, none of the individual MED diet components was significantly associated with incident CVD outcomes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, no statistically significant associations were detected between adherence to the MED diet and incident CVD among community-dwelling older adults in England. However, given the relatively low number of cardiovascular events, particularly myocardial infarction and stroke, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Further studies with longer follow-up periods and larger numbers of CVD events are warranted to provide more precise estimates and further clarify these associations.

diet pattern↗
PubMed1979

An autoradiographic study of cellular proliferation in remyelination of the central nervous system.

The proliferation and origin remyelinating oligodendrocytes was studied by light and electron miscrosopic autoradiography in the superior cerebellar peduncles of mice demyelinated by Cuprizone. In the early phases of demyelination, the cells undergoing mitotic activity were macrophages and astrocytes. In the later phases of demyelination, immature proliferating oligodendrocytes appeared; these differentiated into mature (dark) oligodendrocytes which were responsible for the remyelination of axons seen when animals were again placed on normal diets. The pattern of differentiation recapitulated that seen in developing oligodendrocytes in normal animals. Dark oligodendrocytes did not show mitotic activity. There was no mitotic activity in the subependymal cells around the fourth ventricle adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncles. This study demonstrates the regenerative capacity of oligodendrocytes and their ability to carry out remeylination in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transfer of the fecal microbial flora from holoxenic piglets and adult pigs to axenic piglets and axenic adult mice : effect of the animal host and of the diet on the fecal microbial pattern of these animals (author's transl)].

The purpose of the present work was to determine whether the axenic mouse inoculated with pig fecal microflora represents a valuable tool for studying the gastro-intestinal flora of holoxenic pigs. The microbial pattern of the feces of the different animals has been described by means of quantitative differential techniques of analysis, the limits and validity of which are discussed. The gnotoxenic mouse associated with the flora of piglet is a better model as the gnotoxenic mouse associated with the flora of adult pig. The gnotoxenic mouse represents an adequate means for preserving all the pig strains, especially if the inoculation is made in anaerobiosis, but the bacterial equilibrium is markedly affected by the host. In the case where the same holoxenic piglet flora is inoculated simultaneously into a gnotoxenic mouse and a gnotoxenic piglet placed in the same isolator in absolutely identical dietary and environmental conditions, the results observed in the mouse can be extrapolated to the piglet. However, this is only the case for short-term experiments. If the association between the piglet flora and the host mouse is prolonged, the microbial pattern changes, but these modifications seen to be reversible when the flora is transferred into another axenic either piglet or mouse. The nature of the different feeds absorbed by the gnotoxenic animals does not deeply change the bacterial equilibriums, except when the milk contains an antiseptic substance.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

Influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal subjects on a high fat diet; comparison with data obtained on a high carbohydrate diet.

Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride (TG) were measured in six normal persons consuming a fixed solid 65% fat diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. The food was divided into either three or eight similar portions, differently spaced over the day and night. The diurnal TG-profiles on this diet were practically identical to those found under comparable conditions on a 65% carbohydrate diet [1]. Mean diurnal TG values did not significantly differ with varying meal frequency. Free fatty acid levels, however, were significantly higher on a high fat diet. Post-prandial glucose and insulin reponses did not significantly differ whether a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet was consumed. We conclude that the composition of the diet is of little importance in determining diurnal TG patterns when the diet consists of normal food stuffs, but that these patterns are dependent on meal frequency and distribution.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1976

Changes in patterns of feeding activity, parotid secretory enzymes and plasma corticosterone in developing rats.

The diet and feeding patterns of developing rats were determined from feed bin weight losses and analysis of stomach contents (details in a previous report). Parotid gland development in the same rats was assessed from the specific activities of the secretory enzymes alpha-amylase, RNase and DNase, with particular attention to the occurrence of circadian variations. The results indicate that during the first week post partum, rats suckle much more by day than by night but have no circadian cycles in their parotid glands. Between 10 and 20 days, there were no consistent cycles either in feeding activity or in parotid enzymes. The progressive change from milk to stock diet between 14 and 30 days appears to promote the maturation of the parotid gland. The halfway point in the dietary change at 21 days coincides with the onset of inversely related circadian cycles in feeding and the parotid enzymes. Premature weaning at 21 days accentuates both cycles and accelerates parotid maturation. The findings indicate that the physical consistency of the diet has an imporant regulatory role in the developmental patterns of feeding activity and parotid glands of rats, but they also hint that other dietary qualities may be involved. Chronologic fluctuations in plasma corticosterone suggest an intricate relationship among this hormone, feeding behavior, and parotid glands in developing rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2026

Diet and sleep among college student populations: a systematic review.

College students are at-risk for both poor diet and poor sleep. We aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding associations between diet and sleep health within this population. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from the earliest possible date through February 6, 2026. A total of 57 studies representing 44 countries were retained; most were cross-sectional. There were 22 studies that examined dietary patterns in relation to sleep, generally showing that healthier diet patterns, including the Mediterranean Diet, were related to better sleep quality. Among 20 studies that examined individual foods or nutrients, there was evidence that fruits, vegetables, dairy, protein, and lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages were linked to better sleep health, although some findings were mixed. Finally, 15 studies related meal timing to sleep quality, showing that breakfast skipping and later last meals were associated with poor sleep health. Overall, these studies reveal robust cross-sectional associations between diet and sleep among college students, but more longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate directionality. Moreover, a key direction for future study is consideration of sleep and nutrition situated within the unique contexts of college settings and academic schedules.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Surveillance of the daily PCB intake from diet of Japanese women from 1972 through 1976.

A survey of the daily PCB intake from the total diet of Japanese women was made for the years 1972 through 1976. All but one sample of 177 samples analyzed were contaminated with PCBs. Only one sample exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of PCBs of 5 micrograms/kg body weight in Japan. The average daily intake of PCBs per person was approximately 10 micrograms, which was very low compared to the ADI value. The main source of PCBs in the diet in Japan was inshore fishes, in contrast to fresh water fishes as in the U.S.A. The data obtained from this surveillance showed no statistically significant change of daily PCB intake from the diet during this 5-year period. However, there has been a marked decrease in the estimated intake of PCBs since 1972. Gas chromatograph analysis of the residual PCB patterns in the diet showed that the patterns in the marine products were somewhat different from those in dairy, meat, and poultry products. The former was similar to the pattern of the PCB standards mixture and the latter was similar to the PCB pattern found in human milk and tissue samples from the Japanese population.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Conditions affecting plasma amino acid patterns in chickens fed practical and purified diets.

Experiments were conducted to investigate plasma free amino acid concentrations in the chick. After one hour of fasting, total plasma amino acid concentration decreased to approximately half of the full-fed value. Within three to six hours, most amino acids had returned toward the full-fed level but did not exceed it throughout a 48 hour period of starvation. However, after 48 hours fasting lysine, threonine, and isoleucine accumulated three-fold, two-fold and two-fold of the full-fed level, respectively. Serine and glutamic acid exceeded the full-fed level at three hours and then declined. Alanine reached its highest level after six hours of fasting and then declined. In full-fed chicks diurnal variations of plasma free amino acid concentrations were observed. The lowest and highest concentrations were observed at 11 a.m. and 8 to 11 p.m., respectively under a 24 hr-lighting. Reference plasma amino acid patterns are reported for chicks fed a practical diet ad libitum. In day-old chicks, concentrations of total amino acids, methionine plus one half cystine, lysine, and arginine were high. Alanine and glutamic acid concentrations were low. Most amino acid concentrations declined gradually during the first four weeks of life, but methionine plus one half cystine, phenylalaine, threonine and serine concentrations decreased sharply between two and four weeks. Lysine concentration continued to decrease in chicks fed the starter diet. At 20 weeks, plasma amino acid concentrations had decreased considerably except for methionine plus one half cystine and basic amino acids. The plasma amino acid pattern for chicks fed an isolated soybean protein diet was similar to that of chicks fed the practical diet.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Conversion of type III hyperlipoproteinaemia to type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia by a fat-free, carbohydrate rich diet.

Hyperlipoproteinaemia type III has been considered a clear cut clinical entity characterized by the presence of cholesterol rich "floating" beta very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) after ultracentrifugation. Carbohydrate inducibility is pronounced in type III. This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of a high carbohydrate diet in type III as an effort to clarify a suggested association between type III and IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. On an isocaloric fat free carbohydrate rich diet the lipoprotein pattern changed as the VLDL triglycerides increased 31 per cent on average and LDL and HDL cholesterol decreased by 40 and 22 per cent. The high ratio cholesterol/triglycerides in VLDL was normalized. The lipoprotein levels in serum after carbohydrate induction showed all characteristics of a type IV with high VLDL triglycerides, normal cholesterol/triglyceride ratio in VLDL, subnormal cholesterol levels in LDL and HDL with changed relation between LDL1 and LDL2. On electrophoresis the floating beta band disappeared. It is probable that depending on the nutritional situation, the metabolic defect in type III may be expressed either as a type III or a type IV. An explanation of the effects of the carbohydrate rich diet on the lipoprotein pattern is suggested.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1975

A relationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid and the clearance rate of the liquid phase in the rumen of the sheep.

1. Four rumen-cannulated sheep were given a forage mixture (F) of chopped hay-ground, pelleted, dried grass (92:8, w/w) and two concentrate mixtures (C and S) of ground barley-ground hay-flaked maize (46:24:30 and 56:24:20, by wt respectively) in twenty-four hourly meals each day. Each of the diets was offered in successive periods of 16 d to give a feeding sequence F-S-C-S for one pair of sheep and C-S-F-S for the other pair. 2. The average composition (mol/100 mol) of the mixture of short-chain fatty acids, acetic, propionic and butyric, in the rumen was respectively 70-1, 18-5 and 7-5 with diet F, and 55-8, 24-8 and 13-6 with diet C. With diet S, the pattern of fermentation varied both between animals and in the same animal for different periods having either 'high' (28-39 mol/100 mol) or 'low' (16-21 mol/100 mol) proportions of propionic acid. On average when diet S followed diet F there was less propionic acid in the fermentation mixture than when diet S followed diet C (59-3 acetic, 22-2 propionic and 14-1 butyric as compared with 52-7, 29-4 and 13-1 respectively) but this trend was not significant and there was evidence of interactions between the feeding sequences and the individual sheep. 3. The mean concentrations of ammonia, sodium, potassium and chloride were similar for all diets but the pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus tended to be higher and the buffering capacity lower for diet F than for diets C or S. In animals receiving diet S there was no relationship between the concentrations of minerals, the pH or buffering capacity and the pattern of fermentation except for ammonia, the concentration of which was high when the molar proportion of propionic acid was low. 4. Rumen volume, outflow rate and clearance rate, determined using polyethylene glycol, were higher for diet F than for diets C and S but within each diet, particularly for diet S, values varied considerably between sheep and between periods. 5. There was evidence of an interrelationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid in the fermentation products and the clearance rate, which indicated that the clearance rate may be an important factor influencing the pattern of fermentation in the rumen.

Acetates↗
PubMed1978

Bowel habit in a Yoruba rural community: preliminary report.

The bowel habit of a rural population 80 kilometres outside Ibadan was examined. Based on the pattern of the diet there, 91% of the apparently healthy subjects have daily bowel actions, 60% have two or more motions a day and the stool was soft in 51% of them. There was no alteration in the frequency and consistency of the stool with advancing age. The range of bowel actions was two to three soft motions per day. Recognizable dietary factors producing this pattern include not only the bulky carbohydrate diet but also the vegetables, pepper, fruits and traditional as well as proprietary laxative products commonly taken by these subjects. The implication of the bowel habit on the prevalence of certain gastrointestinal disease on the basis of Burkitt's hypothesis was examined. Measurements of food transit time and stool weights will form the basis of subsequent studies.

Adolescent↗