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PubMed1992

Cell type and cell state specific antibodies in the analysis of early lesions of human atherosclerosis.

Studying the cell composition of lesions of human atherosclerosis can yield important information regarding the cellular interactions involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. We have used a panel of monoclonal antibodies, many developed in this laboratory, to study the cell composition of human fatty streaks. Results indicate that the predominant cell type in these lesions is the smooth muscle cell rather than the macrophage. Furthermore, using single and double labeling techniques, it was demonstrated that: (a) no expression of class II HLA antigens by smooth muscle cells could be documented; (b) the beta-chain of the platelet derived growth factor could be demonstrated within some macrophages in a small subset of lesions; and (c) only a very small fraction of the cell population express markers associated with cell proliferation, and those that do are largely macrophages and lymphocytes.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1977

[Differentiated vascularization of the Dogiel cell types and the preferred vascularization of type I cells in the ganglia of plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) of the swine].

1. In analyzing the variations in form and density of the periganglionic capillary networks of the plexus Schabadasch there could unequivocally be shown a manifold better vascularisation of type I cell aggregates, compared to those of type II. 2. The preferred vascularisation of type I cells is discussed in relation to the function of the cell types of Dogiel.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (giant cell type) of the pancreas. A distinctive variant of osteoclast-type giant cell tumor of the pancreas.

Malignant giant cell tumors of the pancreas are rare neoplasms which have been generally thought to represent epithelial malignancies of either acinar or ductal epithelium. The authors have studied a tumor of the pancreas that was characterized histologically by a proliferation of benign-appearing osteoclast-type giant cells in association with atypical, often bizarre mononuclear cells. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated negative staining of the tumor cells with epithelial markers, including low-molecular weight keratins, carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen, and positive staining with vimentin antibodies, supporting a fibroblastic line of differentiation. Electron microscopic examination also showed absence of ultrastructural features of epithelial differentiation such as microvilli, intercellular junctions, or desmosomes. The authors believe the current case represents a true sarcoma of the pancreas, currently best classified as a malignant fibrous histiocytoma, giant cell type. This tumor should be distinguished from the epithelial type of osteoclastic giant cell tumor of the pancreas.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Adenomatous polyposis coli localization is both cell type and cell context dependent.

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is mutated in most colorectal carcinomas. In addition to its role in WNT signaling it is proposed to be involved in both cell migration and mitosis. Although a variety of studies have shown an APC localization along lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells the existence of a cortical APC localization in mammalian cells remains controversial. To address this we have used matched rat epithelial (NRK-52E) and fibroblast (NRK-49F) cell lines to investigate the localization of APC. Subconfluent cultures of NRK-52E and -49F cells displayed microtubule-associated APC populations by immunostaining. However, confluent NRK-52E, but not -49F monolayers, exhibited a cortical APC distribution. Cortical APC localized in close proximity to a number of cell junction proteins in a microtubule-independent manner while calcium switch experiments suggested that APC was recruited to the cortex only when junction assembly was complete. Confluent NRK-49F and -52E cells also showed contrasting APC localizations in response to monolayer wounding. Our data suggests APC cortical localization is a feature of confluent epithelioid cells and that the subcellular distribution of APC is therefore dependent upon both cell type and context.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein↗
PubMed1999

Light induction of cell type differentiation and cell-type-specific gene expression in cotyledons of a C(4) plant, Flaveria trinervia.

In Flaveria trinervia (Asteraceae) seedlings, light-induced signals are required for differentiation of cotyledon bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells and for cell-type-specific expression of Rubisco small subunit genes (bundle sheath cell specific) and the genes that encode pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (mesophyll cell specific). Both cell type differentiation and cell-type-specific gene expression were complete by d 7 in light-grown seedlings, but were arrested beyond d 4 in dark-grown seedlings. Our results contrast with those found for another C(4) dicot, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, in which light was not required for either process. The differences between the two C(4) dicot species in cotyledon cell differentiation may arise from differences in embryonic and post-embryonic cotyledon development. Our results illustrate that a common C(4) photosynthetic mechanism can be established through different developmental pathways in different species, and provide evidence for independent evolutionary origins of C(4) photosynthetic mechanisms within dicotyledonous plants.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed1985

A teratocarcinoma-derived endoderm stem cell line (1H5) that can differentiate into extra-embryonic endoderm cell types.

We investigated the ability of the teratocarcinoma-derived, epithelial-type cell line 1H5 to differentiate into either of the two pathways to primary endoderm, and tested the hypothesis that 1H5 represents a state similar to primitive endoderm in the late 4th-day blastocyst. Like other endodermal cell types, 1H5 cells mixed with embryonal-carcinoma cells sort out into "embryoid bodies" or structures that resemble 4th-day mouse embryos. The epithelial line conforms morphologically and biochemically to the few known characteristics typical of primitive endoderm. The present study demonstrates that the formation in vitro of overt visceral endoderm is readily achieved. The spontaneous arrangement of the cells into a cystic form is followed by the appearance of several markers of visceral endoderm, most notably alphafetoprotein, which is detected when 1H5 cells are cultured either in the presence of retinoic acid or when the cells interact with embryonal-carcinoma cells in a specific spatial arrangement after sorting out. However, some less specific properties of visceral endoderm are not expressed. Although 1H5 differentiates histologically into parietal-like endoderm in the tumor form, parietal cells cannot yet be identified with certainty in vitro because of the paucity of parietal-specific markers. The 1H5 cell line could provide a useful system for studying the characteristics and mechanisms underlying visceral-endoderm differentiation in vitro, since it has the distinct advantage that homogeneous cultures are produced, in contrast to other teratocarcinoma cell lines such as F9 which differentiate into a mixture of cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Differences between T cell-type and natural killer cell-type chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Infections of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection. To characterize the virologic and cytokine profiles of T cell-type and NK cell-type infection, 39 patients with CAEBV infection were analyzed. Patients with T cell-type infection had higher titers of immunoglobulin G against early and late EBV antigens, suggesting lytic cycle infection. However, the pattern of EBV gene expression was latency type II; BZLF1, which is a hallmark of lytic cycle infection, could not be detected in any patients, regardless of infection type. Patients with CAEBV infection had high concentrations of proinflammatory, T helper cell type 1, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The cytokine profile in patients with NK cell-type infection was similar to that in patients with T cell-type infection, but the concentration of IL-13 was high in patients with NK cell-type infection. These findings should help to clarify the pathogenesis of CAEBV infection and facilitate the development of more-effective treatments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Changes of heart function after different cell type stem cell transplantation in chronic heart failure].

To investigate the feasibility of introcoronary cell infusion into nonischemic heart failure (HF) heart and whether different types of stem cell transplantation would affect heart function to a similar degree. Japanese white ears rabbits were used as HF models by intravenous injection adriamycin. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells(BMCs), bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), skeletal myoblasts (SMs) or culture medium were infused into coronary arteries respectively by occluding the root of ascending aorta. The mortality during and 4 weeks after the procedure the mortality was 7.1% and 16.7% respectively. After 4 weeks, the ejection fraction (EF) in BMCs group had significant improvement (P < 0.05, n=8). No significant difference was seen in MSCs (n =8), SMs (n=6) and sham groups (n=8) compared with pretransplantation (P > 0.05). In sham group,the left ventricular endostolic diameter (LVED) had significant enlargement (P < 0.05), No significant difference was seen in MBCs, MSCs and SMs groups compared with pretransplantation (P > 0.05). Immunofluorescence revealed de novo expression of cardiac troponin I in BMCs and MSCs groups, cardiac troponin I was not detected in SMs group. In conclusions, intracoronary cell transplantation could provide effective cell delivery into dilated cardiomyopathy hearts and could be a useful strategy for treating CHF, BMCs cell transplantation may be the first choice in all the above cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Mating reaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IX. Regulation of sexual cell agglutinability of a type cells by a sex factor produced by alpha type cells.

A diffusible sex-specific substance called alpha substance-I (alphaS-I) was isolated from culture filtrate of alpha type strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The isolated alphaS-I, an oligopeptide, induced sexual cell agglutinability in inducible alpha type strains and enhanced the agglutinability in constitutive a type strains. The induction of sexual agglutinability was detected in 30 min and reached maximum in 90 min, when 0.2 mug/ml of alphaS-I was added to inducible a type cells. The a type-specific factor responsible for sexual cell agglutination, called a type agglutination factor (aAF), was shown to be produced during the induction or the enhancement of agglutinability of a type cells by alphaS-I. The aAF produced in response to alphaS-I was not different in the susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes and disulfide-cleaving agents from those produced constitutively in the absence of alphaS-I.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1997

Diurnal rhythmicity of human cytokine production: a dynamic disequilibrium in T helper cell type 1/T helper cell type 2 balance?

Diurnal rhythmicity is a characteristic of neuroendocrine pathways but is less understood in relation to immune function. We asked whether cellular (type 1) or humoral (type 2) immune responses or type 1/type 2 balance exhibit diurnal rhythmicity in healthy humans, and, if so, whether this is related to plasma levels of cortisol or melatonin, two hormones with immunomodulatory actions. LPS- or tetanus-stimulated human whole blood IFN-gamma and IL-10 production, and the IFN-gamma/IL10 ratio exhibited significant diurnal rhythmicity. The IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio peaked during the early morning and correlated negatively with plasma cortisol and positively with plasma melatonin. IFN-gamma and, to a lesser extent, IL-10 production was sensitive to inhibition by exogenous cortisone; the IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio decreased by >70% after the administration of oral cortisone acetate (25 mg). Our findings support the concept that plasma cortisol and possibly melatonin regulate diurnal variation in the IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio. As IFN-gamma and IL-10 have opposing effects on cellular immunity, changes in their balance would be anticipated to impose diurnal rhythmicity on cellular immunity. This implies that the nature of an immune response, e.g., to vaccination, may be modified by the time of day of Ag presentation and could be therapeutically manipulated by the administration of cortisol or melatonin.

Antigen Presentation↗
PubMed1990

Membrane fractions display different lipid and enzyme content in three cell types in 16-cell stage embryos of sea urchins.

Three cell types were isolated from dissociated 16-cell sea urchin embryos. Four membrane density fractions from discontinuous gradients have different proportions of lipids, surfacer markers and enzymes for the three cell types. Assays of lipid content, CH/PLIPID and SPH/PC ratios, acyl chain length, level of unsaturation by proton NMR and assays of enzyme activity revealed variation at the same density between the three cell types and among different densities from one cell type. There were also differences between whole embryos and dissociated embryo cells. There was no typical membrane domain at a particular density common to the cell types. Cell surface characteristics and polarity of adult cells rely on which lipid domains and enzymes are present, their association with cytoskeleton and how they are localized. At the 16-cell stage these characteristics are still very dynamic as revealed by cytochemical localization of Na+/K(+)-ATPase which varied with cell type and suggests endocytosis at set times in the division cycle. Polarity has not been permanently set for Na+/K(+)-ATPase yet. Membrane enzyme and lipid distributions unique to the three cell types seen in this study suggest parcelling out or insertion of new membrane domains occurs during early sea urchin cleavage. Perturbation of membrane density distribution and lipid content occurs after treatment of embryos with animalizing and vegetalizing teratogens which alter development.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Coordination between donor cell type and cell cycle stage improves nuclear cloning efficiency in cattle.

Several studies have shown that both quiescent and proliferating somatic donor cells can be fully reprogrammed after nuclear transfer (NT) and result in viable offspring. So far, however, no comparative study has conclusively demonstrated the relative importance of donor cell cycle stage on nuclear cloning efficiency. Here, we compare two different types of bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFFs) that were synchronized in G(0), G(1), and different phases within G(1). We show that for non-transgenic (non-TG) fibroblasts, serum starvation into G(0) results in a significantly higher percentage of viable calves at term than synchronization in early G(1) or late G(1). For transgenic fibroblasts, however, cells selected in G(1) show significantly higher development to calves at term and higher post-natal survival to weaning than cells in G(0). This suggests that it may be necessary to coordinate donor cell type and cell cycle stage to maximize overall cloning efficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Cell type and cell state determine differential in vitro growth of non-neurovirulent ICP34.5-negative herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) gene RL1 encodes the protein ICP34.5, which is a specific neurovirulence factor. Null mutants in RL1 fail to replicate in the central nervous system of mice and are therefore totally non-neurovirulent. Additionally, they fail to replicate in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, although they are capable of establishing and reactivating from a latent infection. As the precise function of ICP34.5 in HSV-neuronal interactions is unknown, we have studied the role of ICP34.5 in vitro by examining in detail the phenotypes of RL1-negative viruses in two defined tissue culture systems. The first was mouse embryo fibroblast 3T6 cells, in which RL1-negative mutants are impaired and the in vivo phenotype is mimicked. This impairment is amplified when the cells are in the stationary state. The second was mouse embryo testicular carcinoma F9 cells which, in the undifferentiated state, provide a reversal of phenotype; wild-type virus fails to grow but RL1-negative virus replicates efficiently. Differentiation results in the ability to support wild-type virus growth. The stage at which the replication cycle is blocked plus the role of cellular factors is addressed in both tissue culture systems. Evidence is provided that cell type and cell state are crucial to ICP34.5-cellular interaction and hence, based on these parameters, ICP34.5 can be defined as a host-range determinant. Identification of cellular proteins that specifically interact with or are homologues of ICP34.5 may lead to the identification of neuron-specific proteins that have a similar role.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Differentiated vascularization of Dogiel's cell types and the preferred vascularization of type I/2 cells within plexus myentericus (Auerbach) ganglia of the pig (author's transl)].

It could be proved that the typ I/2-cells are the preferred capillarized nerve cells not only in the plexus Schabadasch (Stach 1977a), but also in the plexus Auerbach. It underlines the special importance of this type of cells for the function of the nervous system of the intestinal wall. Our findings concerning the vascularisation of the intramural nerve plexuses allow to conclude that the regular blood-supply is decisively important for a normal function of the nervous system of the intestinal wall. The knowledge of these facts might be of interest for gastroenterology.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Polarized production of T-helper cell type 1 cells in Peyer's patches in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although Peyer's patches (PPs) serve as important antigen-sampling sites for the immune system, surprisingly little attention has been paid to their associations with the onset of Crohn's disease (CD) as antigen entry sites. To examine the immunological events in PPs, we performed functional and phenotypical studies on PP cells, the lamina propria cells in the colonic mucosa and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in inflammatory bowel disease. PATIENTS: The subjects were 9 children and adolescents with active CD, 9 with inactive CD, 11 with active ulcerative colitis (UC), and 22 normal controls. METHODS: The cytokine profile in PPs and lamina propria was performed through Elispot assay and RT-PCR. PP mononuclear cells and PBMC from the subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and CC chemokine receptors (CCR) 4 and 5. RESULTS: Th1 together with Tc1 cells were dominant in PPs in the active phase of CD, but not in inactive CD, UC, or normal controls. They did not actually produce interferon-gamma, however they have abundant mRNA of the cytokine. Substantial levels of CCR5 ligands, MIP-1alpha and RANTES mRNA were found in the inflamed intestinal mucosa in CD. CONCLUSIONS: It is conceivable that PPs in the terminal ileum in CD may initially sample luminal antigens where Th1-type memory cells are activated which migrate to the peripheral intestinal mucosa. Those immunological changes may not be related to the etiology of UC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Alveolar type II cells expressing jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus capsid protein and surfactant proteins are the predominant neoplastic cell type in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma is caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. To gain insight into the histogenesis and viral pathogenesis of this neoplasm, the tumor cell phenotypes and differentiation state were correlated with the distribution of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus capsid protein in neoplastic and normal cells of the lung in nine naturally occurring and 12 experimentally induced cases of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Overall, 82% of tumor cells had ultrastructural features consistent with alveolar type II cells, 7% of tumor cells had features of Clara cells, and 11% of tumor cells were insufficiently differentiated to classify. The proportion of the neoplastic cell phenotypes varied within tumors, and no tumor consisted of a morphologically uniform cell population. To further characterize the neoplastic cell population, sections of tumors were immunostained with antibodies to surfactant protein A, surfactant protein C, and Clara cell 10-kd protein. Overall, surfactant proteins A and C were expressed in 70% and 80% of tumor cells, respectively, whereas Clara cell 10-kd protein was expressed in 17% of tumor cells. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus capsid protein was detected in 71% of tumor cells and in macrophages (5/21 tumors examined) and in nonneoplastic alveolar and bronchiolar cells (6/14 tumors). Expression of this viral protein in neoplastic cells, classified morphologically and by immunophenotyping primarily as of the alveolar type II lineage, implies an important role for specific virus-cell interactions in the pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar↗
PubMed2001

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 controls chemokine production and T helper cell type 2 cell trafficking in allergic pulmonary inflammation.

Antigen-specific CD4 T helper type 2 (Th2) cells play a pivotal role in the induction of allergic asthma, but the mechanisms regulating their recruitment into the airways are unknown. Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor (Stat)6 is a transcription factor essential for Th2 cell differentiation. Here we show that Stat6 also controls Th2 cell recruitment and effector function in allergic inflammation in vivo. To isolate the role of Stat6 in regulating Th2 cell trafficking and effector function from its role in Th2 cell differentiation, we used a murine model of asthma in which in vitro-differentiated Stat6(+/+) antigen-specific Th2 cells were adoptively transferred into naive Stat6(-/-) and Stat6(+/+) mice followed by aerosol antigen challenge. We found that all of the features of asthma, including Th2 cell accumulation, Th2 and eosinophil-active chemokine production, and airway eosinophilia, mucus production, and hyperresponsiveness seen in Stat6(+/+) mice, were dramatically absent in Stat6(-/)- mice that received Stat6(+/)+ antigen-specific Th2 cells. Our findings establish Stat6 as essential for Th2 cell trafficking and effector function and suggest that interruption of Stat6 signaling in resident cells of the lung is a novel approach to asthma therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Electron microscopy of human olfactory epithelium reveals a new cell type: the microvillar cell.

The olfactory epithelium of mammals is generally considered to consist of 3 cell types: basal cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and ciliated olfactory receptors. We have completed a detailed ultrastructural study of the fine structure of the human olfactory mucosa. In our electron microscopic observations of biopsies of human olfactory epithelium taken from normal, consenting volunteers under local anesthesia, we have consistently observed a fourth cell type, the microvillar cell, located near the epithelial surface. The apical end of these flask-shaped, electron-lucent cells gives rise to a tuft of microvilli that project into the mucus layer lining the nasal cavity. The cell body itself contains bundles of microfilaments, mitochondria, a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a prominent Golgi complex, electron-dense vesicles that resemble lipofuscin granules, free ribosomes, and occasional cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A thin, axon-like cytoplasmic process extends from the basal pole of the cell and travels through the epithelium toward the lamina propria. Although there is no physiological evidence that bears upon the function of the microvillar cell, its ultrastructure suggests it may be a bipolar sensory neuron. Based upon morphological and phylogenetic considerations, the authors speculate the microvillar cell represents a second morphologically distinct class of chemoreceptor in the human olfactory mucosa.

Adult↗