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PubMed1996

Knowledge, attitudes and perception of AIDS in rural Senegal: relationship to sexual behaviour and behaviour change.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the determinants of 'at risk' sexual behaviour and perception of AIDS-related prevention messages in rural Africa. SETTING: A rural area in Southern Senegal. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire administered by local interviewers to 240 men and 242 women aged 15-59 years, randomly selected among the general population. RESULTS: Twenty-eight per cent of the sexually active men and 27% of the sexually active women declared at least one casual sexual partner in the 12 months preceding the interview. Among these, 27% of men and 30% of women declared having used a condom in most acts of casual intercourse. Seasonal migrants and divorced or widowed women were more likely to declare casual sex. Causal sex was motivated by material needs for 66% of the women who experienced it, and those of the women who reported casual sexual intercourse were less likely to feel at risk of AIDS [odds ratio (OR), 3.9; P = 0.01] and were more optimistic about their future (OR, 3.6; P = 0.03). For men, the motivations explaining a change in sexual behaviour in order to avoid HIV infection included the perception of AIDS as a health problem (OR, 11; P = 0.004), the perception of the disease as serious (OR, 5.4; P = 0.001) and the feeling of personal risk of becoming HIV-infected (OR, 3.2; P = 0.02). Perceived skill in changing one's behaviour was strongly associated with declaration of past behaviour change for both men and women (men: OR, 3.4; P = 0.02; women: OR, 6.3; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Men and women exhibit two different patterns regarding their behaviour and perception towards AIDS. Material needs appear to be of importance for women, whereas perception of a real threat lead men to adopt protective behaviours. In the very area of this study, widowed and divorced women as well as male seasonal migrants are particularly exposed to HIV infection. They are characterized by a higher risk behaviour, a low rate of condom use and seldom declared any protective measures to avoid HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

Issues of reliability and validity in the measurement of challenging behaviour (behavioural difficulties) in learning disability: a discussion of implications for nursing research and practice.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on issues related to the reliability and validity of measurement of challenging behaviour (behavioural difficulties) in learning disability. A number of practical, theoretical and methodological issues are discussed that have significance for the nurse both as practitioner and/or researcher in learning disability. These issues are equally important to both provider and purchaser of health care in order that resources can be most effectively targeted. The term 'challenging behaviour' would appear to be used both in literature and research synonymously with behavioural difficulties, this has implications for nurses in both their clinical practice and/or research. The author concludes by identifying a need to replace the term challenging behaviour, with 'behavioural difficulties'. It is argued that such a term is much more explicit in meaning and amenable to operational definition, thus enabling empirical study. Such a proposal will not be accepted by all as justifiable; this is because some might argue that adopting the term behavioural difficulties may be a retrograde step that perpetuates negative imagery and inappropriate labelling of people with a learning disability.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Risk factors for aggressive behaviour are of limited value in predicting the violent behaviour of acute involuntarily admitted patients.

Violent behaviour within 8 and 28 days respectively was related by a multivariate statistical procedure to risk factors for aggressive behaviour in an epidemiologically representative sample of 105 acute involuntarily admitted patients. Previous violent behaviour by the patient was found to correlate significantly with aggressive behaviour during the first 8 days of admission, and abuse of drugs other than alcohol was found to correlate significantly with aggressive behaviour during the first 28 days of admission. Determination coefficients were very low, and it is concluded that risk factors associated with aggressive behaviour are of limited value in predicting aggressive behaviour among acute involuntarily admitted inpatients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Blood donation and Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour: an examination of perceived behavioural control.

In spite of the success achieved by the theory of reasoned action, researchers continue to suggest that new components should be added to the original model. Indeed, Ajzen has himself acknowledged that some behaviours may be subject to control problems and thus proposed the theory of planned behaviour to handle behaviours of this kind. This study set out to explore the predictive superiority of the revised theory of planned behaviour by focusing on blood donation, a behavioural domain in which volitional control was thought to be incomplete. It was also the intention to explore the extent to which the belief-based measure of attitude exists as a multidimensional construct. An Ajzen & Fishbein type questionnaire was administered to 141 undergraduate students. Multiple regression analyses provided strong support for the theory of planned behaviour, suggesting that perception of control has an important impact on a person's behavioural motivation. Also, some support for a multidimensional representation of the belief-based measure of attitude was provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fear of incontinence and its effects on a community-based rehabilitation programme after severe brain injury: successful remediation of escape behaviour using behaviour modification.

The presence of continence problems following severe traumatic brain injury may be attributable to either organic or psychological factors. In the case of the latter this in turn may lead to the development of behaviours that result in avoidance of or escape from rehabilitation activities. In this paper, a single case study is described in which verbalized fear of incontinence prevented participation within a community rehabilitation programme. Assessment suggested that behaviours that led to escape from this programme were being maintained by negative reinforcement through reduction in anxiety associated with this activity. An intervention was implemented using graded exposure and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour. Treatment led to a significant reduction in escape behaviour; this had been maintained and consolidated further at 9-month follow-up. However, no change occurred to the client's prompted self-ratings of anxiety. Reasons for the discrepancy between improvement in behaviour but not self-report are discussed. The potential limitations of using cognitive-behavioural therapy with some survivors of severe traumatic brain injury are also discussed. Finally, comments are made concerning the applicability of the treatment techniques described here in the modification of escape and avoidance behaviours that may be acquired following brain injury.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Noncoital sexual interactions and problem behaviour among young adolescents: the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study.

This paper focuses on whether early onset of noncoital sexual interactions is best considered in the same paradigm as adolescent problem behaviour. Among adolescents (n = 927) followed longitudinally from age 13 to 15, the interrelationships between noncoital sexual interactions and various problem and conventional behaviours were examined. Early onset of noncoital sexual interactions was related to problem behaviour, and the higher ordered the noncoital sexual interaction was, the more strongly it correlated with measures of problem behaviour. This study provides support for the usefulness of the notion of an underlying factor of proneness to problem behaviours, which is relevant when studying developmental change in terms of accumulation of early noncoital sexual experience. It is suggested that in the construction of countermeasures to prevent the negative consequences of early sexual activities among adolescents, it may be useful to target broader correlates of behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Behavioural effects of 7-OH-DPAT are solely due to stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors in the shell of the nucleus accumbens; turning behaviour.

The goal of this study was to determine whether the dopamine D3 receptor in limbic structures plays a role in the shell-specific and dopamine-dependent display of turning behaviour in rats. When combined with the dopamine D1 receptor agonist (+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol (SKF-38393, 5 micrograms), the putative dopamine D3 receptor agonist (+/-)-7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT, 1, 5 and 10 micrograms) elicited contralateral turning in a dose-dependent manner following unilateral injection into the shell, but not the core, of the nucleus accumbens. The turning pattern displayed was identical to that reported previously after intra-accumbens administration of the cocktail of SKF-38393 and the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole. The behaviour under study was dose-dependently attenuated by local administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3- methyl-I-phroyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SCH 23390: 10 and 100 ng), the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist domperidone (25 and 50 ng) or the dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist l-sulpiride (5 and 25 ng). Combined blockade of both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the shell with a dose of either antagonist alone that produced just a moderate reduction (10 ng SCH 23390 and 50 ng domperidone) completely antagonized the turning behaviour elicited by the cocktail of SKF-38393 and 7-OH-DPAT. Replacing 7-OH-DPAT by another putative dopamine D3 receptor agonist,S(+)-(4aR, 10bR)-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-[1]benzopyrano[4, 3-b]-1, 4-oxazin-9-ol (PD 128,907, 10 micrograms), in the cocktail did produce no turning behaviour at all. It is concluded that mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors play no role in the dopamine-dependent and shell-specific turning behaviour: the contribution of 7-OH-DPAT in the cocktail of SKF-38393 and 7-OH-DPAT to the display of turning behaviour is solely due to its ability to activate dopamine D2 receptors.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1984

The behavioural effects of RU 24969, a suggested 5-HT1 receptor agonist in rodents and the effect on the behaviour of treatment with antidepressants.

Some behavioural and biochemical consequences of the administration of RU 24969 (5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole), a drug which has been shown to be a potent displacing agent at the 5-HT1 binding site, have been studied in mice and rats. In both species RU 24969 produced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity. No head-weaving, head-twitching or reciprocal forepaw treading (behaviour suggested to be 5-HT2 receptor mediated) were seen, nor did the body temperature increase p-Chlorophenylalanine did not alter either the behaviour or its intensity. Pretreatment with both methysergide (10 mg/kg) and metergoline (2.5 mg/kg) enhanced the behavioural response in rats, whilst haloperidol (100 micrograms/kg) inhibited the response. Propranolol caused a small and variable decrease in the increase in locomotion induced by RU 24969 in both mice and rats. The drug RU 24969 (10 mg/kg) inhibited the rate of synthesis of 5-HT in rat brain by about 50%. Pretreatment of rats with desmethylimipramine over a longer term or clenbuterol given acutely, treatments known to enhance the behavioural responses of rats to various other 5-HT agonists, did not alter the RU 24969-induced response. Repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock, however, did produce an enhanced locomotor response to RU 24969. The results obtained are consistent with the view that administration of 5-HT agonists, such as quipazine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, produces behaviour that results from stimulation of both 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Time-course of the effects of chronic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behaviour, body temperature, brain amines and withdrawal-like behaviour in the rat.

The effects of clomipramine HCl (15 mg kg-1 i.p.) on behaviour, body temperature and brain amines were investigated in rats that had been chronically treated twice daily with increasing doses of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC, 2-6 mg kg-1 i.v.). delta 9-THC produced a biphasic change in behaviour, stimulation followed by depression, and a pronounced hypothermia. Tolerance developed rapidly to these effects of delta 9-THC. Chronic treatment with delta 9-THC reduced the levels of homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline. The level of dopamine was not altered with chronic treatment and tolerance appeared to develop to the increased levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid induced by delta 9-THC. Injection of clomipramine, 12-14 h after 2, 5 or 10 days of delta 9-THC treatment induced characteristic changes in the rats behaviour which consisted of writhes, backward kicking, wet shakes, jumps ataxia and front paw and whole body tremor. The severity of the behavioural changes appeared to be dependent on the period of delta 9-THC administration and they were not accompanied by a change in body temperature or consistent changes in brain amines or metabolites. The results indicate that physical dependence on delta 9-THC may occur since clomipramine is able to precipitate changes in behaviour, indicative on an abstinence syndrome, in rats chronically treated with delta 9-THC. It is suggested that tryptaminergic mechanisms are altered during chronic delta 9-THC treatment and that clomipramine induces the behavioural changes by interacting with an altered tryptaminergic system.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of sexual behaviour and risk behaviour for HIV infection between women in three clinical settings.

OBJECTIVE: To compare sexual behaviour and HIV risk behaviour between women in three clinical settings and to investigate the effect of socio-economic status and ethnic origin upon these behaviours. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 1,950 women attending clinics for genitourinary medicine (GUM) family planning and termination of pregnancy (TOP), all in inner London. RESULTS: A quarter of women attending the GUM and TOP clinics were not using any regular form of contraception. Differences in the median numbers of sexual partners in the past year (1-2) and over lifetime (4-6) between the three groups were slight. Amongst the women in all three groups: more than half (54.8-64.9%) had had a non-regular partner in the preceding twelve months; fewer than one-fifth (10.4-17.1%) reported always using condoms with their regular partners, and fewer than two-fifths (31.3-39.7%) always used them with their non-regular partners; approximately one in five women (18.6-23.9%) reported one or more major HIV risk behaviours. Some parameters of sexual behaviour were found to be influenced by socio-economic status and/or ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: The behaviour of women attending these three clinics is very similar. Women attending clinics for family planning or termination of pregnancy need advice on sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection, and women attending genitourinary medicine or termination clinics need advice on contraception. Closer integration between disciplines is required to provide a comprehensive sexual health service for women.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

Behaviour of MRL mice: an animal model of disturbed behaviour in systemic autoimmune disease.

Evidence is reviewed indicating that development of lupus-like disease in the MRL-lpr substrain of mice coincides with a change in behaviour, suggestive of altered emotional reactivity and cognitive performance. The altered behaviour, termed 'autoimmunity-associated behavioural syndrome', is related to abnormal autoantibody and cytokine production. Moreover, immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide prevents the appearance of some behavioural deficits. It is argued that the MRL strain of mice constitute an animal model of behavioural dysfunction in autoimmune disease, and can be used to investigate the mechanisms by which an insidious autoimmune/inflammatory process alters mood and behaviour and may result in some forms of mental disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Induction of incubation behaviour in male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria): a behavioural analysis.

Male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were treated with either progesterone or dexamethasone (a powerful ACTH inhibitor) and tested for incubation behaviour. Progesterone treatments shortened the latency of incubation response by facilitating nest-related pre-incubation behaviour patterns in the nest bowl and components of incubation behaviour. The accumulated rather than the daily dose level of progesterone injections appeared to be the determinant factor in mediating behavioural effects. Dexamethasone treatment at the dosage of 100 mug/day for 7 days inhibited the overall expression of male courtship behaviour. None of the dexamethasone-treated ring doves "sat" in 2 weeks. It is suggested that the hormonal and situational (non-hormonal) cues are not only important contributory factors but also complement one another in the induction of incubation behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Stress and cardiovascular disease risk behaviours: implications for health behaviour change.

This brief paper presents an integrative framework helpful in understanding the relationships between stress and cardiovascular disease risk behaviours. Key concepts such as cardiovascular reactivity, type A behaviour and hostility, ways of coping with both life and illness-related stressors, and the challenges associated with changing risk behaviours can support a patient's behaviour change efforts if communicated in a personally salient manner. Assessing the determinants of health behaviour change facilitates tailoring of interventions and can more precisely identify a patient's needs for referral to a psychologist with expertise in health behaviour issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students. Part X. Multivariate relationships among behaviours.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between adolescent risk behaviours, taking into account their influence upon one another. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey utilising a self-completed questionnaire; stepwise logistic regression analyses were carried out, stratified for gender. SETTING: High schools in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa SUBJECTS: 7,340 students from 16 schools in the three major education departments. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variables for each regression model were: cigarette smoking, cannabis smoking, alcohol bingeing, sexual intercourse, knife-carrying at school, walking home at night from beyond the neighbourhood, attempting suicide, and failure to use a seat belt. For each model, 26 risk behaviours served as independent variables. RESULTS: For each model, between 3 and 9 variables qualified for inclusion for each gender. There was a substantial association between many forms of substance abuse. In the previous 12 months, suicidal thoughts or statements of suicidal intent were predictors of a suicide attempt. Several variables involving injury were predictors of exposure to danger in getting home at night, and this was a predictor of substance abuse. Cannabis smoking, alcohol bingeing and exposure to danger in getting home at night were predictors of and were predicted by having had sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: There are significant relationships between many adolescent risk behaviours, even when the influence of other risk behaviours is taken into account. The probability of adverse sequelae of risk behaviours, such as exposure to danger in getting home at night and sexual intercourse, is increased by the presence of selected other risk behaviours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of ethanol on behaviour of aggressive mice from two different strains: a comparison of simple and complex behavioural assessments.

The effects of acutely administered ethanol (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg IP) were studied in two strains of aggressively-rated, individually-housed male mice in encounters with non-drugged "standard opponents." Behaviour was quantified using both a complex ethological analysis of frequency of occurrence of acts and postures, and a more simplified analysis of time spent in 4 broad behavioural categories (non-social, social/sexual, aggressive and timid/defensive). The simplified analysis failed to reveal certain trends that were detected by the more complex analysis. The principal effects of alcohol on behaviour were a dose-dependent suppression of aggressive activities (with no evidence of a biphasic effect), an increase in timid/defensive behaviours, and changes in many non-social and social/sexual acts and postures. There were no qualitative inter-strain differences, but Swiss mice were markedly more sensitive to the drug than TO mice, particularly in their non-social, aggressive and timid-defensive behaviours. Strain differences in blood alcohol levels were only apparent at the lowest dose.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring the effect of a hygiene behaviour intervention by indicators of behaviour and diarrhoeal disease.

A social marketing approach used both qualitative and quantitative methods to develop a hygiene behaviour intervention in rural north-east Thailand. Behaviours were preselected from a previous study and the intervention was designed to promote hand washing, especially before feeding a baby, cooking, eating, and after defaecation or cleaning a baby's bottom, and dish washing immediately after eating. A bacteriological indicator (enumerating faecal streptococci using a finger impression technique) was developed to measure changes in hand washing behaviour and observation (spot checks) of dirty dishes to indicate dish washing practice. There was a significant improvement in both behaviours and a significant reduction in diarrhoeal disease as a result of the intervention. Furthermore, both indicators were retrospectively found to be positively related to diarrhoeal disease incidence. However, receiving and being able to recall the intervention messages was not necessarily sufficient to ensure behaviour change, as some adults found it difficult to change old habits. Villages showing the greatest improvement tended to have a stronger sense of community than others and to have more people actively involved in the intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Developing self-care skills and reducing institutionalized behaviour in a long-stay psychiatric population: the role of the nurse in behaviour modification.

This paper examines the potential for behaviour modification in the rehabilitation of chronic, long-stay psychiatric patients and the impact such procedures may have on the work role of ward-based nursing staff. Through the use of five case histories the effectiveness of behavioural analysis and modification in encouraging self-help skills and constructive activity is identified. In addition to a critical examination of the clinical and organizational factors involved in patient improvement, it is argued that behaviour modification develops the therapeutic potential of nurses. The development of the patient-teaching dimension of the nursing role not only fosters greater clinical responsibility, but also promotes both professional independence and institutional power. This is not to imply that the use of behavioural methods cannot be combined with customary nursing practices, for in many ways they provide nurses with an appropriate technology to achieve established therapeutic goals. In conclusion, it is noted that clinical success is not sufficient to ensure the acceptance of ward-based behavioural programmes. The critical issues concern conventional hospital and staff practices and institutional rigidity, not the commitment of nursing staff or patient improvement.

Aged↗