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PubMed1976

Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel.

One-hundred and twenty samples of lettuce and 89 samples of fennel purchased from five retail outlets in the city of Bari (Italy) from October 1973 through September 1975 were examined for viable aerobic bacteria (AB), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), and salmonellae. Comparative tests indicated that the results of bacteriological analysis of wash water from either vegetable by a membrane filter technique compared favorably with those of conventional cultural examination of the vegetable tissue for the purpose of providing an indication of the bacteriological quality of the samples. Using the membrane filter technique, 2-year average counts of 6.59 X 10(7) for AB, 5.95 X 10(4) for TC, 6.13 X 10(3) for FC and 2.24 X 10(3) for FS/100 g (fresh weight) were obtained with lettuce; with fennel, the corresponding figures were 2.32 X 10(6) for AB, 7.82 X 10(4) for TC, 7.8 X 10(4) for FC, and 3.15 X 10(3) for FS. Indicator bacteria were present in all samples examined. In addition, 68.3% of the lettuce and 71.9% of the fennel samples yielded one or more of the following Salmonella serotypes: S. schottmuelleri, S. typhimurium, S. thompson, S. dublin, S. typhi, and S. anatum.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1979

Bacteriological monitoring of unheated human milk.

To assess the bacteriological quality of unpooled expressed breast milk, a pilot bottle sample of each donation was examined before the milk was given to the neonate. Provided the milk did not contain greater than 2500 organisms/ml or potential pathogens it was used unheated. Milk containing between 2500 and 5000 organisms/ml and no potential pathogens was used after pasteurisation. Using these criteria, 67% of 460 donations were acceptable. However, because the bacteriological quality varied, 45% of domiciliary donations were discarded compared with only 29% of those from hospital.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1977

[Quantitative bacteriology of sputum and bronchial secretions in patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].

The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of the quantitative bacteriological analysis of sputum and bronchial secretions has been studied in patients with chronic bronchitis. Sputum produced during bronchial toilet showed a significant higher bacterial numeration than that produced by physiotherapy but the bacterial species identified were identical. No significant variations were observed between the qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic flora of bronchial secretions collected by bronchoscopy from different segments of the airways. Comparison of microbial counts on sputum specimens collected at different periods of the day and at weekly intervals over several weeks revealed that the sputum of clinically stable chronic bronchitic patients contain a relatively constant and potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. The emergence of a superinfection was emphasized by the parallel increase of the leukocytic and bacterial numeration of sputum.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized management of a medical bacteriology laboratory using real-time processing.

The computer system of the Bacteriology Laboratory at the Hôpital Cardiologique in Lyon is one of the elements in the computer management of patient data. It dovetails in with the various units for admission, patient location, ward surveillance, outpatient appointments. The main objectives are as follows: to improve quality of sample information, to reduce clerical work and accelerate information circulation, to widen the scope of epidemiological research. Computers can register samples, edit laboratory work sheets, entry lists, record results, generate reports, give a visual listing of all analyses performed before a patient leaves hospital, list pending analytical results, make available in the total system all laboratory-validated information, produce automatic billing of analyses and statistical editing. The Bacteriology Laboratory has three visual display units and two printers at its disposal. Computer laboratory management has been operational since May 1977. First results are satisfactory and suggest extension of the system to other laboratories and handling of quality control.

Bacteriology↗
PubMed1978

Bacteriology of chronic leg ulcers.

The quantitative bacteriology of 13 chronic leg ulcers was sequentially assessed by both swab and biopsy culture techniques, and the effect of either a 10% benzoyl peroxide lotion or placebo lotion was evaluated. There was good correlation between the swab and biopsy culture techniques in 12 of the 17 instances where simultaneous swabs and biopsies were done. Though the benzoyl peroxide did not favorably affect the bacterial flora, ulcer healing did appear to correlate with quantitative bacterial counts. THREE of five ulcers containing fewer than 10(5) organisms per gram of tissue or per centimeter of ulcer surface area healed, while none of eight ulcers containing more than 10(5) organisms healed. Quantitative bacteriological measurements can serve as useful tools in evaluating healing of leg ulcers.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Monitoring of bacteriological contamination and assessment of carcase surface growth by using direct and indirect contact examination techniques and various colony counting procedures.

Two hundred and sixty nine beef, 230 sheep and 165 pig carcase surface were examined bacteriologically. Direct and indirect contact examination techniques were utilised. Colony counts per cm2 were expressed in geometric progression. Counting procedures, direct and indirect contact examinations, and effects of chilling were considered. Subsequently, results from an additional 489 beef, 520 sheep, and 408 pig carcases were employed to illustrate a count classification arrangement against which bacteriological monitoring assessments could be measured.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1979

Daily bacteriological examination of urine during antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infections.

Bacteriologic examinations of urine were performed daily in 85 patients admitted for chronic recurrent urinary tract infections and treated with antibacterial drugs. The results have shown that the effect of therapy can be evaluated fairly accurately on the basis of bacteriological findings in urine within the first four days of treatment. When sterility was achieved as early as after one or two days of therapy, the urine remained sterile in more than 90% of the patients throughout the first post-treatment week; in more than 80% therapy had a long-term effect. A slowly subsiding urinary tract infection or reduced urinary bacterial count indicates that therapy will be ineffective.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.

The bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was studied in 20 patients by simultaneous cul-de-sac, cervical, and blood cultures with aerobic and fastidious anaerobic techniques. Cul-de-sac cultures were positive in 18 of 20 patients, while all 8 normal control subjects yielded negative results (p less than 0.0005, chi-square analysis). Anaerobic bacteria (predominatly Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus) were present in 10 patients (59 per cent), and they were the exclusive isolates in 3 patients. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated only once from the cul-de-sac despite its presence in cervical specimens. There was poor correlation between cul-de-sac and cervical cultures. Cervical cultures yielded a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with an average of 3.8 organisms per specimen. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated in 13 patients (65 per cent). Only 19 per cent of cervical isolates were recovered by culdocentesis; similarly, only 31 per cent of cul-de-sac isolates were simultaneously isolated from the cervix. Blood cultures were uniformly negative. These data suggest that: (1) culdocentesis is a reliable technique for the bacteriologic diagnosis of acute PID, and (2) whereas the gonococcus may be important in initiating acute PID, its primary role appears to be paving the way for secondary invaders from the normal vaginal flora to gain access to the upper genital tract.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1979

A bacteriological investigation of two leisure centre swimming pools disinfected with ozone.

A bacteriological study was carried out on the first Leisure Centre swimming pools in the United Kingdom to be disinfected with ozone/chlorine. Results suggested that a free chlorine concentration of approximately 0.8 mg/l was necessary to maintain the pools in a bacteriologically satisfactory condition. This amount of free chlorine was similar to that required when the pool was disinfected with chlorine alone. However, the associated amount of combined chlorine was much lower when disinfection was by ozone/chlorine and this gave more acceptable bathing conditions. Implications for the manamgement of pools disinfected by this method are discussed.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1976

Bacteriological quality and shelf life of ground beef.

The bacteriological quality of unfrozen raw ground beef was evaluated after 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days of storage at 29 +/- 1 F (-1.7 +/- 0.6 C). At the time of fabrication, all of the ground beef samples contained 10(6) or fewer total aerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria/g; 81% contained 100 or fewer coliforms/g; 94% contained 100 or fewer Escherichia coli/g; and all of the samples contained 100 or fewer coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens/g. Total aerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria increased by 1 log between 3 and 18 days of storage. Coliform and E. coli counts decreased during storage, whereas coagulase-positive S. aureus and C. perfringens counts did not change significantly. These data indicate that meat processors, wholesalers, and retailers could improve the bacteriological quality and prolong the shelf life of ground beef packaged in oxygen-impermeable film if the temperature of product never exceeded 29 +/- 1 F (-1.7 +/- 0.6 C).

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1979

Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods.

A bacteriological survey was performed on 1,960 food samples encompassing 60 types of health foods available in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. No consistent bacteriological distinction (aerobic plate counts, total coliform and fecal coliform most probable numbers) was observed between foods labeled as organic (raised on soil with compost or nonchemical fertilizer and without application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides) and their counterpart food types bearing no such label. Types and numbers of samples containing Salmonella were: sunflower seeds, 4; soy flour, 3; soy protein powder, 2; soy milk powder, 1; dried active yeast, 1; brewers' years, 1; rye flour, 1; brown rice, 1; and alfalfa seeds,1. The occurrence of this pathogen in three types of soybean products should warrant further investigation of soybean derivatives as potentially significant sources of Salmonella.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1979

Bacteriological quality of runoff water from pastureland.

Runoff from a cow-calf pasture in eastern Nebraska was monitored for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and fecal streptococci (FS) during 1976, 1977, and 1978. Bacteriological counts in runoff from both grazed and ungrazed areas generally exceeded recommended water quality standards. The FC group was the best indicator group of the impact of grazing. Rainfall runoff from the grazed area contained 5 to 10 times more FC than runoff from the fenced, ungrazed area. There was little difference in TC counts between the two areas, but FS counts were higher in runoff from the ungrazed area and reflected the contributions from wildlife. Recommended bacteriological water quality standards, developed for point source inputs, may be inappropriate for characterizing nonpoint source pollution from pasture runoff. The FC/FS ratio in pasture runoff was useful in identifying the relative contributions of cattle and wildlife. Ratios below 0.05 were indicative of wildlife sources and ratios above 0.1 were characteristic of grazing cattle. Occasions when the FC/FS ratio of diluted cattle waste exceeded one resulted from differential aftergrowth and die-off between FC and FS. The FC/FS ratio and percentage of Streptococcus bovis in pasture runoff are useful indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of livestock management practices for minimizing bacterial contamination of surface water. The importance of choice of medium for the enumeration of FS in runoff derived from cattle wastes is discussed.

Enterococcus faecalis↗
PubMed1977

Bacteriological variation among Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs and other species.

Bacteriological properties of 50 isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica were compared. Phase variation, which involved colonial morphology and its associated characters of hemagglutination, hemolysis, acriflavine agglutination; crystal violet staining, flagellation, and fimbriation, occurred among these isolates. Organisms representing the three observed morphotypes did not have different growth rates, nor were any differences in their bacteriological characteristics observed after repeated subculture on agar. There were also variations in antimicrobial drug susceptibility, especially to sulfonamide-trimethoprim, and in nitrate reduction. The relationships among these variable parameters were not apparent. None of the observed variations could be attributed to differences in the species of origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Canine brucellosis: bacteriological and serological investigation of naturally infected dogs in Mexico City.

Bacteriological investigation of canine brucellosis in Mexico City revealed a high rate (11.8%) of Brucella canis infection in a sampling of 59 stray dogs. When conservative criteria were employed in the interpretation of serological test results, there was general agreement between the serological and bacteriological findings; however, some animals with localized male genital tract infections could not be judged as infected solely by serological tests. All Mexican field isolates were identified as B. canis; however, some diversity was observed as regards nitrate reduction, growth in the presence of basic fuchsine, and the degree of mucoidness. The seemingly high prevalence of B. canis infection in Mexico City dogs suggests the need for further inquiry into the possible public health significance.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

Clostridial myositis in cattle: bacteriology and gross pathology.

In a bacteriological study of 173 cases of clostridial myositis in cattle, Cl chauvoei either alone or with Cl septicum was demonstrated in 97 (56 %)min a further 62 (36%) cases Cl novyi was demonstrated either alone or with Cl septicum. On 11 (6%) occasions Cl septicum only was recovered, and on another three 1-7%) Cl sordelli only. The gross pathology of the lesions was correlated with the bacteriological findings, and prophylaxis in relation to the infections identified is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriology of maxillary sinusitis in relation to quality of the retained secretion.

The bacteriological findings in 200 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis are reported. It is concluded that the sampling technique--by antral aspiration--is highly significant in the evaluation of the bacteriological background of sinusitis, whereas the anerobic transport of the sample seems to be of less importance. By aspiration the purulent secretion can be properly separated from the non-purulent secretion. Pneumococci, H. influenzae and anaerobic bacteria can be isolated in about 90% of the patients with true sinus empyema, while sterile conditions are rare.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1977

Surveillance of hospital infections: at the bedside or at the bacteriological laboratory?

A prevalence study concerning wound infections in the surgical service at a university hospital was made during a 7-month period. One ward was visited every week during the wound dressing rounds and samples for bacteriologic culture were taken from clinical infections. The prevalence of infection varied between 0 and 21% (median value 8.2%) for surgical wounds and between 0 and 47% (median value 5.3%) for other wounds. Staphylococcus aureus made up 16% of the bacteria isolated from surgical wounds and the Enterobacteriacae 32.6%. For other wounds Staph. aureus and the Enterobacteriacae made up 22.6% each. A comparison of the number of cultures taken by investigators and that taken by the ward showed that the culturing frequency by the ward staff was so high that surveillance of infection by review of bacteriological culture records only, would give an almost equivalent degree of information concerning infection rates. This system is less time consuming and also has the advantage of giving epidemiological information. The drawback with the system is that little or no patient data are given on the requisitions from the ward. This makes it impossible to know from what kind of infections samples are taken.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1978

Bacteriologic cure of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis.

Two long-term therapy trials with high concentrations of antibiotic were carried out to determine the duration of therapy required to achieve bacteriologic cure of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. In the first study, corneas still contained Pseudomonas after 4 days of continual topical therapy with either tobramycin 400 mg/ml, amikacin 250 mg/ml, ticarcillin 400 mg/ml, or carbenicillin 400 mg/ml. In an 11-day trial of topical therapy with tobramycin 20 mg/ml, 34 of 36 corneas grew no Pseudomonas after 6 or more days of therapy. The bacteriologic response to therapy in this model occurred in two phases. About 99.9% or more of the organisms in the cornea were killed in the first 24 hr of therapy. The numbers of bacteria remaining in the cornea declined gradually over the next several days until the corneas were sterile. Optimal antibiotic therapy may include two stages: initial intensive therapy with high concentrations of antibiotic applied frequently to achieve a large rapid decrease in numbers of organisms in the cornea, followed by prolonged, less intensive therapy to eradicate organisms and prevent relapse.

Administration, Topical↗