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PubMed1992

Zoonoses control and veterinary public health.

Because animals are essential in the life cycles of zoonoses, veterinary public health is necessary in the control of such diseases. A review of different operational phases of zoonoses control is presented, including surveillance, control in animals, control of vectors and vehicles, prevention in man and strategy selection. A practical scheme for zoonoses control is proposed along with its different constituents: legislation and administration, knowledge of the territory, knowledge of zoonoses, identification of diagnostic facilities, programme formulation, implementation and evaluation. The motivations for zoonoses control programmes and for their commencement and/or extension are discussed, with reference to their role as indicators of the social and economic status of a country.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Zoonoses control--new challenges in health protection of consumers].

The eradication of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis of domestic stock in Germany through the combined efforts of veterinary medicine, the agricultural section and the state was an historic achievement. Since the two diseases are zoonoses, their successful control can also be seen as a valuable contribution to public health. Both these zoonoses are classic animal diseases presenting themselves as clinical entities complete with gross pathological lesions. In contrast, today we are confronted with pathogens causing zoonoses characterised by latent, i.e. clinically inapparent herd infections that do not result in visible tissue changes. Nevertheless, through contaminated foodstuffs, these pathogens contribute to food-borne infections leading to the outbreak of genuine zoonoses in humans. It has been estimated that there could be as many as two million cases of food-borne infections annually in Germany. Among them are salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, yersiniosis, infections with verotoxin producing E. coli, listeriosis and toxoplasmosis. While the national animal disease legislation only foresees the control of notifiable diseases, the basis for zoonoses control is laid down in the EU Zoonosis-Directive, which is presently awaiting its transposition into national law and into practice. In order, for instance, to combat the most important Salmonella infections of humans, Integrated Quality Systems (IQS) have been formulated as a means of implementing the proven HACCP concept in animal production units and ensuring animal health from the point of view of consumer protection. The aim of all measures must be to free infected herds of pathogens, to investigate and eliminate all sources with a potential for further pathogen introductions, to maintain pathogen-free herds--with a reduced pathogen challenge in mid-term time periods--, as well as to develop diagnostics capable of identifying pathogen carriers before slaughter. For the disinfection of stock, it is important to have epidemiological data collecting systems and information systems that allow complete diagnostic tracing from herd to slaughterhouse and vice versa. All sides, including research and surveillance, as well as producers are called upon to actively share in protecting the health of consumers as far as it is threatened by latent infections in domestic stock.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Parasitic zoonoses in Japan, with special reference to the current topics].

The present situation of parasitic zoonoses in Japan is reviewed. A total of 51 species, i.e., 6 species of protozoan parasites, 14 species of trematode parasites, 11 species of cestode parasites, 18 species of nematode parasites and 2 species of acanthocephalan parasites are potential zoonotic parasites. Most (11 species) of the zoonotic nematodes provoke larva migrans. Habitats of zoonotic parasites vary greatly depending upon individual species. Some parasites cause heterotopic parasitism (e.g., Paragonimus westermani) and metastasis (Entamoeba histolytica). In larva migrans, parasites migrate through various parts of body tissues, affecting multiple organs (gnathostomiasis and sparganosis mansoni). The majority of parasitic zoonoses are food-borne infections. Some of them are an arthropod-borne (or -mediated) infection (dirofilariasis, thelaziasis and moniliformiasis), or acquired by percutaneous infection with cercariae (schistosome cercarial dermatitis) or 3rd-stage infective larvae (hookworm diseases). The diagnosis of parasitic zoonoses, especially larva migrans, is difficult; although some unique clinical symptoms and the presence of eosinophilia and/or increased level of serum IgE antibody are frequently seen in larva migrans, the application of various immunodiagnostic methods is usually required. For the prevention and control of parasitic zoonoses, the ingestion of not only strange food (e.g., snakes, frogs, slugs, etc.) but also raw fish and cuttlefish (sashimi) must be prohibited. Fishes and the meat of wild animals (e.g., bear and wild boar) should be frozen or thoroughly cooked before eating. Pets and domestic animals play an important role as a direct or indirect source of infection with various parasitic zoonoses. The treatment of those animals and/or the eradication of intermediate hosts (or vectors) of the parasites are thus required.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Zoonoses in working- and wild animals and their significance in Germany. An overview].

The control of infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans (zoonoses) was recently put on a new basis in the European Union when a new Zoonoses Directive entered into force. Brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, echinococcosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, trichinosis, and the respective causative agents, tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis, and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli must be included in monitoring. Additional zoonoses and zoonotic agents are to be monitored according to the epidemiological situation. Against this background, the current knowledge on important zoonoses transmitted from livestock and some wildlife animals to humans as well as the epidemiological situation in Germany with regard to these diseases is summarized.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Veterinary education, zoonoses and public health: a personal perspective.

Zoonotic disease poses an important threat to human public health and should therefore be taken seriously. A number of zoonoses also cause severe disease and loss of production in food producing animals. Many veterinarians are less aware of the importance of zoonoses than is desirable and medical clinicians who encounter zoonoses in human patients may either fail to recognise them or concentrate on treating the individual patient rather than disease control. This situation may be exacerbated where there is inadequate communication between veterinarians, the various health care professionals and public health organisations. Undergraduate and postgraduate training courses must promote a greater understanding of the importance of zoonoses and of how to investigate and control them. We also need to increase awareness amongst qualified veterinary personnel and human health care workers and to facilitate inter-disciplinary discussions and collaborative ventures. This paper suggests some ways to achieve these aims.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Zoonoses in practice.

Twenty-five zoonoses of importance in the United States are focused upon in this article. Each is presented in outline form. Items are presented in a convenient format that can be of use in explaining zoonoses to owners of animals in which a specific zoonoses has been diagnosed. Also described are specific actions to be taken in diagnosing suspected zoonotic diseases, in preventing transmissions of zoonoses from infected animals to humans in contact or from infected humans to susceptible animals, in notifying physicians of potential human exposure to zoonotic disease, and in reporting to health authorities of those diseases that require notification.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sushi delights and parasites: the risk of fishborne and foodborne parasitic zoonoses in Asia.

Because of the worldwide popularization of Japanese cuisine, the traditional Japanese fish dishes sushi and sashimi that are served in Japanese restaurants and sushi bars have been suspected of causing fishborne parasitic zoonoses, especially anisakiasis. In addition, an array of freshwater and brackish-water fish and wild animal meats, which are important sources of infection with zoonotic parasites, are served as sushi and sashimi in rural areas of Japan. Such fishborne and foodborne parasitic zoonoses are also endemic in many Asian countries that have related traditional cooking styles. Despite the recent increase in the number of travelers to areas where these zoonoses are endemic, travelers and even infectious disease specialists are unaware of the risk of infection associated with eating exotic ethnic dishes. The aim of this review is to provide practical background information regarding representative fishborne and foodborne parasitic zoonoses endemic in Asian countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Zoonoses of house pets other than dogs, cats and birds.

In addition to dogs, cats and birds, which are the most frequent house pets, rabbits, rodents, fish and turtles are also vertebrate species that commonly share the home environment. Lizards, snakes and ferrets are less common pets. These species can transmit numerous diseases, especially to children who are more likely to be in close contact with them. The author presents a general review of zoonoses and potential zoonoses transmitted by rabbits, rodents and cold blooded vertebrates. Zoonoses transmitted by ferrets, a more recent popular house pet, are also considered. Although most zoonoses contracted from pets are relatively rare events, clinicians should be aware of any animal exposure, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Because of the diversity and the large size of the pet population, exposure to animals should be systematically ascertained when examining a patient.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Survey of zoonoses recorded in Scotland between 1993 and 2002.

All the human and animal laboratory reports of zoonoses sent to Health Protection Scotland between 1993 and 2002 were identified. There were 24,946 reports from veterinary laboratories, and 94,718 (20 per cent) of the 468,214 reports from medical laboratories were considered to be zoonotic. The most common reports of zoonoses from people were Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and Escherichia coli o157. The most common reports of zoonoses from animals were Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, Chlamydia and Campylobacter species and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. For all the zoonoses in people, the National Health Service Board areas Borders, Dumfries and Galloway, Forth Valley, Grampian, Lanarkshire and Lothian had a higher than expected standardised incidence rate of infection, whereas Ayrshire and Arran, Fife, Greater Glasgow, Shetland, Tayside and Western Isles had a lower than expected rate. The organisms and diseases considered to be new and emerging were Rhodococcus species, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Leishmania species, Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine.

Many of the emerging infectious diseases, including those caused by bioterrorist agents, are zoonoses. Since zoonoses can infect both animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings. In the clinical setting, input from both professions would improve assessments of the risk-benefit ratios of pet ownership, particularly for pet owners who are immunocompromised. In public health, human and animal disease surveillance systems are important in tracking and controlling zoonoses such as avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, and foodborne pathogens. Comparative medicine is the study of disease processes across species, including humans. Physician and veterinarian comparative medicine research teams should be promoted and encouraged to study zoonotic agent-host interactions. These efforts would increase our understanding of how zoonoses expand their host range and would, ultimately, improve prevention and control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Brief review of the history of zoonoses].

By studying the surviving documents describing surveillance and methods of control of zoonoses in the distant past, the history of the fight against these diseases can be retraced. Prior to the 20th Century, the best known zoonoses were, amongst others, rabies, anthrax, glanders, tuberculosis, plague, yellow fever, influenza, and certain zoonotic parasitic diseases. An analysis of historical events yields a number of lessons as to the positive and negative influences of past theories regarding the aetiology, contagiousness and control of these diseases. These lessons serve as a reminder, to all those involved in the fight against emerging zoonoses, of the urgent need for extensive research on the aetiology and mode of transmission of these zoonoses, in addition to the need for timely application of the findings of such research to disease control activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The evolution of zoonoses].

Firstly, the author describes the evolution of the epidemiology of zoonoses, using examples of decreases and increases in incidence and of the probable 'birth' of zoonoses. Secondly, an analysis is presented of the main factors that may influence one of the components of a zoonosis (receptive animal populations, pathogens, external environment and humans), in addition to those factors responsible for changes in the epidemiology of zoonoses. Finally, a description is given of the main measures which can be applied within a given country or through international co-operation, to limit the development of zoonoses.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Regulations to prevent zoonoses].

The EU Commission discussed drafts to amend the so-called Zoonoses Directive at expert level. The last proposal provides for a division of the amendment into 1. a Directive on Monitoring and 2. a Regulation on Control. The Monitoring Directive focusses on collecting data and transmitting them to the joint reference centre for zoonoses. In contrast, the Regulation governing control fixes the necessary provisions required for an adequate and effective control of specific zoonoses and zoonoses agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The food-borne trematode zoonoses of Vietnam.

During the past couple of decades, numerous surveys for the occurrence and distribution of food-borne trematodes in Vietnam have been carried out. However, the majority of the data obtained have not been published in international journals, and therefore, the seriousness of these trematode parasitic zoonoses in the country has not been fully appreciated. To correct this, over 40 Vietnamese language reports and local publications were translated and organized as a status review for an international audience. The results show that such serious trematode zoonoses as clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis and fascioliasis are common in many regions of Vietnam, and, in the case of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis, are increasing. Data on the species of intermediate hosts involved in the transmission of these zoonoses, and the effect of host sex and age on infection frequencies are presented, along with findings on food preference/behavior investigations. Finally, the authors present recommendations for further research to provide a more comprehensive picture of the status of these zoonoses, and to obtain the risk assessment information needed to design prevention and control programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in India.

Food-borne parasitic zoonoses have a major impact on the health and economy in developing countries in the tropics and sub-tropics. Complex socio-economic and socio-cultural factors impact on the maintenance of parasitic zoonoses. In addition to human disease, some of these parasites are responsible for economic loss to livestock production. Throughout India, problems of food-borne parasitic zoonoses differ because of varied food habits. Other factors, however, such as unhygienic living conditions, lack of education, poor personal hygiene, poverty and occupation, also contribute to the dissemination of parasitic infections. The present status of various food-borne parasitic zoonoses are briefly given here.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Economic losses resulting from food-borne parasitic zoonoses.

Economic losses resulting from food-borne parasitic zoonoses are difficult to assess. Estimating the global economic impact of these diseases is handicapped by inadequate information on the prevalence and public health importance of parasitic zoonoses for most countries. However, the economic losses caused by certain zoonoses has been estimated for some regions and in these instances the costs are significant. In Mexico, for example, porcine cysticercosis is responsible for a loss of more than one-half of the national investment in swine production and for more than US$17 million annually in hospitalization and treatment costs for humans with neurocysticercosis. For all of Latin America, porcine cysticercosis accounts for an economic loss of US$164 million. In Africa, losses of one to two billion dollars per year due to bovine cysticercosis have been reported. Human toxoplasmosis in the United States is estimated to be an annual economic/public health burden of more than US$400 million. The implication from these examples and other are discussed. A set of recommendations is presented for obtaining the necessary information needed to permit assigning to food-borne parasitic zoonoses their appropriate priority within each country's complex economic and public health problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Indonesia.

Only a few food-borne parasitic zoonoses have been reported in Indonesia. The most frequently observed food-borne parasitic diseases are: toxoplasmosis, taeniasis and cysticercosis. Little data are available on other parasitic zoonoses in Indonesia. Taeniasis has been reported in nine provinces. Toxoplasmosis in humans, with prevalence rates ranging from 1 to 60%, has been reported in 12 provinces; in animals, toxoplasmosis is known to occur throughout the country, with serologically positive cases in as many as 75% of animals examined. However, it is expected that other parasitic zoonoses, such as anisakiasis, fasciolopsiasis and echinostomiasis, will emerge as the popularity of exotic foods being served in Korean and Japanese restaurants spreads throughout Indonesian cities. This paper reviews the current status of parasitic zoonoses in Indonesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Zoonoses as a public health problem].

Zoonoses can be defined as infectious diseases that are transmitted from vertebrate animals to man under natural conditions. Applying this definition, a review is presented of zoonoses, occurring in the Netherlands. Data about this group of infectious diseases were collected from public health and veterinary data sources. From the results of the inventory it can be concluded that the major part of the zoonoses is caused by foodborne infections. It has been estimated that yearly a total number of 420,000 persons suffer from Salmonella and Campylobacter infections. The remaining zoonoses under study were found to be of limited importance for the general population; because of their concentration in some professional groups and because of the availability of preventive measures, these infections are important in certain subgroups of the population.

Animals↗