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PubMed1979

Health care and workers' self-management in Yugoslavia.

The form of communism developed in Yugoslavia since the early 1950s--called workers' self-management--has been of interest to many westerners concerned with the ideas of participatory democracy and workers' self-management. Yugoslavia's economic growth and general openness toward the West have encouraged many people to visit and to investigate the health care system as well as other aspects of the society. It is generally said that self-management is responsible for the remarkable successes that Yugoslavia has achieved. This paper suggests, on the other hand, that many of the successes achieved in the health care system are attributable largely to the fact that self-management is not allowed to work as freely as it does in other sectors of the economy.

Communism↗

PubMed1992

Hemoglobinopathies in Yugoslavia: an update.

This paper summarizes information on the epidemiology and molecular basis of hemoglobinopathies in Yugoslavia. Over the past 25 years, population surveys of more than 28,000 school children from all over the country, except Slovenia, have shown that the average incidence of beta-thalassemia (beta-thal) trait is 1.2%, ranging from 2.9% in the south (Macedonia) to 0.8% in the northwest (Croatia). The frequency of delta beta-thal is 0.2%, while the frequency of the Swiss type of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) is 0.4%. Screening of 6,400 newborns has shown that the frequency of alpha-thal trait is 1.6%. The molecular basis of the different forms of beta-thal among Yugoslavians has been almost completely defined. Over 250 beta-thal chromosomes have been studied, and in over 90% the molecular defect was determined. Eighteen different beta-thal mutations have been detected, three of which (IVS-I-110, G-->A; IVS-I-6, T-->C; IVS-I-1, G-->A) account for more than 70% of all beta-thal chromosomes. Four new mutations [-87 (C-->A); IVS-II-850 (G-->C); initiation codon mutation T-->C; poly A (AATAAA-->AATGAA)] and one new deletion (1605 bp) have been characterized. Molecular analyses of DNA from over 30 unrelated cases with delta beta-thal have shown that this condition is mainly caused by a 13 kb deletion (Sicilian type); in one family a deletion of > 18 to 23 kb (Macedonian type), and in another family a deletion of 148 kb (Yugoslavian type of epsilon gamma delta beta-thal) of the globin gene complex was discovered. Limited studies of alpha-thal in Yugoslavia have shown the following types of molecular defects: approximately 20.5 kb deletion, approximately 17.5 kb deletion, -3.7 kb deletion, 5 nucleotide (nt) deletion, and Hb Icaria. The incidence of abnormal hemoglobins (Hbs) in Yugoslavia is 0.3%. Five different alpha chain variants among 21 families, 15 different beta chain variants among 53 families, one delta chain variant in one family, one variant with a deleted residue in one family, and two types of Hb Lepore among 122 families, have been observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Hospitals in Europe and Yugoslavia through the centuries].

The primary object of this paper is to give a retrospective of hospital development in Europe and Yugoslavia for the past twenty-five centuries. The earliest records of hospitals called the "iatreia" date back to the V century B.C., ancient Greece. The sick in those hospitals were treated with drugs as well operated on. The Romans, during the reign of the emperor Augustus, built valetudinaries within military camps. The name "hospital" was introduced in the IV century A.D. and has been used ever since. The first hospital was founded in Cesarea, i.e. in the East Roman Empire in Asia Minor. The chronology of the hospital development in the Middle Ages is given in table 1--"Chronology of Hospital Development in the Middle Ages." St. Sava (Nemanjić) founded the first Serbian hospital in the Monastery of Hilandar about 1199 and in 1208/1209 a hospital in the Monastery of Studenica. In the hospital of the Monastery of St. Arhangel in Prizren, according to the regulations prescribed by tzar Dusan, only curable patients were to be treated. The first hospital in Vojvodina in Bac near Novi Sad dates back to 1234. More data about hospitals in former Yugoslavia are given in table 2--"The Oldest Hospitals in former Yugoslavia" and about the Frontier Hospitals in Vojvodina in table 3--"Frontier Hospitals for the Wounded and Sick in Vojvodina". The first medical high school was established in Salerno in the IX century and the first European University in Bologna in 1088, where the School of Medicine was founded in 1156. The University in Paris was founded in 1107 and in Oxford in 1145.

Europe↗

PubMed2001

Mass identification of persons missing from the break-up of the former Yugoslavia: structure, function, and role of the International Commission on Missing Persons.

The staff of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) is attempting to undertake the largest mass human identification effort in history. Through the generosity of numerous governmental and private corporations the ICMP has established or is currently establishing a strong network of political allies, family outreach centers, and DNA laboratories throughout the former Yugoslavia. Furthermore, the ICMP is currently working to streamline current technology as well as employ new technology in its efforts to assist in identifying missing individuals. ICMP will continue to act as a link between the family associations in the region and will synchronize the work of the DNA identification process in the countries affected by the war in the regions of the former Yugoslavia. In the longer term, ICMP seeks to contribute to the closure of the missing persons issue, to raise awareness of the human dimension of the missing persons tragedy, and to preserve a shared and common memory of the missing in the former Yugoslavia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mortality in malignant brain tumors in Yugoslavia].

Malignant tumours of head and neck, as a common group of diseases, is mentioned in Yugoslavia for the first time in 1972, where as the american authors have been studying this group of diseases as a whole since 1954 (1969). The data about death persons of malignant brain tumours (codes 191), of all causes of death (codes 000-999), of defined death causes of all the neoplasms (codes 140-209) and neoplasms of head and necks (codes 140-149, 160-161, 190-193), according to the eighth and ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Lesions and Death Causes, are based on official data of the Institute of Statistics of Yugoslavia for the period 1969-1988 (1988). In the analysis of mortality were used the standardized death rates according to the method of direct standardization after the world population by Segi (1976), further specific death rates according to sex and age, proportions and linear trend (1983). The results of these researches have shown that in the period from 1969 to 1988 there were recorded in Yugoslavia 13687 dead of malignant brain tumours in all. The average standardized mortality rate was 2.94 per 100,000 inhabitants; it is higher in men (3.59), than in women (2.40). On the basis of the results of linear trend it is shown that the average standardized rates of total mortality are increasing (y = 2.94 + 0.16x); it is in the males y = 3.59 + 0.23x, in females y = 2.40 + 0.12x. Age specific mortality rates are the highest in the group 55-64 years (10.37%). In this group the risk of dying is much greater in the males (13.63%), than in the females (7.85%).

Brain Neoplasms↗

PubMed1990

Sarcoidosis in Yugoslavia.

Although the first case of sarcoidosis in Yugoslavia was described immediately before the World War II, it was not before the 50's and the 60's that the disease started to be more frequently discovered. According to the evidence of pulmologic centres throughout the country, the incidence of sarcoidosis in 1988 was found to be the lowest in Macedonia (0.4 per 100,000 inhabitants). Since 1970, Yugoslavia has had its own Kveim-Siltzbach antigen, used in over 3000 patients. International World and European conferences on sarcoidosis aroused greater interest for sarcoidosis in Yugoslavia, particularly the Third European Conference on Sarcoidosis held in Novi Sad in 1980. Consequently, the Yugoslav Association on Sarcoidosis as an integral part of the WASOG has been organized this year.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

[Mortality in gastric cancer in Yugoslavia 1969-1983].

From 1969 to 1983, 3658 death cases of stomach cancer in Yugoslavia were recorded, the standardized mortality rate being 15.9 per 100,000. In the same period, the highest mortality rates were noticed in Slovenia--23.5% and in Croatia and Macedonia--21.5% in each republic. Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina followed with 21.5 deaths from stomach cancer per 100,000 in each republic. Montenegro has the lowest mortality rate--5.7%. During 15 years, there was a marked decrease of the stomach cancer mortality for both sexes in Yugoslavia; the equation of the linear trend were y = 24.9-0.23x for males and y = 12.3-0.6x for females. According to the WHO statistical data on the stomach cancer mortality, Yugoslavia occupies the middle place among the countries with high and low risks of cancer.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mortality in carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Yugoslavia].

The article dealing with thyroid gland cancer in Yugoslavia is based on data on the mortality rate over the period from 1971 to 1985. During the observed period the average proportion of thyroid gland cancer was 0.51% (males-0.30%; females-0.81%) in the whole group of malignant tumours in Yugoslavia. In the same period the standardized mortality rate was 0.52 per 100,000 persons, with the following risk difference between sexes: males-0.40; females-0.63 per 100,000 persons. The mortality trend of thyroid gland cancer in Yugoslavia showed a slight increase from 1971 to 1985 (9y = 0.480 + 0.006x).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Assessment of the effects of cost-sharing in Yugoslavia.

In this study the existing forms and amounts of cost-sharing in the Republic of Serbia (Yugoslavia) are analyzed. The level of cost-sharing is ranked according to the number and type of services involved and the relative importance with which they are viewed within the overall health-care policy of Yugoslavia. The "self-managing community of interest of health care," administratively coincident with the district, is taken as the unit of observation. Until recently, these bodies independently decided whether to introduce cost-sharing as well as the rate of cost-sharing. Therefore, the implementation of this health-policy measure differed among the districts generating inequality within health-care system. The results of simple and multiple correlation indicate that poorer districts with fewer health resources and lower levels of consumption introduced cost-sharing for more services, attempting to provide additional resources for financing of the health-care system. The multiple linear-regression model shows that population/physician ratio and the use of primary care physicians' services are the significant indicators of health-care expenditures in this territory. Considering the current economic situation in Yugoslavia and the level of development of the health-care system, the results of this cross-sectional study imply that cost-containment in health care can be achieved in a more equitable and effective manner by controlling supply of health services than by limiting demands.

Cost Allocation↗

PubMed1986

The prevalence of periodontal disease in children and young adults in Yugoslavia.

The prevalence of periodontal disease and its severity in children and young adults in the republics of the SFR Yugoslavia have been assessed. Although some regional differences have been reported the overall pattern is that periodontal disease in Yugoslavia has similar characteristics to the disease found elsewhere in Europe. Data for tooth loss indicate the importance of periodontal disease as a reason for extractions in those who are over 35 years of age. A nationwide survey of the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was begun in 1984 and the results are awaited with interest. The recent improvement in dentist:population ratio in Yugoslavia will favour prevention and allow disease to be combatted at an earlier age. The steps required are outlined.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Prevention of human rabies in Yugoslavia].

Over the last two decades human rabies prophylaxis in Yugoslavia was successful and not a single case of the disease was registered. However, every year there are registered cases of those injured by animals in which rabies was confirmed by laboratory evidence. In FR Yugoslavia every year 800-1000 people are vaccinated against rabies, which makes 10% of all the people injured by animals in Yugoslavia. During 1997 there were 10.266 patients injured by animals; 816 (7.95%) were vaccinated whereas 52 were injured by rabid animals or rabies-suspected animals; 662 were injured by unfamiliar or wild animals, while 102 patients were injured by familiar or preventively vaccinated animals. In other patients vaccination was avoided by a 10-day veterinarian surveillance of the dog. New literature estimated application of reduced so-called "Zagreb-2-1-1" vaccination protocol in severe injuries as unsuccessful in children because of active immune response suppression by simultaneously given immunoglobulin, and that is why this protocol must be abandoned.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

A fossil hominid frontal from Velika Pećina (Croatia) and a consideration of Upper Pleistocene hominids from Yugoslavia.

Fossil hominid remains dating to the Upper Pleistocene in Yugoslavia are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of a hominid frontal from the site of Velika Pećina in northwestern Croatia. This specimen represents the earliest absolutely-dated hominid associated with the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. Also the hominid material from the site of Veternica is discussed, and data are presented on the new remains from Sandalja. It is concluded that no Neandertal remains, except for Krapina, have been found in Yugoslavia.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1989

Population growth and economic development: a case study of Yugoslavia.

The paper deals with the relationship between the population growth and economic development in Yugoslavia and its republics, covering the period after the 2nd World War. Yugoslavia is a developing country with a specific demographic and economic structure which makes it unique in Europe. Its territory is comprised of both relatively developed regions where demographic transition is over, and underdeveloped regions with high natural increase of population where the demographic transition is only just beginning. Correlation and regression methods were used to quantify this relationship. The economic development and structural changes are discussed, relating to human factor. An adequate population policy through family planning is stressed as important in obtaining an increased return to scale with a more positive role of demographic factor.

Birth Rate↗

PubMed1981

Economic reform and migration in Yugoslavia: an econometric model.

"The paper analyzes the impact of external migration on the Yugoslav economy during the period 1965-1972. This is done by means of a macroeconometric model embodying various dualistic characteristics of Yugoslavia. A counterfactual simulation of the model is used to judge the impact of external migration. According to the indicators utilized, the simulation suggests that migration has been beneficial to Yugoslavia."

Demography↗

PubMed1995

Prepacked kits for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in former Yugoslavia.

SETTING: After the outbreak of armed conflicts in the republics of former Yugoslavia in 1991, basic health services deteriorated and shortages of essential medical supplies occurred. The World Health Organization (WHO) has taken part in emergency relief operations in the area since July 1992. There was a growing concern that poor living conditions and shortages of supplies could rapidly increase the tuberculosis problem. OBJECTIVE: To provide essential supplies, WHO included support of tuberculosis control in the emergency relief operations for former Yugoslavia. DESIGN: WHO designed a prepacked kit with anti-tuberculosis drugs and material for sputum smear examination for use in combination with policy recommendations and a treatment protocol. RESULTS: The initial distribution of the kits was completed by the end of April 1994. Medium term support from May 1994 onwards has included continued distribution of kits, together with assistance in adjusting tuberculosis control programmes according to the recommended WHO policy package. CONCLUSION: Support of tuberculosis control with essential supplies and strictly focusing on priority measures is proposed as the most adequate strategy, when dealing with a developed country dependent on humanitarian assistance.

Antitubercular Agents↗

PubMed2002

The relationship between post-traumatic symptoms and life in exile in a clinical group of refugees from the former Yugoslavia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between life situation factors and post-traumatic symptoms among refugees from the former Yugoslavia. METHOD: Twenty-six refugees from the former Yugoslavia were examined by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire during psychiatric treatment, and 3 years later. At follow-up they also answered a questionnaire regarding their life situations. RESULT: A higher post-traumatic symptom level at follow-up was associated with a pattern of negative living conditions such as open unemployment, social isolation, and a high dependence on social welfare. Gender differences were found regarding the factors most related to symptom severity. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a main problem in this patient group may be how to break vicious circles of high symptom levels and a poor life situation which suggests a need for integrated rehabilitation efforts.

Female↗

PubMed2002

HIV-1 subtypes in Yugoslavia.

To gain insight concerning the genetic diversity of HIV-1 viruses associated with the HIV-1 epidemic in Yugoslavia, 45 specimens from HIV-1-infected individuals were classified into subtypes by sequence-based phylogenetic analysis of the polymerase (pol) region of the viral genome. Forty-one of 45 specimens (91.2%) were identified as pol subtype B, 2 of 45 as subtype C (4.4%), 1 of 45 as CRF01_AE (2.2%), and 1 as CRF02_AG recombinant (2.2%). Nucleotide divergence among subtype B sequences was 4.8%. Results of this study show that among HIV-1-infected patients in Yugoslavia subtype B predominates (91.5%), whereas non-B subtypes are present at a low percentage, mostly related to travel abroad.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Health care delivery and the status of the population's health in the current crises in former Yugoslavia using EPI-design methodology.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess accessibility to health care services and the needs of the population and demands on the health service in the areas most affected by the current crisis in the former Yugoslavia. The delivery of health care services and problems in its realization and the status of the population's health in the crisis period (from the second half of 1993 to the end of the first half of 1994) were also investigated together with the results of Government measures concerning health care priorities during the period of UN Sanctions in Yugoslavia. METHOD: By the end of the 1980s, as an alternative to traditional data collection, a new method called 'Rapid Health Assessment' appeared. The EPI design (Experienced Programme on Immunization), the most frequently applied method, was used in this study. It is a cluster sample selection, where a household is the basic unit. RESULTS: This study showed that the first effects of the crisis appeared in the field of health care delivery and then in the population's health status. The difficulties were not the same for all categories of the population, and children and urgent cases had less problems than others. The expected difficulties in vaccination coverage were not shown in this survey. The morbidity structure for children and adults changed in comparison with routine statistical data but the size of the chosen sample, as well as the short period of the crisis investigated, mean that definite conclusions cannot be drawn on this issue. This study provides recent data on health care delivery, morbidity structure, and vaccination coverage, as well as giving a more complex and precise estimate of the real situation.

Adolescent↗