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PubMed1995

Electrophysiological evidence for category-specific word processing in the normal human brain.

Selective impairment of word categories such as nouns vs verbs has suggested a regional representation of lexical knowledge in the human brain. The time course of visual word processing was investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) in normal adults. Subjects performed a word classification task with five categories of stimuli: animal names, verbs, numerals, proper names and meaningless consonant strings. A bilateral posterior ERP difference between words and consonants first appeared 192 ms following stimulus onset, probably reflecting the construction of the visual word form. Category-specific ERP differences began to appear around 260 ms. There was a left temporo-parietal negativity for animal names and verbs, a left inferior temporal negativity for proper names, and a bilateral positivity for numerals. These results provide a bilateral parietal positivity evidence for timing and coarse localization of category-specific word processing in the normal human brain.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hemispheric lateralization at different levels of human auditory word processing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to disentangle the functional anatomy of brain systems involved in the processing of auditory word form and meaning. Three monitoring tasks on auditory stimuli, aimed at phonetic, lexical and semantic processing, were used. We found no lateralization of temporal lobe activations, when word processing was contrasted versus the complex phonetic task. Bilateral middle temporal activations (Brodmann Area [BA] 21) were attributed to processing of word-form. Areas specific to semantic processing were restricted to the left hemisphere: the posterior middle frontal (BA 9) and posterior parietal (BA 7/40) cortex, as well as an inferior temporal area (BA 20/21). Our data suggest, that left hemispheric dominance for auditory word comprehension occurred at the level of semantic processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Word-processing training and retraining: effects of adult age, experience, and interface.

Novice (Experiment 1) and experienced (Experiment 2) young, middle-aged, and older adults learned a new word-processing application in keystrokes, menus, or menus-plus-icons interface conditions. Novices showed strong age differences in the time to complete the 3-day tutorial and in declarative and procedural tests of word-processing knowledge. Menus and menus-plus-icons were superior to keystrokes condition. though interface did not interact with age. Experienced users showed age-related slowing in learning rate but minimal age differences in test performance when retrained on a new word-processing program. Age and computer experience accounted for much of the variance in both learning time and word-processing performance; interface type, speed of processing, and spatial generation ability made additional contributions. Experience interacted with age to predict performance. Implications for training and retraining older workers are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A dual-task investigation of automaticity in visual word processing.

An analysis of activation models of visual word processing suggests that frequency-sensitive forms of lexical processing should proceed normally while unattended. This hypothesis was tested by having participants perform a speeded pitch discrimination task followed by lexical decisions or word naming. As the stimulus onset asynchrony between the tasks was reduced, lexical-decision and naming latencies increased dramatically. Word-frequency effects were additive with the increase, indicating that frequency-sensitive processing was subject to postponement while attention was devoted to the other task. Either (a) the same neural hardware shares responsibility for lexical processing and central stages of choice reaction time task processing and cannot perform both computations simultaneously, or (b) lexical processing is blocked in order to optimize performance on the pitch discrimination task. Either way, word processing is not as automatic as activation models suggest.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Word processing in healthcare: guidelines and a case study.

If controlling or reducing healthcare costs while providing the best possible patient service is your goal, then word processing is an auxiliary method of information processing that you should examine closely. Handled properly, word processing delivers significant benefits: improved collections, increased cash flow, reduced paperwork, increased donations to healthcare foundations, improved productivity and improved document quality. Mishandled, word processing does little more than provide you with expensive typewriters.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1987

Acquisition of word-processing skills by younger, middle-age, and older adults.

A total of 45 subjects in three age groups (younger, middle-age, older) were trained to word process on microcomputers using a commercial training program and an experimenter-designed test and evaluation protocol. Although all of the subjects mastered the essentials of word processing, the older group took significantly longer to complete the training and evaluation procedures and performed more poorly on a review examination that tested their knowledge of the word-processing commands and techniques. The results are discussed in relation to requirements for trainer assistance, motivational factors, and the need to design training protocols that meet the needs of older adults.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Automated Braille production from word-processed documents.

This paper describes a novel method for automatically generating Braille documents from word-processed (Microsoft Word) documents. In particular it details how, by using the Word Object Model, the translation system can map the layout information (format) in the print document into an appropriate Braille equivalent.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

A multifunction network of computers in a large pathology department. Integration of word processing, data base management, and general purpose computing using network principles.

We report the strategies for design and implementation of a system of compatible mini- and microcomputers intended to improve efficiency of data handling and research in several clinical and academic divisions of a large university hospital department of Pathology. A dedicated, preprogrammed, multiuser, word processing computer and small standalone word processing stations connected to a general purpose minicomputer, using standard network protocols for communication, permit virtually error-free movement of data between computers doing functionally distinct tasks of word processing, data base management, and general scientific computing. User programming is minimized and is done in a simple, well-known, high-level language. We show that cost, thruput, speed, document volume, document size, revision cycle frequency, data base size, and frequency of use are important design criteria and that existing staff can be trained easily to operate the systems.

Computers↗
PubMed1985

Are lateral differences in word processing modulated by concreteness, imageability, both, or neither?

The classic right visual field superiority for the processing of words by normal subjects is reduced when stimuli are highly imageable or concrete. Given that these two properties are correlated, imageability and concreteness are tested separately in order to decide which is determinant. In the first experiment, 16 normal subjects were given a lexical decision task with laterally visually displayed stimuli (360 items); in the second experiment, 16 other normal subjects were given a task of reading laterally displayed words (180 items). In both experiments, the usual right field advantage emerged. It was affected neither by imageability nor by concreteness in the first experiment. In the second, the right field superiority appeared, except for highly imageable words, in males only, but this interaction was not clearly interpretable. Analysis of errors suggests that the right hemisphere could be sensitive to the imageability of words and the left to their concreteness.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evidence for developmental changes in the visual word processing network beyond adolescence.

Late development of specialization in the visual word processing system was examined using event-related potentials (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of word and symbol string processing in groups of adolescents (15.2-17.3 years) and adults (19.8-30.8 years). We focused our ERP analyses on fast visual activity: the occipital P1 (82-131 ms) modulated by physical stimulus characteristics and the occipito-temporal N1 (132-256 ms) reflecting visual tuning for print. Our fMRI analyses concentrated on basal occipito-temporal activations in the visual word form area VWFA. For words, the correlation of fMRI activation in the VWFA and N1 amplitude confirmed the close relationship of the electrophysiological N1 with metabolic activity in the VWFA. Further support for this relationship came from low resolution electromagnetic tomography localizing the word-specific N1 near the VWFA. Both imaging techniques revealed age-independent differences between words and symbol strings. Late development, however, was preferentially detected with ERPs. Decreases of P1 and N1 amplitudes with age were not limited to words and suggested further maturation of the underlying brain microstructure and function. Following adolescence, decreasing N1 latencies specific to words point to continued specialization of the visual word processing system. Both N1 and fMRI measures correlated with reading performance. In summary, the similarity of global fMRI activation patterns between groups suggests a fully established distribution of the reading network in adolescence, while the decreasing N1 latencies for words indicate protracted fine tuning after adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The right hemisphere's role in action word processing: a double case study.

Word category-specific deficits were investigated in two patients with right hemispheric lesions and hemiparesis affecting the left extremities. Words from three categories, action verbs, nouns with strong visual associations and nouns with both strong action and visual associations, were presented in a lexical decision task. The stimulus categories were matched for word length and frequency. In both patients, responses to action verbs were slowed and/or less accurate compared with the other word categories. This was so even in the patient with a minor lesion in the motor, pre-motor and somatosensory areas of the hand representation. Control subjects did not show category differences when tested with the same stimulus materials. These results are consistent with the view that the cortical areas involved in the programming of body movements, even those in the hemisphere not dominant for language, specifically contribute to and are necessary for the processing of words referring to such movements. As an alternative, the affected brain areas may be of particular relevance for the processing of words from the lexical category of verbs. The results are consistent with a brain model of language based on Hebb's cell assembly concept.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Word-processing equipment for hospital pharmacy applications.

Experiences with the use of three word-processing machines in the pharmacy departments of two hospitals are reported. Criteria used in evaluating the equipment included keyboard design, disc storage capabilities, software practicality, print format options and security of data. The applications studied were label production, storage of personnel information, scheduling of repetitive tasks, and composition of drug bulletins and procedure manuals. The Wang System 10A was the least useful. The Lanier LTE-2S required the shortest training period for routine tasks. The IBM System 6/442 was the most flexible. Word-processing equipment may be used effectively in the hospital pharmacy department to handle time-consuming, repetitive tasks.

Computers↗
PubMed1979

Standardization of electrocardiographic interpretive statements: a menu for word processing.

Standardization of electrocardiographic interpretive statements is a goal of various coding systems, but word processing has not usually been considered. A simple, easily memorized system for clinical electrocardiography has been developed and used for approximately 60 000 interpretations. It takes the form of a "menu", in which boxes stand for various interpretive statements; the boxes are identified by mnemonics and marked by the interpreter when appropriate. The results provide better standardization, significant decreases in the numbers of descriptive statements and words per interpretation and considerable saving in typing time. Acceptance by the interpreters has been good. Features of the system allow for word processing as part of a polarcardiography computing system.

Computers↗
PubMed1994

Variation in upper limb posture and movement during word processing with and without mouse use.

Work postures and movements of the upper limb were analysed for 12 'mouse' operators and 12 'non-mouse' computer operators employed in word-processing work. Measurements were carried out during correction of a given text. 'Mouse' operators spent 64% of the working time with the operative wrist deviating more than 15 degrees towards the ulnar side, while 'non-mouse' operators spent 96% of the time with the corresponding wrist in neutral position towards radial deviation. The rotation in the shoulder was at all times in neutral position towards inward rotation for 'non-mouse' operators, while 'mouse' operators worked 81% of the time with the shoulder rotated outward more than 30 degrees. 'Mouse' operators corrected a longer text during the given time. Our observations showed long periods of strenuous working postures for 'mouse' operators compared to 'non-mouse' operators. We believe that further investigations need to be carried out on the effects of word-processing techniques and to develop ergonomic work station designs for the 'mouse' and other non-keyboard input devices.

Arm↗
PubMed1990

Evidence for a parallel input serial analysis model of word processing.

A parallel input serial analysis (PISA) model of word processing was developed and tested. The goal was to expand on the "critical processing duration" hypothesis of Johnson, Allen, and Strand (1989) so that both single-word and multiple-word presentation, letter detection data could be explained. In Experiments 1-3 four different word frequency categories on a single-presentation, letter detection task were used. These three experiments indicated that there was a curvilinear relationship between word frequency and letter detection reaction time (RT). That is, letter detection RTs for medium-high-frequency words were significantly longer than letter detection RTs for very-high-, low-, and very-low-frequency words. These results support the PISA model rather than the Healy, Oliver, and McNamara (1987) version of the unitization model. In Experiments 4-5 multiple-presentation (i.e., two words), letter detection tasks were used. The PISA model could also account for the results from these two experiments, but the unitization model could not.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Word processing: its impact on children's writing.

This paper describes the effects of using a word processor on the creative writing of a small group of children with learning disabilities. Each week the children wrote one word-processed and one handwritten story. The effects of using a word processor seemed to be influenced by the particular problems the children were experiencing with written work. For the children with severe spelling problems, using a word processor seemed to result in fewer spelling errors, while for the children who were still predominantly concerned with the mechanics of the writing task, using a word processor seemed to result in longer stories.

Child↗
PubMed2001

False recognition depends on depth of prior word processing: a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study.

Brain activity was measured with a whole head magnetoencephalograph (MEG) during the test phases of word recognition experiments. Healthy young subjects had to discriminate between previously presented and new words. During prior study phases two different levels of word processing were provided according to two different kinds of instructions (shallow and deep encoding). Event-related fields (ERFs) associated with falsely recognized words (false alarms) were found to depend on the depth of processing during the prior study phase. False alarms elicited higher brain activity (as reflected by dipole strength) in case of prior deep encoding as compared to shallow encoding between 300 and 500 ms after stimulus onset at temporal brain areas. Between 500 and 700 ms we found evidence for differences in the involvement of neural structures related to both conditions of false alarms. Furthermore, the number of false alarms was found to depend on depth of processing. Shallow encoding led to a higher number of false alarms than deep encoding. All data are discussed as strong support for the ideas that a certain level of word processing is performed by a distinct set of neural systems and that the same neural systems which encode information are reactivated during the retrieval.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Recovery of semantic word processing in transcortical sensory aphasia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with normal subjects, we demonstrated regions related to conceptual-semantic word processing around the first frontal sulcus (BA 9) and the posterior parietal lobe (BA 7/40) in agreement with several previous reports. We had the possibility, using the same fMRI paradigm, to study two consecutive cases with left middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction (RC and HP) and lesions affecting either solely the pre-frontal (HP) or both the pre-frontal and posterior parietal part of the network activated in normal subjects (RC). Both patients showed transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) on acute assessment. This contradicts classical disconnection accounts of the syndrome stating intact conceptual representations in TSA. Their recovery of language comprehension was associated with activation of a left hemispheric network. Mainly activations of left perilesional pre-frontal regions (RC), left Wernicke's area (RC and HP) or the left posterior middle and inferior temporal cortex (HP) were demonstrated in the TSA patients. The latter findings suggest that in our cases of TSA functional take-over has occurred in regions with related functions ('redundancy recovery') rather than in previously unrelated areas ('vicarious functioning'). Our data support distributed models of conceptual-semantic word processing and multiple left hemispheric representations of closely related functions.

Adult↗