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PubMed1991

The contributors to Volume 1 (1891) of The Journal of Comparative Neurology: C.L. Herrick, C.H. Turner, H.R. Pemberton, B.G. Wilder, F.W. Langdon, C.J. Herrick, C. von Kupffer, O.S. Strong, T.B. Stowell.

The concept of a truly innovative "neurology" journal germinated in the mind of Clarence Luther Herrick and then flowered, in March of 1891, as the first issue of Volume 1 of The Journal of Comparative Neurology. The other parts appeared in June, October, and December of the same year. The contributors to this volume, and their affiliations, were: C.L. Herrick (University of Cincinnati-UC), C.H. Turner (UC), B.G. Wilder (Cornell), F.W. Langdon (Miami Medical College, Cincinnati), C.J. Herrick (UC) H.R. Pemberton (Princeton), T.B. Stowell (State Normal and Training School, Potsdam), and O.S. Strong of Columbia who translated a large paper by Carl von Kupffer, the famous German anatomist. In 1890-91 some of these scientists (e.g., Wilder, Langdon, Stowell, von Kupffer) were well known and had already made notable contributions in their chosen fields. However, several were students (e.g., Turner, C.J. Herrick, Pemberton, Strong), most of whom would make important contributions in later years. The founder of JCN, Clarence Luther Herrick, by 1891 had an excellent reputation in geology and natural science and had already established a successful scientific journal. Based on the totality of their contributions, the authors of the papers that made up Volume 1 of JCN were a unique group. Textbooks that went through several editions came from Wilder, C.J. Herrick, and Strong; the latter is currently going into its 9th edition. Structures were named in recognition of the original descriptions by von Kupffer and C.L. Herrick, a type of insect behavior recognized Turner's discovery, and after their deaths several had university buildings, one a scientific club, and one a research award, named in their honor. There were also interesting and important links between these nine men. Turner and C.J. Herrick were students of C.L. Herrick, and Stowell served as a member of the Association of American Anatomists nomenclature committee which was chaired by Wilder. C.J. Herrick became a student (for his Ph.D.) of Strong's, and Strong became an associate editor of JCN under C.J. Herrick. Of the nine, two practiced medicine; Langdon in an academic setting, Pemberton in private practice. The lives of the nine scientists whose work made up Volume 1 of JCN are reviewed. Many of these individuals were notable, not only for their work in the first volume of JCN, but for their larger and enduring contributions in the biomedical sciences.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2004

Attitudes toward wilderness study areas: a survey of six southeastern Utah counties.

Southeastern Utah is a region of world-renowned red-rock sandstone formations, large tracts of federal public land, rural communities centered on agriculture and extractive industries, and is often at the epicenter of environmental protection efforts in the western United States. Environmental groups have proposed formal Wilderness designations for much of the region's public land--proposals that have been actively fought by rural community leaders who do not want large areas "locked-up" from traditional livelihood and recreational uses. The debate over wilderness designation in the region has been characterized in the media as one that is particularly contentious and polarizing. A survey of southeastern Utah residents was conducted in order to better understand this conflict. The survey focused on attitudes toward wilderness designation and management. We found that residents of southeastern Utah have negative attitudes towards the designation and management of Wilderness Study Areas. We propose that these attitudes should be carefully considered and engaged in future policy and management decisions. We suggest that negative opinions expressed by residents of southeastern Utah are not directed primarily at the concept of environmental protection but rather at the strong perception that these programs and initiatives have been carried out in a heavy-handed manner and dominated by outside influences that have overwhelmed local "voices."

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Arctic wilderness policy in the United States and Finland.

The United States and Finland have passed laws to classify and manage Arctic wilderness areas, but their national policies are based on different nature ideologies. Finns tend to perceive wilderness as a human-centered idea, while Americans are inclined to see the same land from a nature-based point of view. Rural residents in the Arctic, and especially indigenous peoples, use motorized vehicles for hunting and gathering in wilderness areas. Attempts of southern-based environmental groups to restrict motor use by imposing a nature-based ideology on rural residents in northern Alaska will result in high levels of political conflict. Alaska land managers need to respect the minority rights of rural residents and a study of wilderness policies in Finnish Lapland is instructive toward this end.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Transboundary Issues in Wilderness Management.

/ The management of lands adjacent to federally designated wilderness is increasingly seen to have the potential to negatively impact wilderness resources and management objectives. This paper first examines the numerous and often conflicting laws and regulations that influence how managers can mitigate transboundary issues. We then examine the various types of transboundary issues, and describe how they impact wilderness resources. Transboundary issues include recreational use, extractive activities, fire management, exotic species introductions, aircraft overflights and military operations, water diversion, urban encroachment, and transported pollutants. KEY WORDS: Adjacent lands; Buffer zones; Ecosystem management; Wilderness; Zones of influence

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Wilderness emergency medical services systems.

Wilderness emergency medical services (WEMS) systems have components and requirements that are different from those of traditional EMS systems. These differences arise from the extremes of time and environmental exposure and the limited available resources that help define the wilderness environment. Although disaster systems combine wilderness and traditional EMS system components, most WEMS systems have had to develop independently on a localized level and in response to the need of a particular community or location. In many cases, volunteers provide much of the personnel and resources available to law enforcement agencies that are ultimately tasked with the responsibility of oversight for effecting rescues in a wilderness setting.

Disasters↗
PubMed2006

Integrated wilderness therapy for avoidant personality disorder.

Patients with avoidant personality disorder (APD) are difficult to treat because of their extensive social, emotional and cognitive avoidance. Few studies have addressed outcome in APD and there is no therapy of choice. In this quasi-experimental study, we integrated wilderness therapy in an inpatient group program (integrated wilderness therapy, IWT), in order to enhance outcome for patients with APD. We compared outcome of the IWT group with a similar inpatient group program without wilderness therapy: the comparison condition (CC). The subjects in the IWT-group (n=16) with DSM-IV APD were treated in 11.5 weeks. The subjects in the comparison group (n=37) were selected from our database with the same diagnostic criteria. The participants were examined at pre-care, admission, discharge and 1-year follow-up. Both groups were significantly improved, but there were no significant differences between them. There were some non-significant trends for males to gain most benefit from IWT, whereas females were more improved by the CC. The results indicate that by integrating wilderness therapy we were able to treat more impaired patients at shorter time with almost the same outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of aircraft overflights on wilderness recreationists.

On-site and telephone opinion surveys were conducted to assess outdoor recreationists' annoyance with aircraft overflights of wilderness areas. Although current technology for measuring noise exposure does not yet permit accurate and cost-effective estimates of dosage-response relationships in outdoor recreational settings, it was nonetheless possible to construct a rough relationship between estimated aircraft noise exposure and annoyance from the data of the on-site study. In the second survey, telephone interviews were administered to another sample of outdoor recreationists within 2 weeks of their return from visits to 12 wilderness areas. The prevalence of aircraft noise-induced annoyance (in any degree) among respondents in all wilderness areas ranged from 5% to 32%. The prevalence of a consequential degree of aircraft noise-induced annoyance among respondents was less than 5% in all wilderness areas combined. Noise-induced annoyance proved to be a more direct measure of the effects of aircraft overflights on recreationists than more global measures such as visit satisfaction or intent to revisit.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1996

Advanced life support in the wilderness: 5-year experience of the Reach and Treat team.

Increasing recreation in the wilderness raises questions about the value of providing advanced life support (ALS) care in the backcountry. Since 1989 the Reach and Treat (RAT) team has provided ALS care in the wilderness area that surrounds Mount Hood, Oregon. The purpose of our study was to describe patient demographics, terrain, injuries, and ALS treatment in the wilderness environment. We utilized a retrospective, observational analysis of RAT missions from 1989 to 1994 based on data sheets maintained by the RAT team, prehospital run sheets, and hospital charts. Of the 114 missions analyzed, the median time of missions was 3 h, 9 min (range, 44 min-76 h) and 20% required technical climbing skills. Of the 74 patients treated, 55 (90%) received ALS care: 8 were intubated, 52 had intravenous lines established, and 24 received morphine for pain. Twenty patients were entered into the local trauma system. The most common injuries were extremity injuries (58), head injuries (18), and hypothermia (15). Mean time from arrival to return to staging area was 95 min. No injuries to RAT team members occurred during these missions, although two minor injuries occurred during training and testing. We found that wilderness-trained paramedics safely provided ALS care in a backcountry environment. This care may improve patient comfort during long extrication and speeds the arrival of potentially life-saving interventions such as advanced airway management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Patterns of streamwater acidity in Lye Brook Wilderness, Vermont, USA.

Under the United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, a class I designation safeguards wilderness areas from the negative effects of new sources of air pollution. We monitored streamwater chemistry in the class I Lye Brook Wilderness in southwestern Vermont from May 1994 through August 1995. Stream samples were collected biweekly at nine sampling locations throughout the wilderness and were analyzed for major cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Eight of nine sites sampled had mean annual acid neutralizing capacity values below zero. During the study period, decreases in streamwater acid neutralizing capacity values were caused primarily by SO(4)(2-). At some sites, however, NO(3) (-) and naturally occurring, weak organic acids were seasonally important. During high discharge, the low pH and high concentrations of inorganic monomeric Al were at levels that are toxic to acid-sensitive aquatic species. Watershed mass balances were calculated to determine annual gains or losses for measured ions. These budgets indicate that S inputs and outputs were nearly equal, there was a net loss of base cations, and a net gain in N. How long these watersheds can continue to assimilate additional N inputs is unknown.

Carbon↗
PubMed1991

Wilderness emergency medical services: the experiences at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.

This article describes the National Park Service wilderness emergency medical services (EMS) system, as implemented at Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. EMS records on all 434 patients in the period from August 1, 1986, to July 31, 1987, were reviewed. Most patients had minor problems. Overall, 77% of patients contacting the EMS system were released at the scene, and base hospital contact was made in only 28% of cases. However, there were three deaths, 44 (10%) patients who received advanced life support, and 292 (67%) patients who received basic life support. Seven patients who received advanced life support were released without transport. Decisions regarding scope of practice in a low-volume, wilderness EMS system are complicated by long transport times and problems with skills maintenance. Differences between the times and problems with skills maintenance. Differences between the patients treated by a wilderness system and those seen in most urban systems may make it appropriate to release a greater portion of patients without ambulance transport. In a system with long response and transport times, use of personnel with different training than in the urban setting becomes necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Pediatric wilderness recreational deaths in western Washington State.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the causes and characteristics of pediatric recreational wilderness deaths. METHODS: All deaths of children between 12 months and 20 years of age involving a wilderness recreational activity in 5 western Washington counties between 1987 and 1996 were identified by medical examiners' logs. Univariate analysis was used to examine variables such as age, gender, activity, mechanism of injury, adult presence, blood alcohol level, safety equipment, and mode of evacuation. RESULTS: Of 40 cases meeting inclusion criteria, 90% involved male subjects and 83% of victims were 13 to 19 years old. Hiking (33%), swimming (20%), and river rafting (10%) were the most common activities. Death was most often by drowning (55%) or closed head injury (26%). No victim was alone. All children younger than 10 years of age were accompanied by an adult, in contrast to only 26% of individuals 10 years or older. Only 4 victims had drugs or alcohol in their system. No victim wore a personal flotation device or helmet, and only 5% had foul weather gear. Although nearly one third of victims were transported by airlift, more than half of the victims were dead at the scene. CONCLUSION: Males and teenagers were the 2 major risk groups for recreational wilderness deaths. Traditional activities such as hiking and swimming were the most common causes of death. Children younger than 10 years died despite the presence of an adult, whereas teenagers were usually with groups of peers. The majority of victims were not prepared for adverse events with basic safety equipment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Injury and illness in a wilderness multisport endurance event.

Our objective was to identify patterns of injury and illness and develop possible preventive strategies for competitors in a wilderness multisport endurance event. Using a prospective observational cohort study during the Winter Classic, a 2-day wilderness multisport endurance event held in rugged alpine terrain in Victoria, Australia, we sought details of demographics, pre-, intra-, and postrace injuries and illness. We employed chi-squared tests and iterative multivariate analysis. There were 33 respondents with 26 (78%) aged between 26 and 35 years. Seven (21%) developed symptoms consistent with exposure, and three (9%) developed asthma during the race. Competitors in the marathon pairs class had a 50% risk of exposure vs 12% for the individual class (p = 0.031). The number of times raced, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and increasing age were the other independent significant predictors of exposure. Twenty-three (70%) of the competitors were injured at some time during the race. The day 1 run was more commonly associated with injuries than other stages (39% injured, p = 0.0037). Increased amounts of training, previous musculoskeletal problems, and increased number of previous race attempts were all significant independent predictors of injury. Most competitors (67%) suffered musculoskeletal problems after the race, these typically being of the thighs and calves, but only two competitors required time off from their normal activities. We concluded that injuries in wilderness multisport endurance events are common, particularly in the run stages. These injuries are usually minor, but their frequency makes major injury an ever-present risk. Both injury and illness are more frequent in those who compete while carrying injuries. These events are high risk for the development of injuries and illness and require a high level of competitor preparation and readily available medical support.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Development of a wilderness and travel medicine rotation in an academic setting.

Wilderness medicine courses tend to teach similar topics, but they can differ with respect to philosophy, teaching methods, and financing. Our not-for-profit course is academically based and is similar to other programs with regard to presentations of didactic material and outdoor training, but there are also important differences in teaching methodology that are not used by other programs to date. Innovative methods, such as problem-based learning and use of the human patient simulator, which are unique to our program, have been successful in our courses and may be of use to wilderness medical education. We hope that sharing information about our program will help make wilderness medicine training more standardized and uniform.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of hygiene on gastrointestinal illness among wilderness backpackers.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal illness is a common risk for wilderness travelers, even among those who consistently disinfect their water, yet the importance of hygiene has not been characterized. METHODS: In a prospective surveillance study, 334 Appalachian Trail backpackers who hiked for at least 7 days in 1997 were interviewed. Upon completion of their hike, a written questionnaire was sent, addressing illnesses, water disinfection methods, and hygiene. Hygiene inquiries focused on the frequency of behaviors concerning handwashing and cleaning cookware. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty backpackers compiled 38,940 wilderness exposure days, with 56% (n=56) experiencing diarrhea. Diarrhea correlated with the frequency of drinking untreated surface water (relative risk (RR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-4.7%, p5.03). Of those who consistently treated water, 45% suffered from diarrhea, whereas 69% of those who inconsistently treated water experienced diarrhea (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53-0.81%, p5.001). Hikers practicing "good hygiene", defined as handwashing post-defecation and cleaning cookware routinely, were less likely to ever experience diarrhea (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22-0.99, p5.04). Routine handwashing with soap and water after both urination and defecation reduced the risk of diarrhea (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.31%, p,.001). In a case-control analysis of those experiencing diarrhea, decreased diarrhea was associated with routine consumption of multivitamins (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.66%, p,.001), routine cleaning of utensils with warm, soapy water (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.74%, p,.01), and post-defecation handwashing with soap and water (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.93%, p5.006). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of hygiene, specifically handwashing and cleaning of cookware, should be recognized as a significant contributor to wilderness gastrointestinal illness. Hikers should routinely disinfect water and avoid untreated surface water.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ocular toxoplasmosis: a 50th anniversary tribute to the contributions of Helenor Campbell Wilder Foerster.

In 1952, Helenor Campbell Wilder (later Helenor Campbell Wilder Foerster) confirmed the growing suspicion that Toxoplasma gondii was a cause of uveitis in otherwise healthy adults by identifying the presence of parasites in eyes enucleated because of severe intraocular inflammation. Ocular toxoplasmosis was previously known to occur only in newborns with congenital T gondii infection. Her report ushered in a new era in the field of uveitis in which toxoplasmosis, rather than tuberculosis, was confirmed to be the most common cause of retinochoroiditis. Fifty years later, issues raised in her landmark publication are still being investigated.

Anniversaries and Special Events↗
PubMed2004

Wilderness survival.

This introduction to wilderness survival discusses basic survival rules and psychology, essential equipment, and selected survival skills, including shelter building, fire starting, water acquisition, signaling, and navigation. Among the litany of other survival topics in the literature, these skills are the most important. An effort has been made to concentrate on the skills and lessons that are simple, straightforward, and most easily used in a wilderness emergency. The purpose is to help readers to learn how to survive with the least amount of pain and the greatest possibility of success.

Fires↗
PubMed2005

Pain management in the wilderness and operational setting.

The wilderness and operational setting places unique constraints on one's ability to treat pain. In this article we will discuss methods for treating pain both in the wilderness and operational setting. By operational we mean the austere deployed military setting, to include both noncombat and combat operations. The authors combined experience with wartime trauma pain management consists of experience in Operation "Just Cause" (Panama Invasion), Operation "Desert Storm" (Persian Gulf War), Operation "Uphold Democracy" (Haiti liberation), Operation "Enduring Freedom" (Afghanistan conflict), and Operation "Iraqi Freedom" (Iraq conflict).

Analgesia↗
PubMed2004

Chicago wilderness: a new force in urban conservation.

In 1996, a coalition of diverse and determined organizations launched a new initiative in the Chicago region. Our vision? Chicago Wilderness: a thriving mosaic of natural areas, connected by greenways and wildlife corridors, embedded in the nation's third largest metropolis. In this vision, the region's human communities reclaim a cultural tradition of protecting and restoring the globally outstanding natural communities that enrich our lives. Today, more than 170 organizations join forces to transform this vision into reality. A regional biodiversity recovery plan, the result of 3 years of assessment and planning by scientists, land managers, educators, and policy strategists, sets priorities and determines the lines of action for the coalition. This regional agenda stems from our vision and recovery goals for each ecological community; it encourages targeted research initiatives that focus on characterizing our native biological diversity and on analyzing elements critical to its recovery. Ultimately, though, the long-term survival of our natural wealth rests on the support from the public. Although the challenges to conservation educators and communicators are many, Chicago Wilderness allows us to work together in understanding our audiences, channeling our resources, and creating novel approaches to engage the widest public in our conservation efforts.

Chicago↗