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White paper on pharmacy student professionalism. American Pharmaceutical Association Academy of Students of Pharmacy--American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Council of Deans Task Force on Professionalism.

This white paper is the culmination of a 5-year commitment by the Task Force on Professionalism to study and promote pharmacy student professionalism. The Task Force is a collaborative effort involving the American Pharmaceutical Association Academy of Students of Pharmacy (APhA-ASP) and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Council of Deans (AACP-COD). The two primary goals of the Task Force are to raise awareness and to lead action on the issue of pharmacy student professionalism. The intended audience for this white paper is the entire pharmacy profession, as each member plays an important role in the development of professionalism, whether he or she is a pharmacy educator, student, practitioner, association executive, or state board member. The discussion and recommendations presented herein are intended to assist these parties as they participate in the development of professional attitudes and behaviors among future pharmacists.

Professional Practice↗
PubMed1999

Emergency Medical Services for Children managed care white paper series: introduction.

The introduction of managed care principles profoundly changed the delivery of health care in the United States. The Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC) program has developed a series of white papers to address the impact of managed care on the emergency care system for children and adolescents. We hope that these white papers will focus discussions among managed care organizations, health care providers, and the public in ways that will lead to improvement in the system of care available to children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Hospital pricing White Paper. Metropolitan Chicago Healthcare Council.

Hospital pricing issues are continuing to receive additional scrutiny on the part of government and the media. The hospital field has done a poor job of communicating their side of this issue. The Metropolitan Chicago Healthcare Council recently developed a Hospital Pricing White Paper to explain the complexities of hospital pricing. The purpose of the paper is to provide hospital staff with basic information that they could pass on to their key publics. A summary of the White Paper follows.

Economics, Hospital↗
PubMed1999

Detection of a whitening fluorescent agent as an indicator of white paper biodegradation: a new approach to study the kinetics of cellulose hydrolysis by mixed cultures.

A simple and reliable method to estimate paper degradation by cellulolytic bacteria is described. This method is based on the detection in the culture medium of a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) added to white paper during the manufacturing process. Preliminary results using a Cellulomonas strain cultivated in a liquid medium containing FWA, indicated that this component is non-toxic at a final concentration of 0.01 per thousand (v/v) and that the fluorescence decreased during the first 24 h of incubation, i.e. during exponential growth phase, suggesting an adsorption of FWA on bacterial cells. Consequently, all experiments have been performed with a liquid medium containing FWA (0.01 per thousand v/v) and white paper (8.0 g/l) as cellulose source. Mixed bacterial populations (MBPs) were prepared from refuse samples. These MBPs, which mainly consisted of bacterial rod cells, were used as inocula and fluorescence was measured after 30 h of incubation, i.e. after the stationary phase was reached. A high linear correlation (R(2) = 0.979) was found between the percentages of degraded paper (%P) deduced from residual paper weight and the fluorescence values (F) of the culture medium and the following equation between %P and F was determined: %P = 8.71x10(-5) x F. An additional experiment using a second MBP showed a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.990) between the measured %P and the %P estimated from F values, confirming the reproducibility of the method. Moreover, the time course of paper degradation by five replicate flasks from a unique MBP was set up. Paper degradation was detected 3 to 5 days after the beginning of the stationary phase. The average degradation rate between the 7th and the 11th day of incubation was 11.4% per day. Rates of paper degradation ranged from 31 to 60% after 10 days and from 77 to 88% after 3 weeks of incubation, depending on the inoculum.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2003

The Commission White Paper on a Strategy for a Future EU Chemicals Policy: the view of European companies of American parentage.

After years of good service, EU legislation on chemicals is currently subject to a major review. This process, initiated by the Council of Ministers at Chester in April 1998, will soon lead to new legislative proposals. In the meantime, a review of the Commission's White Paper on "Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy," published in February 2001, clearly shows that the regulatory landscape in this area will be significantly reshaped and that a new burden will be imposed on industry to demonstrate that the production and use of chemicals indeed conform to high standards of protection of human health and the environment. In the view of industry, on both sides of the Atlantic, while the objectives of the proposed reform can be supported, the measures proposed in the White Paper to implement these objectives are not properly balanced and will lead to substantial societal and economic drawbacks, unless significant adjustments are made. The purpose of this article is to present the pitfalls and difficulties of the reform as they are perceived by the EU Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce in Brussels, an organization that regroups about 150 European companies of American parentage, belonging to a broad range of European business sectors, including producers and users of chemicals. In view of the transatlantic and cross-business character of its membership, the EU Committee offers a different perspective on the debate.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1992

White Paper. I. Crossing the health divide.

The health of the nation white paper has been widely welcomed as a clear shift in NHS policy towards health promotion. But will the strategy achieve real improvements in the health of those who need help most? What part can health visitors and school nurses expect to play?

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1989

NHS resource allocation after the 1989 white paper: a critique of the research for the RAWP review.

The Government White Paper on the NHS, 'Working for Patients', abolished the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) formula in name, but retained its general approach of ensuring geographical equity through funding health authorities by a system of weighted capitation. As a result, the longstanding debate about the appropriate need indicators to include in RAWP, which was tackled afresh in the recent NHS Management Board review of RAWP, will remain highly pertinent to NHS resource allocation in the 1990s. Yet, the research carried out for the RAWP review, on which its principal proposals for change to the need indicators were based, is inadequate for developing a new method of resource allocation after RAWP. The paper describes the research and sets out its main conceptual limitations and problems of method.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2006

Policy change and policy dilemmas: interpreting the community services White Paper in England.

CONTEXT: In 2006 the Labour Government in England published its long awaited White Paper on 'community services', following on from the 2005 Green Paper on the future of social care. The policy envisages an unprecedented shift of activity and resources from acute care to community settings, along with a much stronger focus on preventive care. Several mechanisms are to be put in place to ensure this shift takes place, most notably practice-based commissioning, payments-by-results and enhanced partnership working. PURPOSE: This article outlines the intended changes and assesses the extent to which they add up to a coherent strategy. CONCLUSION: It is argued that although there is widespread support for the overall vision, the strategy contains some difficult policy tensions that are common to other welfare systems. These will have to be addressed if the vision is to be a reality.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[From veterinarian to quality control manager. What is going to change in the Netherlands for the practicing large animal veterinarian under influence of the White Paper about food safety?].

The work of farm animal practitioners will change in the coming years as a result of the White Paper on food safety. Both government and the Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands are working on an accreditation system for veterinarians. The veterinary practitioner is a link in the chain to achieve safe products. Where in the past emphasis was on the individual animal, it will now be on the herd or flock. The veterinarian will officially determine the health status of the farm, which in turn will play a role in the inspection procedures at the slaughterhouse. This form of farm management will become compulsory for all stockholders within the framework of the Veterinary Network for Supervision. In turn, these developments will affect the veterinary medicine curriculum. New subjects such as quality management will become increasingly important.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2001

White paper on the future chemical policy in the European Union - implications for animal welfare.

In February 2001, the European Commission adopted a White Paper on a Future Chemicals Policy. Its main goals are better to protect humans and the environment from unknown risks through chemicals. The "promotion of non-animal testing" is one of the key elements of the proposed strategy. For low production volume chemicals, only data from in vitro-tests are to be requested. The data requirements for higher production volume chemicals shall be designed flexibly so that only data relevant for the respective chemical are collected. From the point of view of animal welfare concrete risk management strategies should be defined before test batteries are put together. The test catalogues currently listed in the Classification Directive 67/548/EEC are to be replaced by tiered testing strategies, and concrete waiving strategies are to be designed so that the requested tailor-made testing can actually be realized. Another essential prerequisite for the promotion of non-animal testing is that the funding of alternative method research is formulated as a key action with a concrete budget in the Sixth Research Framework Program of the European Union.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2005

The Healthgrid White Paper.

Over the last four years, a community of researchers working on Grid and High Performance Computing technologies started discussing the barriers and opportunities that grid technologies must face and exploit for the development of health-related applications. This interest lead to the first Healthgrid conference, held in Lyon, France, on January 16th-17th, 2003, with the focus of creating increased awareness about the possibilities and advantages linked to the deployment of grid technologies in health, ultimately targeting the creation of a European/international grid infrastructure for health. The topics of this conference converged with the position of the eHealth division of the European Commission, whose mandate from the Lisbon Meeting was "To develop an intelligent environment that enables ubiquitous management of citizens' health status, and to assist health professionals in coping with some major challenges, risk management and the integration into clinical practice of advances in health knowledge." In this context "Health" involves not only clinical procedures but covers the whole range of information from molecular level (genetic and proteomic information) over cells and tissues, to the individual and finally the population level (social healthcare). Grid technology offers the opportunity to create a common working backbone for all different members of this large "health family" and will hopefully lead to an increased awareness and interoperability among disciplines. The first HealthGrid conference led to the creation of the Healthgrid association, a non-profit research association legally incorporated in France but formed from the broad community of European researchers and institutions sharing expertise in health grids. After the second Healthgrid conference, held in Clermont-Ferrand on January 29th-30th, 2004, the need for a "white paper" on the current status and prospective of health grids was raised. Over fifty experts from different areas of grid technologies, eHealth applications and the medical world were invited to contribute to the preparation of this document.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2003

The European Commission's White Paper "strategy for a future chemicals policy": a review.

The European Commission has proposed a radical new policy for the regulation of chemicals in the EU in the form of a White Paper. The current system has separate regulatory provisions for "new" chemicals (introduced to the market since September 18, 1981) and "existing" chemicals (on the market before September 18,1981). The proposed future policy will have a single unified regulatory system for all chemicals, which should result in better regulation of chemicals in the EU single market. It will be better because risk assessments will be targeted at the chemicals of greatest concern. Furthermore, the system will be streamlined, making regulatory decisions faster, and thus reducing the so-called burden of the past (the large number of chemicals that have never been assessed for their risks to human health or the environment). The new system incorporates the precautionary principle, which will be applied where there is an early indication of unacceptable risk or where there is undue delay in the regulatory process. Moreover, the new strategy is intended to promote greater transparency for all stakeholders.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed2002

In whose best interests? An examination of the ethics of the UK government's White Paper 'Reforming the Mental Health Act'.

Throughout history the legislative framework for the treatment of the mentally ill has reflected societies' attitudes, and the proposals in the United Kingdom (UK) government's White Paper 'Reforming the Mental Health Act' are no exception. This paper examines some of the fundamental ethical issues invoked by the proposals, particularly the concept of paternalism and use of risk assessment in determining 'best interests'. The issue of power in relation to the mentally ill is also examined, alongside the impact of the change on nurses' ethical decision making. As will be seen, the proposed Act will require high standards of professional practice to ensure the ethical application of care, particularly in the case of individuals diagnosed as suffering from 'dangerous and severe personality disorders'. Nurses need to ensure that the interventions used are of the highest quality and are indeed in the patient's 'best interests'. If they are not, then again nurses need to be very clear as to why the profession should be involved at all. Nurses should demonstrate vigilance and high professional standards to ensure they are maintaining rigorous safeguards to promote the public interest. Although relating specifically to UK legislation the underlying ethical dilemmas posed by this proposed legislation are relevant to all mental health nurses, as they challenge fundamental assumptions regarding the role of nurses in supporting mental health legislation that may have a social, rather than therapeutic, function.

Ethics, Clinical↗
PubMed1989

The role of region in the post White-Paper NHS.

RHAs, the eternal favourite for abolition, have suffered only some thinning out of their activities and powers in "Working for Patients". Or is this a misleading image? Warren Kinston sees the white paper ushering in an era of stronger and more controlling RHAs and argues for some long overdue management changes.

Regional Health Planning↗
PubMed1989

NAPPH (National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals) white paper on inpatient treatment for alcoholism.

Earlier this year, the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals brought together a group of experts to reexamine and update the Association's position on inpatient treatment for alcoholism. The resulting white paper explains the role of the hospital in the treatment of various types and degrees of alcoholism, including alcoholism that coexists with significant psychiatric illnesses. This document is meant as a springboard to discussions both within the hospital and with those outside the hospital (insurers, employers, case managers, benefits managers) whose decisions have a critical impact on treatment options.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2002

[White Paper of the European Commission--strategy for a new chemicals policy].

The current chemicals regulation in EU member states provides sufficient data on new chemicals but almost non on the about 100.000 existing chemicals. To improve the situation the EU Commission is proposing in a recent White Paper on a strategy for a new chemicals policy to regulate new and existing chemicals in an identical manner. The Commission suggests to use in vitro methods to provide information rapidly on hazardous health and environmental properties of chemicals. The fundamental change in the testing strategy, which is relying on in vitro methods rather than testing in animals is most welcome not only from the scientific and economic point of view but also from the perspective of the protection of animals and the environment. A calculation of the costs and time for testing all existing chemicals in animal experiments shows that this task is unrealistic from a financial point of view and also when taking into account the time required for testing. Taking into account the proposals provided by several working groups of the EU validation centre ECVAM during the past year, a concept is described that will allow the testing of all existing chemicals applying only non-animal tests. Since the new testing strategy will be cheaper and faster it will be more acceptable from both the financial and the ethical point of view. Finally, establishing the proposed new in vitro tests in the safety testing strategy will require considerable funding of validation studies by the EU Commission.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1990

The government white paper: threat or challenge?

Medical education should provide the essential basis for a comprehensive health service. Postgraduate training in the hospital sphere is manifestly inadequate, particularly in the early postqualification years. It is in sharp contrast to the excellence of vocational training for general practice. The White Paper presents a challenge and a window of opportunity to redress this imbalance and calls for a clear educational strategy crossing all administrative, professional and political boundaries.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1990

Comments from the National Medical Association concerning a "white paper" on proposed strategies for fulfilling primary care manpower needs.

The NMA has long had the participation and leadership of those in primary care and those who practice in medically underserved or medically indigent areas. We, therefore, are most supportive of the objectives and goals you have presented. We have offered suggestions to strengthen your "White Paper" by emphasizing the vital nature of the current and future role of primary health care delivery; by stating the effects that changes in physician reimbursement, especially utilizing the Relative Value Scale, will have on the expectations of those who are considering primary care; by continuing to offer scholarship assistance and loan forgiveness to those who are willing to commit during their medical education to a primary care career through the NHSC; by making a priority the effort to recruit older physicians by providing well-defined incentives, including liability relief; and by emphasizing the continued recruitment, retention, and encouragement of minority and disadvantaged applicants entering health care careers and stressing the support they must receive to be able to afford to practice in underserved areas. The National Medical Association welcomes the chance to undertake any collaborative efforts which may aid our mutual missions. Therefore, we are willing to assist you in helping to solve the critical need for primary care physicians in medically underserved communities.

Black or African American↗