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PubMed1986

Embryo research.

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Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2005

The development of a quality assurance programme for HPV testing within the UK NHS cervical screening LBC/HPV studies.

BACKGROUND: Cervical screening by cytology is effective but lacks sensitivity. The addition of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing can improve the effectiveness of screening for early identification of cervical disease. As HPV testing represents a new technology, a quality assurance (QA) programme is necessary to confirm the accuracy of results. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to design a QA programme for use in the English NHS liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV Cervical Screening Pilot Study. Our second objective was to use the knowledge gained to design a QA scheme for future general use within cervical screening and HPV testing programmes. STUDY DESIGN: Four elements were included in the programme: provision of clinical samples of known HPV status for internal quality control (IQC), distribution of panels of unknown samples for external quality assessment (EQA), resubmission of aliquots of samples to the reference laboratory for repeat testing and resubmission to reference laboratory to check for transport problems. Three sites took part in the QA programme using PreservCyt medium and ThinPrep for LBC preparation. The assay used at test sites was HPV hybrid capture (hc2) while the quality assurance laboratory used a combination of hc2, in-house HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and HPV linear array (LA). RESULTS: Four negative, three low positive and 11 positive pools were used in 22 distributions of IQC samples. Seven distributions each of five 'unknown' EQA samples were sent out. Over 400 samples underwent repeat testing. Discrepant samples were further assessed to provide an explanation. Inter- and intra-laboratory consistency was high as measured by Kappa statistics and 96% agreement for EQA samples was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the QA programme was established and reproducibility in different lab settings was reassuring. These results support the use of hc2 as a potential screening test in diagnostic laboratories. The need for robust quality assurance of HPV testing in cervical screening programmes was confirmed and lessons learnt from this pilot study will be incorporated in future schemes.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2006

Pharmacokinetics of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (AS1404), a novel vascular disrupting agent, in phase I clinical trial.

PURPOSE: 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) (AS1404) is a novel antitumour agent that selectively disrupts tumour vasculature and induces cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of DMXAA in cancer patients enrolled in a phase I clinical trial. METHODS: DMXAA was administered as a 20-min i.v. infusion every 3 weeks and doses were escalated in cohorts of patients according to a predefined schema. PK samples were taken over the first 24 h of at least the first cycle. RESULTS: DMXAA was administered to 63 patients at 19 dose levels from 6 to 4,900 mg m(-2), and 3,700 mg m(-2) was established as the maximum tolerated dose. The PK observed over the dose range showed a non-linear fall in clearance from 16.1 to 1.42 l h(-1) m(-2) and resultant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from 1.29 to 12,400 microM h. In contrast, the increase in peak plasma concentrations from 2.17 to 1,910 microM approximated linearity. DMXAA was highly protein-bound to albumin (>99%) until saturation occurred at higher doses, leading to a rapid increase in the free fraction (up to 20%) and greater concentrations of DMXAA bound to non-albumin proteins. However, the main determinant of the non-linearity of the PK appeared to be sequential saturation of elimination mechanisms, which include hydroxylation, glucuronidation and perhaps hepatic transport proteins. This resulted in an exaggerated non-linear increase in free DMXAA plasma concentrations and AUC compared to total drug. CONCLUSIONS: The PK of DMXAA are well-defined, with a consistent degree of non-linearity across a very large dose range.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

ISAG/IUIS-VIC Comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee report, 2005.

Nomenclature for Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes and alleles in species other than humans and mice has historically been overseen either informally by groups generating sequences, or by formal nomenclature committees set up by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). The suggestion for a Comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee was made at the ISAG meeting held in Göttingen, Germany (2002), and the committee met for the first time at the Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK in January 2003. To publicize its activity and extend its scope, the committee organized a workshop at the International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Quebec (2004) where it was decided to affiliate with the Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The goals of the committee are to establish a common framework and guidelines for MHC nomenclature in any species; to demonstrate this in the form of a database that will ensure that in the future, researchers can easily access a source of validated MHC sequences for any species; to facilitate discussion on this area between existing groups and nomenclature committees. A further meeting of the committee was held in September 2005 in Glasgow, UK. This was attended by most of the existing committee members with some additional invited participants (Table 1). The aims of this meeting were to facilitate the inclusion of new species onto the database, to discuss extension, improvement and funding of the database, and to address a number of nomenclature issues raised at the previous workshop.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2003

5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a novel antivascular agent: phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study.

The purpose of this phase I, dose-escalation study was to determine the toxicity, maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic end points of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone acetic acid (DMXAA). In all, 46 patients received a total of 247 infusions of DMXAA over 15 dose levels ranging from 6 to 4900 mg x m(-2). The maximum tolerated dose was established at 3700 mg x m(-2); dose-limiting toxicities in the form of urinary incontinence, visual disturbance, and anxiety were observed at the highest dose level (4900 mg x m(-2)). The pharmacokinetics of DMXAA were dose dependent. Peak concentrations and area under the curve level increased from 4.8 microM and 3.2 microM h, respectively, at 6 mg x m(-2) to 1290 microM and 7600 microM h at 3700 mg x m(-2), while clearance declined from 7.4 to 1.7 l h(-1) x m(-2) over the same dose range. The terminal half-life was 8.1+/-4.3 h. More than 99% of the drug was protein bound at doses up to 320 mg x m(-2); at higher doses the percent free drug increased to a maximum of 6.9% at 4900 mg x m(-2). Dose-dependent increases in the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were observed at dose levels of 650 mg x m(-2) and above. There was one unconfirmed partial response at 1300 mg x m(-2). In conclusion, DMXAA is a novel vascular targeting agent and is well tolerated.

Adolescent↗