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PubMed2000

Validity of self-reporting and video-recording for measuring knee-straining work postures.

The aim of this study was to compare the validity of self-reporting and video-recording as methods of measuring the duration of knee-straining work postures, and to evaluate the reproducibility of timings of the video-recordings. Thirty-nine carpenters and 33 floorlayers were video-filmed while working, and were asked immediately afterwards to quantify the amount of time spent in knee-straining positions. The investigators recorded the periods of knee-straining work with a stopwatch during playback of the video-film, and the agreement between the two investigators' measurements was studied in 13 pairs of measurements. The video-observation method was very effective for timing knee-strain work. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation coefficient (0.88) indicated a good association between observed and self-reported knee-straining work. Estimation of self-reported knee-straining work collected by interview showed good correlation with measurements of video-recordings. When judging the repeatability of timings of knee-straining work from the video-recordings, a high level of agreement was seen between the two observers in the 13 dual measurements of time spent in knee-straining work positions.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Health education using video recordings in a general practice waiting area: an evaluation.

With the help of a patient participation group video recordings of health education programmes were shown in the waiting area of a health centre. Patients could choose whether or not to watch the programmes. When asked their views on the project 87% of patients responded positively, and 50% of those who watched could recall specific facts presented. There were no significant differences in age or sex between those who chose and chose not to watch the video recordings. However, unemployed patients and those in social classes 4 and 5 were significantly less likely to watch the programmes than those in social classes 1-3. The use of video recordings in both primary care and hospital waiting areas and the possible role of the health education authority as a central resource is discussed. This system could provide a useful means of extending health education, although further research is needed on the response of different social classes to different forms of health education.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Use of standardized video recordings to assess cleft surgery outcome.

A standardized method of video recording the nasolabial area of children with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and nose is described. Assessment of the outcome of cleft surgery using a scoring system to evaluate the video recordings was carried out by a panel of plastic surgeons familiar with the problems of secondary deformity in cleft patients. Nine features of the appearance and function of the lip and 10 features of the nose appearance were assessed in 30 children, aged 11 to 14 years, from two cleft treatment centers. The reliability of the panel ranged from poor to excellent for different features of the lip and nose. With further development this technique may be useful in quality assurance, intercenter comparisons, or outcome studies of surgical techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Preparation of individual electrically and video-recorded eggs for integrated temporal and electron microscopic analyses.

A method for correlative studies of early fertilization events that integrates techniques of intracellular electrophysiological recording, video-imaging, and electron microscopy is described. A key feature of the method is its ability to identify the fertilizing sperm and to record the moment of egg excitation. Since the site of gamete interaction is recognizable throughout all stages of preparation, difficulties associated with locating the site of fertilization and determining specimen orientation for microtomy and electron microscopic examination are eliminated. Virtually all samples yield useful information. An example of interacting gametes fixed 4 sec after initiation of the fertilization potential and serial sectioned is described. The method is applicable to systems other than fertilizing eggs when functional, temporal, and spatial relationships of individual cells need to be correlated with changes in ultrastructure.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anoxic-epileptic seizures: home video recordings of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes.

Occasionally, but more often than has been reported, true epileptic seizures are triggered by non-epileptic syncopes. This combination of syncope and epileptic seizure has been called an anoxic-epileptic seizure. A few examples of such anoxic-epileptic seizures, including the induction of status epilepticus, have been reported in books and medical journals, but no video-recordings have been published. We show here home video recordings of the first three known examples of the transition from the triggering syncope and anoxic seizure, to the subsequent epileptic seizure. In the first two children, a neurally-mediated syncope, probably mediated by prolonged expiratory apnoea (so-called breath-holding spells), induces a long, clonic epileptic seizure with some features of myoclonic absence. In the third example, a compulsive Valsalva in an older autistic child provokes a vibratory tonic epileptic seizure. In addition, we show two further video clips of the most usual type of epileptic seizure induced by syncopes in very young children. In one, the video recording begins after the end of the triggering syncope and shows a rhythmic clonic seizure that includes repetitive vocalizations. The final recoding is of a spontaneous epileptic seizure with features of myoclonic absence: this child had both epilepsy and identical episodes induced by syncopes, that is, anoxic- epileptic seizures. Not only paediatricians and paediatric neurologists, but also adult neurologists and epileptologists in general, should be aware of the important clinical scenario of true epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. This phenomenon is not considered in any international classification. (Published with videosequences)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Use of time-lapse video recording for the direct measurement of behavior in the mentally retarded.

In the present paper behaviors of mentally retarded children were recorded simultaneously on real time and time lapse video recorders. Behaviors on the time lapse recordings occurred at a rate 12 times faster than they actually occurred in real time resulting in a 92 percent reduction in the time required to score the tapes. Reliability estimates from real time and time lapse records were high and correspondence between the two methods was good. The limitations of time lapse and the feasibilities for the extended use of time lapse video recorders in behavioral and ecobehavioral assessment of mentally retarded individuals are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1985

Strobofibrescopic colour video recording of vocal fold vibration.

We have designed a system for strobofibrescopic video recordings of vocal fold vibration. The system consists of a flexible laryngofibrescope, an improved model of laryngo-stroboscope, a colour video-camera, a video printer, a video-recorder and a TV monitor set. This system is applicable to most patients, even to children and those patients whose larynx is difficult to visualize.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Dementia and aggressiveness: video recorded morning care from different care units.

The aim of the study was to illuminate, from video recorded sequences, interactions between individuals with dementia and aggressive behaviour and caregivers who reported problems dealing with such behaviour and caregivers who did not. Nine caregivers and two residents participated. The video recordings were later transcribed into text and analysed by using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach, inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy. The main themes that emerged from the analysis were 'Being involved and developing a positive interaction' and 'Being confined to routines and remaining in negative interaction'. The findings indicated the interactions either to be in a positive or negative spiral. Caregivers who had reported problems dealing with behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia focused on accomplishing the task, where the main focus was on 'the goal itself'. In other sequences with caregivers who had been satisfied with their capability the focus was placed on 'how' the caregivers could reach their goal. Power was central in the material, in different ways, either as a possible way to handle the situation or as a possible way of defending oneself. Parts of Kitwood's framework and Fromm's theory about power 'over' and power 'to', has been used in the comprehensive understanding. Our conclusion is that caregivers should use power 'to' when they have to help persons with dementia and aggressive behaviour, as a part of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia, for being able to give help in the best possible way. They should also act in a sensitive and reflective manner, with the individual in focus.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

In vitro antibody-mediated macrophage activity on Breinlia macropi microfilariae. II. Ultrastructural and video recording investigations of adherence and cytotoxicity.

Video recordings and ultrastructural studies have revealed an intricate sequence of antibody-mediated cytotoxic activity by quokka peritoneal macrophages on Breinlia macropi microfilariae. The microfilaricidal activity was effected by at least two types of macrophages measuring 17 micrometers and 8 micrometers in diameter respectively. The relatively large macrophages were responsible for trapping, encircling and eventually degrading the highly motile microfilariae in a sequence of events in which the participating macrophages may interdigitate. The smaller macrophages adhered transiently to a number of adjacent sites on the surface of a trapped microfilaria, resulting in a series of damaged spots. This activity of the small macrophages was interpreted as responsible for killing the microfilaria. Thus the microfilaricidal activity was interpreted to be accomplished by the co-operative functions of the relatively large and small macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Continuous video recording: a new clinical research tool for studying the nursing care of cancer patients.

AIM: The aim of this study was to clarify issues around the patient-nurse interaction during pulsed dose rate (PDR) brachytherapy. BACKGROUND: Cancer diagnosis, response and survival rates as well as the side-effects of radiation therapy are well described in international literature. However, no scientific data apparently exist on the reactions and behaviour of cancer patients during stressful irradiation treatments nor on nursing performance in these situations. The study involved gynaecological and anal cancer patients. Treatment needles (10-20 cm) were implanted in the tumours of these patients during the PDR brachytherapy. This treatment was administered during a 15-30-minute period each hour, for a duration of 30-60 hours. Patients were partially isolated and immobilized, and typically positioned on the back or side. In preparation for the therapy, patients had to fast and drink sparingly. Observation and nursing care could only be performed during pauses in the treatment. METHOD: This paper is based on 142 hours of continuous video recording of patients undergoing PDR brachytherapy. Data were collected on five patients and 17 nurses. FINDINGS: The study shows that nurses were with patients for approximately 1/4 of the available time. The majority (75%) of any communication with patients centred around physical care. Although patients were in a stressful situation, they did not anticipate receiving any psychological support from nursing staff. Patients showed individual patterns of behaviour and coping. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous video recording, as a research tool can document accurately interaction and behaviour between cancer patients and nursing staff. Video recording discloses examples of both eminent and negligent nursing care and as such can be a useful tool for instruction and for future research. The credibility, validity and limitations of using video recording are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Measurement of the particle size of tablet excipients with the aid of video recording.

A method for the determination of the particle size of tablet excipients involving the use of video recording of microscopic examination of powders is described. The projected area of the particle profile was measured, and Feret's diameter and shape factors such as the elongation ratio, bulkiness factor, and surface factor were determined. Starch particles are the smallest among the excipients studied. Primojel particles are two to three times larger (Feret's diameter) and have up to 10 times greater projected areas. Particles of Avicel PH101, Ac-Di-Sol, Nymcel ZSD16 and ZSB10, and Polyplasdone XL have an irregular surface which results in large differences between the projected area diameter and the perimeter diameter. Particles of Nymcel and Ac-Di-Sol have the highest elongation ratio because of their cylindrical shape. Both Primojel and Starch have a low surface factor because of their spherical shape. This video-recording method is a simple system to observe, record, store, and retrieve particle-size data from microscopic examination of tablet excipients.

Excipients↗
PubMed2004

Dementia and aggressiveness: stimulated recall interviews with caregivers after video-recorded interactions.

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, nine caregivers and two residents with dementia showing aggressive behaviour, were video recorded. Caregivers who reported problems when dealing with such behaviour and caregivers, who did not, were included in this study. AIM: The aim of the present study was to obtain insight into the reasoning of the caregivers who had reported problems when dealing with older people with dementia and aggressiveness and those who did not relative to their respective video-recorded interactions with these residents. A further aim was to gain insight by discussing their reasoning in relation to each other. METHOD: Stimulated recall interviews were carried out with all the caregivers who had been video taped in the previous study. The text was analysed by thematic content analysis. FINDINGS: Two main ways of thinking and discussing the care situations emerged. The caregivers, who had reported problems in handling behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia earlier, reasoned that they were more focused on their duties, this included being responsible for the resident receiving her weekly shower. For this group of caregivers, the well being of the resident was in focus, but their attention was concentrated on the resident's well being and comfort after their shower. However, these caregivers seemed therefore unwittingly to prevent a positive interaction with the resident. The other caregivers were able to reflect spontaneously and appeared to be self-critical. This caregiver group seemed to sustain a positive interaction with the resident both during and after the shower. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: In this study a nurturing and supportive climate and competence seemed to be the conditions necessary to facilitate reflections and promote creativity in the caregivers such that they are able to develop possible ways of handling difficult situations like aggressiveness in residents with dementia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Assessing with CARE: an innovative method of testing the approach and casualty assessment components of basic life support, using video recording.

The resuscitation community is now moving towards a set of basic life support guidelines but different countries and training centres have their own individual methods of instruction. It would be advantageous if a universal testing method were available to facilitate intercentre comparison. This could lead to an international course which had been rigorously assessed and evaluated. Taking this as a starting point, the Cardiff Assessment of Response and Evaluation (CARE) was developed. CARE is an innovative assessment technique using video recording for testing the preliminary steps of life support as outlined by the European Resuscitation Council. The assessment was validated by testing 67 members of the public who had been trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 27 shortly after instruction and 40 between 6 and 18 months after instruction. All subjects were tested without prior warning and video recorded for independent scoring by two researchers and a paramedic training officer. Scores were compared using the k correlation which showed a high level of agreement between observers. Video recording and marking using the CARE schedule and guidelines is a reliable method for assessing the preliminary steps in life support.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed1999

An evaluation of trauma team leader performance by video recording.

BACKGROUND: Team leader performance in trauma resuscitations was assessed using a published system to assess the utility of video recording and to assess the current early management of trauma at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. METHODS: Fifty trauma resuscitations were videotaped over a 21-month period. Each videotape was assessed by an emergency physician. RESULTS: The team leader was an emergency physician in 37 resuscitations, an emergency medicine registrar in eight and a surgical registrar in five. The mean team leader score was 68.5 +/- 8.5 (range 45-78, maximum possible 80). The average time to primary survey completion was 3.3 +/- 1.7 min, second phase of resuscitation up to and including chest radiography 14.1 +/- 8.5 min, to completion of secondary survey and announcement of overall plan 30 +/- 20 min. Frequent deficiencies are documented. Problems with videotaping included forgetting/lack of motivation to start taping, forgetting to turn on the sound, difficulty discerning size of cannulae and logistical problems with only one cubicle outfitted for videotaping. Advantages included lack of intrusion into the resuscitation, increased vigilance by team members aware of the possibility of taping, ability to assess tapes at leisure and team leader performance in after-hours resuscitations. CONCLUSIONS: Video recording is a useful method for the assessment of team member performance in trauma resuscitations. Deficiencies in resuscitation technique can be identified and fed back to those involved. Medico-legal issues have not proved to be a barrier to the use of the technique. A reliable method of starting taping is needed.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

The application of prolonged electroencephalographic monitoring and video recording to the diagnosis of epilepsy.

This study reports the results of the application of intensive monitoring by electroencephalogram (EEG) combined with video recording as an aid to the diagnosis of epilepsy. A group of 622 patients was investigated; useful information was obtained in approximately 50% of these patients. Ten per cent of the patients with suspected epilepsy had a seizure during the period of recording. The combined analysis of the video recording and the EEG provided valuable evidence in the analysis of complex partial seizures and highlights the high prevalence of pseudoseizures in patients who are suspected of having epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Automated extraction of temporal motor activity signals from video recordings of neonatal seizures based on adaptive block matching.

This paper presents an automated procedure developed to extract quantitative information from video recordings of neonatal seizures in the form of motor activity signals. This procedure relies on optical flow computation to select anatomical sites located on the infants' body parts. Motor activity signals are extracted by tracking selected anatomical sites during the seizure using adaptive block matching. A block of pixels is tracked throughout a sequence of frames by searching for the most similar block of pixels in subsequent frames; this search is facilitated by employing various update strategies to account for the changing appearance of the block. The proposed procedure is used to extract temporal motor activity signals from video recordings of neonatal seizures and other events not associated with seizures.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation and training of medication adherence counselors in a clinical trial: application of a skill inventory to video-recorded interviews.

This report describes the procedures and feasibility of an integrated evaluation and training program developed at the Baylor-Methodist Lipid Research Clinic to examine the skills used by the clinic's professional staff in conducting medication adherence interviews with participants in the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT). The specific aims of this project were to evaluate the staff's interviewing and counseling skills, identify strengths and deficits, provide needed training, and reexamine the staff's skills following this training. Each of five staff members conducted two 20-minute video-recorded interviews with two different simulated CPPT participants. A trained observer reviewed the video-recordings and evaluated, by an Inventory for Interviewing and Counseling Skills for Adherence to Medication (IICS-AM), each staff member's possession and frequency of use of 17 interviewing skills and 10 counseling skills. The 27 skills on the IICS-AM were selected from the literature as being most frequently recommended for effective interviewing and counseling for medication adherence. These rating data were used to design a 14-week training program to acquire and promote the use of these skills. Following training, the video-recorded interview procedure was repeated and the data analyzed to identify the effects of the training program. The integrated evaluation and training procedures used in this project offer a practical, objective method for examining, improving, and monitoring the skills of the adherence counseling staff in a clinic participating in a multicenter clinical trial.

Audiovisual Aids↗