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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[A case of cerevical canal stenosis accompanied with congenital cervical fusion and extracranial occlusion of vertebral artery--a clinical and embryological study (author's transl)].

A case of cervical canal stenosis accompanied by congenital cervical fusion and extracerebral occlusive disease of the verebral artery was reported. A 39-year-old male was admitted to our hospital on June 5, 1976, because of his shoulder strain, motor weakness and numbness of his left hand, and gait disturbance for a couple of months. Neurological examination disclosed spastic paraparesis with positive pyramidal signs in the four extremities which was greater on the left side, and the superficial and deep sensations were diminished below C-4 dermatomes bilaterally. Spinal tap revealed crystal clear fluid under an initial pressure equivalent to 120 mm of water with a protein content of 20 mg/dl. Plain X-P and laminogram of the cervical spine showed congenital fusion of C 2-3, cervical canal stenosis and cervical spondylosis. Posterior spurring of C 3-4 was demonstrated only on the laminogram. Myelogram showed incomplete myelographic block at the site of C 3-4-5. The left retrograde brachial angiogram disclosed occlusion of the vertebral artery at the site of C3-4. where the proxymal vertebral artery anastomosed with the well developed muscular branch of the vertebral artery, taking a tortuous course at the leve of the transverse foramen of the atlas, and were opacified the distal vertebral artery and basilar artery. Each collateral flow extending from the deep cervical artery and ascending cervical artery anastomosed with the proxymal and distal portion of the occluded vertebral artery. In spite of conservative treatment for two weeks, the cord compression syndromes rather deteriorated. Posterior decompression, that is, C 2-7 laminectomy and C 3-4 partial facetectomy were performed for relieving the symptoms. The postoperative course was uneventfull and there was progressive improvement of the sensory, motor and gait disturbance. The relationship betwen the cervical canal stenosis and cervical spondylosis and their clinco-radiological problem were discussed. The close embryological relationship was very suggestive of the pathogenesis between the cervical bony lesion and congenital cervical fusion and the occlusive vascular lesion of the vertebral artery.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Evolutionary transformations of the esophageal lining in vertebrates and man in light of the theory of phylembryogenesis].

The comparative histological study of processes of embryonic histogenesis of the oesophagus epithelium in certain representatives of vertebrate animals (fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammals) and man was carried out in the light of the academician A. N. Severtsov's theory of phylembryogenesis. It has been shown that phylogenetic changes of the oesophagus lining of vertebrates related with its evolutionary transformations are regularly reflected in the stages or steps of the oesophagus epithelium histogenesis in ontogenesis of each systematic unit of the subtype. The first step is the phylembryogenesis of the oesophagus lining in all vertebrates is the monolayer epithelium of the endodermal origin; the secone step is the striated muco-ciliated (in low vertebrates and most reptiles) and pseudostratified (embryos of higher vertebrates) epithelium; the third step is the pseudostratified mucous epithelium (bony fishes) and stratified lining (prefetuses of higher vertebrates). The forth step is the stratified mucous (steppe turtle) and stratified muco-ciliated epithelium (fetuses of birds, many mammals and man). The fifth step--stratified squamous epithelium (birds, mammals, man). The academician A. N. Severtsov's theory of phylembryogenesis clearly points to the origins (the entoderm), routs and mechanisms of the transformation of the oesophagus lining in its evolutionary development.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1976

[Some aspects of phylogenetic development of cellular immune reaction in vertebrates].

The division of the immune system into humoral and cell-mediated immunity is established in vertebrates. Moreover single manifestations of cell-mediated immunity are observed in invertebrates, too. In protochordates, e.g., a genetically fixed ability to recognize "Self" and "Not-Self" could already be demonstrated, but the interpretation of this phenomenon as a preliminary stage of cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates is not established yet. Especially by the investigation of the transplantation tolerance, for example between mammalia and inferior vertebrates, essential results as to the development of the immune system in vertebrates could be obtained. It is quite sure that the experimental findings obtained till now are not sufficient for giming a complete picture of the phylogenesis of immunologic reactivity. But they very unanimously support the conception that nearly all of the nowadays living representatives of the vertebrates dispose of cell-mediated immunity, which is equal in its characteristic features. And the small lymphocyte takes the central part in the cell-mediated immune reactions of the vertebrates, and the complexity of the lymphoid organs, which is increasing in the course of phylogenesis leads to a quantitative but not to a qualitative change.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Scoliosis, metabolism and growth of the vertebral column (author's transl)].

Modern investigators incline to the opinion, that more biochemical than biomechanical disorders take part in cause of the "idiopathic'' scolioses. It seems, however, that there is not only one cause but more in some subgroups. Idiopathic scolioses, which have symptomes of arachnodactyly, seem to be a big one of these subgroups. These cases allow to state a hypothesis, in which kind a disordered metabolism leads to a deviation of the spine. This hypothesis is basing on the fact, that the enchondral growth in the length and the periostal growth in the width of "long bones'' are not regulated in the same endocrinological kind and that the enchondral growth of the vertebral-bodies-column happens in cranio-caudal direction, the enchondral growth of the vertebral-archies-column, however, in anterior-posterior direction. If the balance between enchondral and periostal growth is disturbed, you can see typical chances on the long bones, which resemble either an "arachnodactyly" or a "chondrodysplasy". The same disturbance will cause a "kyphosis" respectively a "lordosis" (or scoliosis) on the vertebral spine; either the bodies-column or the archies-column will become longer (higher). The results of metabolism research are suitable to these facts. If the balance between enchondral and periostal growth,--basing on a dysbolism,--is disturbed in such a kind, that the vertebral-bodies-column is growing faster than the vertebral-archies-column, the vertebral spine is forced to change into a lordosis respectively into a scoliosis. If you want to cure an idiopathic scoliosis, you first have to remove or to paralyse the dysbolism. The aim of all research has to be to find an effective chemotherapeutical treatment of mindst a part of all idiopathic scolioses.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMed1978

Discogenic vertebral sclerosis.

Narrowing of a disc space, sclerosis of the adjacent vertebral bodies, and irregularity of the vertebral end plates constitute a roentgen complex classically associated with infectious spondylitis. However, narrowing of a disc space may be the result of a herniated nucleus pulposus, and in some individuals the reactive sclerosis is sufficiently intense to resemble infection. Roentgenographic recognition of discogenic vertebral sclerosis may obviate the need for further evaluation and biopsy. Forty-four cases of discogenic vertebral sclerosis, nine with surgical proof and four developing after disc surgery, are presented. Roentgen signs helping to distinguish it from infection include: (i) rounded sclerosis most frequently in the anterior vertebral body (100%), (ii) central lucency in the sclerosis (77%), (iii) associated degenerative changes at the intervertebral disc, e.g. vacuum phenomena (44%), (iv) absence of a para-spinal mass and (v) maintenance of vertebral body height.

Adult↗
PubMed2024

Core planar cell polarity genes VANGL1 and VANGL2 in predisposition to congenital vertebral malformations.

Congenital scoliosis (CS), affecting approximately 0.5 to 1 in 1,000 live births, is commonly caused by congenital vertebral malformations (CVMs) arising from aberrant somitogenesis or somite differentiation. While Wnt/ß-catenin signaling has been implicated in somite development, the function of Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling in this process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Vangl1 and Vangl2 in vertebral development and found that their deletion causes vertebral anomalies resembling human CVMs. Analysis of exome sequencing data from multiethnic CS patients revealed a number of rare and deleterious variants in VANGL1 and VANGL2, many of which exhibited loss-of-function and dominant-negative effects. Zebrafish models confirmed the pathogenicity of these variants. Furthermore, we found that Vangl1 knock-in (p.R258H) mice exhibited vertebral malformations in a Vangl gene dose- and environment-dependent manner. Our findings highlight critical roles for PCP signaling in vertebral development and predisposition to CVMs in CS patients, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Divergence of Leptin Receptor and Interleukin-6 Receptor Subunit b in Early Vertebrate Evolution and Physiological Insights from the Sea Lamprey.

Current knowledge of class-I cytokine receptors comes primarily from studies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), and their origin and evolution remain unresolved. In this study, we identified a leptin receptor-like sequence (LepRL) and three interleukin-6 receptor subunit b-like sequences (IL6RBL) from a jawless vertebrate (cyclostome), the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Based on structural, phylogenetic, and syntenic analyses, we deduced that these lamprey receptors are likely distinct ohnologs to gnathostome LepR and IL6RB-related receptors, respectively, that arose in the two rounds of vertebrate whole-genome duplication (1R and 2R). Notably, lamprey LepRL likely originated from a different 1R progenitor than the one giving rise to gnathostome LepR during cyclostome hexaploidization. Differential patterns in mRNA expression of LepRL and IL6RBLs were observed among adult tissues, during larval metamorphosis, and in response to juvenile feeding. Feeding stimulated hepatic expression of LepRL and IL6RBL (namely, IL6RBL1) mRNAs in correlation with upregulation of insulin-like growth factor mRNA, whereas brain LepRL and IL6RBL1 mRNA expression was correlated positively with neuropeptide Y but inversely with intestinal content in fed juveniles. Notably, these observations along with immunolocalization of LepRL in the hypothalamus suggest a role of leptin signaling in regulating energy balance that is conserved among vertebrates. Additionally, seawater exposure stimulated branchial LepRL expression coincident with increased expression of ion transporters in ionocytes, indicating a role of leptin signaling in osmoregulation. These findings provide new insight into the early evolution of class-I cytokine receptors and reveal diverse functions of the leptin signaling system in jawless vertebrate.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The influence of arm ischaemia and arm hyperaemia on subclavian and vertebral artery blood flow in patients with occlusive disease of the subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk. A peroperative study.

A peroperative study of blood flow and flow direction was performed in series of patients with occlusive disease of the subclavian artery. Particular attention was focused on the flow variations caused by arm ischaemia and postischaemic hyperaemia and on the effect of injection of a vasodilator into the distal subclavian artery. The effect on blood flow and flow direction was measured with the aid of an electromagnetic flowmeter. During arm ischaemia induced by an inflated cuff on the arm, the subclavian flow diminished, as did the vertebral artery flow when it was retrograde. If the vertebral artery flow was anterograde, it increased during arm ischaemia. The postischaemic hyperaemia caused an increase of the subclavian flow and of reversed vertebral flow. If the vertebral flow was anterograde, it diminished during the postischaemic hyperaemia. Similar findings were obtained with intra-arterial injection of a vasodilator. The large amount of blood flow passing through the vertebral artery, as well as the flow variations caused by reactive arm hyperaemia, emphasize the role of this artery as a collateral vessel to the upper limb in cases of the subclavian steal phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 1: Proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition in three patients, and historical review.

Three patients with central nervous system symptoms due to subclavian steal syndrome were treated with proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. Neurological symptoms were relieved or improved in all three, with no decrease in blood pressure or pulse in the ipsilateral upper extremity. The colorful history of this syndrome is reviewed, and the various surgical approaches to its treatment are discussed. Although the literature suggests that the commonly used carotid to subclavian artery bypass graft and other similar extrathoracic procedures are generally safe and effective for relief of symptoms of the steal, there is also evidence that these bypasses may fail to restore antegrade flow in the vertebral artery, and, in fact, may steal from the carotid artery. Thus, the blood flow provided to the brain by these procedure may be hardly more than that provided by vertebral artery ligation, whereas the principal effect is to restore blood flow into the upper extremity. Vertebral artery ligation alone has been used in 20 patients, with neurological improvement in all cases and production of persistent intermittent brachial claudication in only one. These considerations and our patient experience suggest that a relatively simple operation, proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition, which emphasizes restoration of flow to the brain rather than to the upper extremity, may be preferable for most patients with neurological symptoms of subclavian steal syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 2: Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow measurement.

Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow was measured in two patients with symptomatic subclavian steal syndrome, before and after proximal end-to-side vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. This confirmed retrograde flow in the vertebral artery before transposition, and antegrade flow after transposition. The measured flow rates were compared to values in other series involving different operative procedures for correction of symptomatic subclavian steal. The greatest mean antegrade flow rates in the vertebral artery were restored by proximal end-to-side vertebral to common carotid artery transposition.

Collateral Circulation↗
PubMed1976

[Surgery of vertebral aneurysms at the origin of PICA (author's transl)].

Thirteen cases of vertebral aneurysm at the origin of PICA (VA-PICA aneurysm) were operated on at the Department of Neurological Surgery of Kitano Hospital from March, 1970 through July, 1975. Those included 9 cases of saccular aneurysm and 5 cases of fusiform aneurysm (Table 1). The incidence of VA-PICA aneurysms among our whole series of intracranial aneurysms was 4.2%. Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were subjected to our routine 4 vessel angiography. For those with suspected vertebral aneurysm vertebral angiography was performed in a transoral projection. In this method, when the angle between the film and the horizontal plain of Frankfurt is fixed at 50 degrees, the origin of PICA is projected on the film between the upper and lower teeth line. Since X-ray beam falls vertically on the origin of PICA, the resultant vascular shadow is free from shortening, elongation and distortion, leading to precise demonstration of anatomical arrangement of the vessels. At surgery a lateral suboccipital incision was made. With the position of VA-PICA junction the surgical approach was slightly different. When the junction was located higher than the line between the lowest point of the occipital bone and the basion by 1 cm or more, the approach was made through the middle of the sigmoid sinus which was exposed by suboccipital osteoclastic craniectomy (mid-lateral cerebellar approach). When the VA-PICA junction was situated lower than the line by 1 cm or more, the operation was initiated at the upper limit of the lower one-third of the sigmoid sinus (lower-lateral cerebellar approach). Since VA-PICA junction is ventrally situated to the lower cranial nerves, surgical attack to the junction can be attained only through the space among the nerves. Two spaces are available for this direct attack. One is the space between the facial nerve, acoustic nerve and the group of vagal nerves. The other is between accessory nerve bundles or between the group of accessory nerves and the hypoglossal nerves. The former procedure is employed for reaching the aneurysm by mid-lateral cerebellar approach and the latter by lower-lateral cerebellar approach. In the patients in acute stage of ruptured VA-PICA aneurysm, hemisuboccipital craniectomy and laminectomy of the atlas were carried out for the purpose of decompression. Surgical procedures used included coating in 2 cases, trapping in 2, proximal ligation of the vertebral artery in 2 and neck clipping in 6. Two patients died due to grastrointestinal bleeding. Surgical complications noted were hypoglossal nerve palsy in 1 case mild sensory disturbance contralateral to the aneurysm in 3 cases. Those symptoms were thought to be caused either by direct injury to the lower cranial nerves or circulatory disturbance in the medullary branches of the vertebral artery. To eliminate those postoperative complications it is desirable to devise smaller aneurysm clips and smaller clip foreceps.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Influence of the vertebral nerve on several indices of cerebral blood flow].

The dogs and rabbits, electrical stimulation of the vertebral nerve reduced the pressure in the carotid and the vertebral--basillar arterial systems leaving the general arterial pressure unaltered. Simultaneously the values of pH, PO2 PCO2, and buffer bases decreased in the blood flowing from the dog brain. The data obtained suggest that stimulation of the vertebral nerve reduces the blood flow in the vertebral artery which, in conditions of occlusion of the contralateral vertebral artery, leads to the circulatory regional hypoxia of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Carotid and vertebral-basilar transient cerebral ischemic attacks. A community study, Rochester, Minnesota.

THE purpose of this study was to determine the difference in prognosis among patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in the carotid arterial system and those with TIA in the vertebral-basilar arterial system. Nearly twice as many patients had TIA in the carotid system as had TIA in the vertebral-basilar system. The survival rates for patients with carotid TIA and those with vertebral-basilar TIA were similar. In both groups, the survival rate was lower than the expected survival rate, but only for the patients with carotid TIA was the difference significant. There was no significant difference in the probability of the occurrence of stroke between patients with carotid TIA and those with vertebral-basilar TIA. These data also indicate that the risk of stroke is much greater soon after the onset of TIA in either arterial system. Among all patients with TIA, the primary cause of death was cardiac disease. The causes of death had a similar distribution for patients with carotid TIA, for those with vertebral-basilar TIA, and for those with "mixed" or "unknown" types of TIA.

Carotid Artery Diseases↗
PubMed1978

[A case of cervical extradural neurinoma with vertebral artery occlusion (author's transl)]?1.H.

A case of cervical extradural neurinoma with total occlusion of the right vertebral artery is reported. The patient was a 22-year-old man who had suffered slowly progressive tetraparesis for 8 years. Neurological examination demonstrated spastic tetraparesis, muscle atrophy of the trunk and four extremities, and hypalgesia corresponding to C2, 3 and 4 dermatomes. Plain radiogram of the cervical spine revealed a large bony defect on the right side of C2 and C3 vertebrae and enlargement of the intervertebral foramen of the right C2-3. Vertebral angiogram showed a reticular tumor stain in the area of the bony defect mentioned above and an occlusion of the right vertebral artery at the level of the inferior border of the C2 vertebra. It's feeding arteries were radicular arteries. The tumor was located extradurally and excised successfully. Histology showed a typical neurinoma. Referring to the reported cases, vertebral angiography has been rarely performed and there were only three cases including our cases in which total occlusion of the vertebral artery was demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The dominance of vertebral column fractures associated with neurologic deficits among survivors of light-plane accidents.

The vertebral injuries sustained by 13 survivors of four light-plane crashes were reviewed. Eight patients sustained major nonvertebral injuries. Eleven patients sustained 18 lower thoracic and/or upper lumbar fractures. Eighty-five per cent of the fractures involved T12, L1, L2, or L3. Seven patients sustained vertebral burst fractures; ten sustained vertebral flexion fractures. In nine patients these vertebral fractures had associated fracture-dislocations of the posterior pedicles. Eight of these nine patients (89%) developed neurologic deficits of the conus medullaris and/or cauda equina. The severity and time of onset of these neurologic deficits were similar for the occupants of each aircraft. Downward vertical deceleration and rotational violence were the dominant forces which inflicted the vertebral column fractures which resulted in neurologic deficits.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1978

The intravertebral vacuum cleft: a sign of ischemic vertebral collapse.

A gas-density cleft within a transverse separation of the vertebral body, appearing in extension and disappearing in flexion, was observed in 10 cases of vertebral collapse at the thoraco-lumbar junction. The patients were 55 to 83 years old (mean, 68) and 7 of them were on chronic corticosteroid therapy. Such an intravertebral cleft has not been found by the authors in vertebral collapse of tumoral, inflammatory, or traumatic origin and is thought to represent ischemic vertebral fracture. This sign could be helpful in the differential diagnosis of vertebral collapse in elderly patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Radiological aspects of the vertebral components of osteochondrodysplasias.

Analysis of the individual components of the vertebrae permits the radiologist to identify and understand the fundamental physio-pathologic growth mechanisms affecting shape, size and architecture which operated during development. The achievement of this goal is facilitated by systematically paying attention to changes of the vertebral end-plates, anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebral body, the vertebral rim, neurocentral junction and interpedicular distance. The dynamic changes noted in follow-up studies of the spine in certain dysplasias may reveal the developmental history of the vertebral complex. The dimension of time is an important factor, which the radiologist has a unique opportunity to exploit. Vertebral configuration permits radiological analysis and diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Treatment and prognosis in vertebral fractures in children and adolescents].

Twenty-six children and adolescents with a total of 65 vertebral fractures are reported. Sixteen patients could be followed up an average of 3 1/4 years after the accident. The questions of growth disturbance after vertebral body fractures and adequate treatment are chiefly considered. -Most of the fractures occurred in the midthoracic spine. As a rule they were serial fractures. -Fractures of the vertebral body with sagittal wedge deformity alone have a better prognosis than those with concomitant sagittal and frontal wedge deformities. Whereas those in the first group correct themselves partially or completely during subsequent growth, improvement in the wedge deformity was only observed in about one-third of the patients in the second group. When the end-plates were fractured, there was no correction and there was a lack in vertebral growth. Severe destruction of the cartilagenous plates and intervertebral discs led to a fusion of the corresponding segment. Increase in wedge deformity was observed twice. -Slight axial deviations of the intervertebral discs following vertebral body fractures are compensated for during growth in most cases. In comminuted fractures, the axial deviation persists but can be compensated for by the adjacent segments of the spine. In instable fractures, it can increase in spite of treatment in a Milwaukee corset. -No difference was found between the children treated with a hyperextension plaster corset and those treated functionally. On the basis of the results, the fracture types which should be treated functionally and those for which a plaster cast is recommended are indicated.

Adolescent↗