Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “VISCERA”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

[Investigation on an ancient edition of On Five Viscera unearthed in Dunhuang-Turfan].

Careful investigation on three different ancient editions of On Five Viscera reveals that all the following editions, viz. the latter parts of A and C edition of Zhang Zhongjing's On Five Viscera, Treating humankind of classified collectics of recipes, are ancient editions of Zhang Zhongjing's On Five Viscera which are derived from a common source edition. Since the contents of Zhang Zhongjing's and Jiva's On Five Viscera are basically the same; they are all apocryphal books. This paper also summarizes the achievements of these three books, including macrocosm-microcosm unison, anatomy, three-segment theory of human body, acupoints, and herbology.

Anatomy↗

[Thinking of application of gene chip technique in the study of channel-viscera correlativity].

OBJECTIVE: To probe into thinking and prospect of application of gene chip technique to research of the channel-viscera correlativity. METHODS: Adopt literature analytic method, review and analyze current state of application of gene chip in biology and medicine, and achievements in studies of channel-viscera correlativity. RESULTS: In biological and medical fields, gene chip can be applied to high flux expression parallel analysis, large-scale gene discovery and gene analysis, gene polymorphous analysis, genome study, etc, especially, it has important application values in gene expression map; channel-viscera correlativity need stereo-crossing studies by multiple subjects, multiple systems, multiple directions and multiple levels, being more systematic and sequential, and gene chip technique is applicable to this requirement. CONCLUSION: Wide application of gene chip technique will comprehensively promote deep study of channel-viscera correlativity.

Gene Expression↗

Consumption of viscera as the most important risk factor in the largest outbreak of shellfish poisoning in Hong Kong, 2005.

Poisoning from shellfish toxins is associated with significant morbidity worldwide. During 10-15 March 2005, 36 clusters of shellfish poisoning related to consumption of fresh scallops (Atrina vexillum) were reported to the Center for Health Protection, Department of Health Hong Kong. We conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors associated with shellfish poisoning. Detailed demographic, clinical, shellfish consumption data of these subjects were collected using standardized questionnaires. Fifty-eight cases and 44 controls were identified. The mean age for the cases was 37.5 years (range 10-81 years); 45% (n=26) were male. Ninety-five percent had onset of symptoms within 12 hours of consumption of scallops (range: 10 minutes to 30 hours, median: 45 minutes). Dizziness (87.9%) and blurred vision (53.4%) were the predominant symptoms. The mean number of pieces of scallop meat and viscera taken by the cases were 3.7 and 3.6, respectively, significantly higher than that for the controls, which were 1.6 (p<0.001) and 0.5 (p<0.001), respectively. Forty-two percent (n=22) and 19% (n=7) of cases and controls, respectively, took soup/sauce from the same dish that was cooked with the scallops (p=0.02). Consumption of scallop viscera was identified as the only significant risk factor (Adjusted OR=9.93, p=0.001) after adjusting for other risk factors. The result show that consumption of scallop viscera is an important risk factor for shellfish poisoning. The public should be warned specifically in health education messages to avoid eating viscera of scallops.

Adolescent↗

Ciguatoxin from the flesh and viscera of the barracuda, Sphyraena jello.

Five of six barracuda, Sphyraena jello, captured in the same area of Queensland as toxic Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commersoni) were found to be toxic. One major lipid-soluble toxin, present in both the flesh and viscera of a pooled sample of barracuda, was chromatographically indistinguishable from Spanish mackerel flesh ciguatoxin. Signs and symptoms induced by toxic barracuda in humans were typical of ciguatera and cats and mice displayed signs indistinguishable from those induced by Spanish mackerel ciguatoxin. Purified barracuda ciguatoxin had an i.p. LD50 to mice of 55 micrograms/kg. Barracuda ciguatoxin had a narrow range (0.7-1.4 mouse units) of doses between 0% and 100% lethality and its dose vs. death-time relationship was similar to the relationship produced by moray eel and Spanish mackerel ciguatoxin. No water-soluble toxins were detected in the viscera of these barracuda, but a less polar lipid-soluble toxin was found in the viscera. This minor toxin represented 14% of the total viscera lethality and induced signs in mice similar to the major toxin. Barracuda could be an important link in the transfer of ciguatoxin to large Spanish mackerel in southern Queensland waters.

Animals↗

Dietary arginine deficiency alters flux of glutamine and urea cycle intermediates across the portal-drained viscera and liver of rats.

The effect of an arginine-deficient diet on net flux of amino acids across the portal-drained viscera and across the liver was studied in rats. Blood was obtained after food deprivation and 1 and 2 h after a meal of a 1.0% arginine control diet or an arginine-deficient diet containing 3.4% glutamate. The arginine-deficient diet decreased net portal-drained viscera flux of arginine and increased net portal-drained viscera flux of ornithine and proline. However, net portal-drained viscera flux of citrulline (0.35 +/- 0.05 mumol/min) was not influenced by diet; of this rate, 46% (0.16 mumol/min) bypassed the liver and was available for extrahepatic arginine synthesis. However, rats continued to exhibit signs of arginine deficiency such as decreased blood arginine concentrations (by 28%) and increased orotic acid excretion (90-fold). Arterial blood glutamine concentration was 25% higher in rats fed the arginine-deficient diet. In the fed state, net hepatic flux of glutamine was elevated from 0.15 (control) to 1.39 mumol/min, indicating that the liver was a major source of the increased blood glutamine concentrations. Increased production of hepatic glutamine and orotic acid may help rats compensate for dietary arginine deficiency, whereas splanchnic output of citrulline was not increased with dietary arginine deficiency even with a substantial dietary supply of glutamate.

Amino Acids↗

Oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera of cattle: comparison of analytical methods and relationship to whole body oxygen consumption.

Two experiments were conducted to compare methods of determining oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and to relate this consumption to total oxygen consumption by lactating dairy cows. Oxygen consumption was the product of portal blood flow (determined by dilution of dye infused into a mesenteric vein) and portal-arterial concentration differences of oxygen. In Experiment 1, portal-arterial concentrations of oxygen were determined in samples from three cows using equations based on blood pH, hemoglobin, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and partial pressure of oxygen (method 1) or by direct oxygen determination with an oximeter (method 2). Overall, there were no differences in oxygen concentrations or oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera between methods. In Experiment 2, oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera (method 2) and total oxygen consumption were measured in two lactating cows. Oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera accounted for 18% of total oxygen consumption.

Abdomen↗

Altered glutamine metabolism in rat portal drained viscera and hindquarter during hyperammonemia.

In normal rats, muscle is the major glutamine releasing organ and gut is the major glutamine consuming organ. It has been suggested that enhanced muscle ammonia detoxification and gut ammonia production occurs during liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia. Therefore, ammonia and amino acid fluxes across portal-drained viscera and hindquarter, and muscle concentrations were measured in portacaval shunted and acute liver ischemia rats. Arterial ammonia and most amino acids were increased after portacaval shunting and increased progressively during liver ischemia, but net hindquarter ammonia uptake was not observed. Net hindquarter glutamine efflux was increased during portacaval shunting, but it decreased during liver ischemia, while muscle glutamine concentrations increased. The comparable net portal drained viscera glutamine uptake in normal and portacaval shunted rats changed during liver ischemia from net uptake to release, coinciding with release of most other amino acids. These results cast doubt on the ammonia detoxifying role of muscle during acute liver ischemia-induced hyperammonemia in the rat. The portal drained viscera glutamine release during severe hyperammonemia could be due to intestinal damage.

Amino Acids↗

Net absorption from portal-drained viscera of nitrogenous compounds by beef heifers fed on diets differing in protein solubility or degradability in the rumen.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of in vitro rumen solubility or degradability of dietary protein on net absorption of nitrogenous compounds from portal-drained viscera of beef heifers. Four protein sources, casein, soya-bean meal, maize-gluten meal and blood meal provided about two-thirds of total dietary nitrogen in semi-purified diets given to four beef heifers in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Although in vitro degradability of dietary N ranged from 842 (casein) to 310 (blood meal) g/kg total dietary N, net absorption of ammonia-N or alpha-amino-N was not significantly different (P greater than 0.10) among diets. However, net absorption of NH3-N tended to decrease and net absorption of alpha-amino-N tended to increase as intake of in vitro undegradable N increased. Net transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was greater (P less than 0.10) when heifers were fed on soya-bean meal than when fed on maize-gluten meal or blood meal. The findings show with all diets that the non-protein-nitrogenous compounds, NH3 and urea, played a substantial role in absorption and transfer of N. Overall, net absorption of NH3-N was 61% of net absorption of alpha-amino-N, and transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was 80% of net absorption of alpha-amino-N.

Animals↗

Effects of treadmill exercise on the distribution of blood flow between the hindlimb muscles and abdominal viscera of the laying fowl.

1. Blood flow distribution between the abdominal viscera and the leg muscles of regularly-laying Rhode Island Red hens was measured at rest and immediately following treadmill exercise, using the radioactive microsphere technique. 2. Exercise brought about a 150% increase in metabolic rate and this was maintained continuously for 90 min. 3. Although there was a small shift in blood flow distribution towards the hindlimb muscles at the expense of the kidneys and reproductive organs, this was not statistically significant. 4. There was a significant reduction in blood flow to the preovulatory follicles of the ovary during exercise, relative to the rest of the abdominal viscera. 5. It is concluded that exercise of this intensity is insufficient to bring about gross changes in blood flow distribution between the abdominal viscera and the hindlimb muscles. The implications of this finding are discussed in relation to the nutrient and blood flow requirements of the reproductive organs.

Animals↗

Growth of Lactobacillus plantarum in media containing hydrolysates of fish viscera.

AIMS: To compare growth of Lactobacillus plantarum on media containing hydrolysates (peptones) from cod viscera with growth on commercial media. METHODS AND RESULTS: Growth of Lact. plantarum on various fish peptones and commercial peptones/extracts was evaluated using both a Bioscreen apparatus (microtiter plates, no pH control) and fermentors (with pH control). Generally, the performance of the fish peptones was good and only beaten by the performance of yeast extract. Replacement of the 22 g l(-1) complex nitrogen source in standard MRS medium with only 5 g l(-1) fish peptone reduced the biomass yield with only 10%, whereas replacement with a mixture of 2.5 g l(-1) fish peptone and 2.5 g l(-1) yeast extract increased the biomass yield by 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Peptones derived from cod viscera support excellent growth of Lact. plantarum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We show that peptones derived from cod viscera are promising constituents of growth media for fastidious food bacteria such as lactobacilli. Media containing these peptones show excellent performance while problems associated with the use of meat-derived peptones (BSE, kosher status) or plant-derived peptones (genetically modified organisms) are avoided.

Amino Acids↗

Morphologies of the interfaces between the levator ani muscle and pelvic viscera, with special reference to muscle insertion into the anorectum in elderly Japanese.

A specific, smooth muscle-mediated interface between the levator ani muscle (LA) and the pelvic viscera has been reported. Using 110 sagittally trimmed anorectal tissue strips (80 lateral, 15 anterior and 15 dorsal specimens) obtained from the donated cadavers of 46 elderly subjects, we examined variations in the interface between the LA and the rectal muscularis propria, including the so-called conjoined longitudinal muscles. In type A (9/46), little or no tissue connected the LA to the external rectal muscularis propria, but the LA and external sphincteric mass formed a definite complex. In type B (26/46), the covering fascia of the LA changed abruptly into smooth muscles, which merged into the external rectal muscularis propria. In type C (11/46), most of the LA-associated connective tissues, composed of smooth muscles, were tightly connected to the internal and external rectal muscularis propria. These variations seemed to depend on the morphology of the recto-urethralis, the lateral extension of which reinforced the LA-associated smooth muscles sufficiently to form type B and C insertions. We also demonstrated differences in the interfacial tissues between the LA and other pelvic viscera. We hypothesize that, to avoid injury of the LA and its interfaces during strong movement of the pelvic viscera, for example during childbirth, coitus or squeezed evacuation, the pelvic connective tissue-like smooth muscles play an important role as an autonomic buffer and/or modulator of pelvic floor function. Digital examination and transrectal or transvaginal sonography may be useful for evaluating interindividual variation in these interfacial tissues in elderly patients.

Aged↗

Net metabolism of volatile fatty acids, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterifield fatty acids, and blood gasses by portal-drained viscera and liver of lactating Holstein cows.

Net flux of VFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, and blood gasses across portal-drained viscera and liver was measured in four lactating Holstein cows fed a 60:40 corn silage: concentrate diet ad libitum and milked at 12-h intervals. Twelve consecutive hourly measurements of net flux (venous-arterial concentration difference times blood flow) were obtained during wk 4 and 8 postpartum for each cow. Milk yield and DM intake averaged 32.2 and 15.6 kg/d. On a net basis, hepatic tissues produced acetate and removed 63 to 101% of other VFA absorbed by portal-drained viscera. Hepatic and portal-drained visceral tissues produced 60 and 40%, respectively, of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate produced by splanchnic tissues. Hepatic tissues removed 9.3% of nonesterified fatty acids in portal vein and hepatic arterial blood. Oxygen use was greater by liver than for portal-drained viscera (3062 vs. 2394 mmol/h). Net portal-drained visceral flux of VFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, alpha-amino nitrogen, L-lactate, and oxygen together accounted for 84.9% of calculated metabolizable energy intake. Net hepatic removal of propionate, L-lactate, and alpha-amino nitrogen maximally accounted for 55.1, 17.4, and 16.5% of carbon in glucose produced by hepatic tissues.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

[Gross conception of anatomical structure of zang-fu viscera in Huangdi Neijing].

The scientificalness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is often doubted and criticized for the record in Huangdi Neijing that the liver is located in the left of the human body. The most popular explanation of this criticism is that the conception of zang-fu viscera in TCM is quite different from which defined in Western medicine. It means that the zang-fu viscera in TCM are not exactly the corresponding anatomical organs in modern human anatomy but reflect the functions of some systems in human body. According to the classical theories of TCM in Huangdi Neijing, we consider that the record of liver located in the left of the human body is based on the Ba Gua (Eight Diagrams) of traditional Chinese philosophy, not the human anatomy. In brief, the conception of zang-fu viscera is initially a gross anatomical conception, and in a sense the anatomic sites and functions of which are mostly similar to those described in Western medicine.

Humans↗

[Accumulative arsenic level in viscera in offsprings of exposed parent rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the metabolism and accumulation of arsenic in the offsprings of exposed rats. METHODS: Arsenic contents in viscera of the rat offsprings, whose parents exposed to different dose of arsenic, were determined with a two-generation reproductive test. RESULTS: Arsenic contents in the heart, liver, brain, kidney and spleen of the offsprings correlated with the dose their exposed parents, the highest in the spleen. There was significant difference in arsenic contents of the viscera between two generations of rats. Arsenic contents in the viscera of the offsprings declined significantly one month after stopping exposure to arsenic, but still higher than that in controls. CONCLUSION: It suggests that arsenic can deposit in the bodies of the rat offsprings, and excreted from the bodies slowly.

Animals↗

[Pathomorphological changes in abdominal viscerae in dogs subjected to underwater blast wave injury].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the pathomorphological changes in abdominal viscerae injuries produced by underwater blast waves. METHODS: Sixty-one adult mongrel dogs were used in this study. Underwater explosions in different intensity were produced by detonating 200 g, 500 g and 1,000 g TNT, respectively. The physical parameters of blast wave were measured by PCB dynamic pressure transducers specially designed for underwater explosion. The pathomorphological changes in abdominal viscerae were observed at 6 hours after injury. RESULTS: The physical features of underwater blast wave were characterized by high peak pressure, short positive action duration, and higher intensity of impulse. The pathomorphological observation revealed high incidence of injuries of gastrointestinal tract (62.30 percent), manifesting mainly various degrees of subserosal and submucous bleeding in gastrointestinal tract. Rupture of seromuscular layer, subserosal hematoma, and even, perforations of gastrointestinal tract occurred in some animals. Injuries of the liver, spleen, pancreas and other parenchymatous organs injuries, such as subcapsular bleeding, hematoma, and ruptures, appeared with low incidence. No obvious injuries were found in the gallbladder or urinary bladder and other fluid containing organs. CONCLUSION: Underwater blast wave can induce injuries to many abdominal viscerae. Gastrointestinal tract injuries, occurring in high incidence are usually severe, and they should be given early treatment in underwater blast injuries.

Animals↗

Evidence against high pressure, arterial baroreceptors in the abdominal viscera of cats.

The abdominal viscera of cats have been postulated to contain a site of cardiovascular regulation. In particular, a baroreceptive function has been ascribed to splanchnic afferent nerves. We wished to determine whether afferents with a cardiac-rhythmic discharge functioned as arterial baroreceptors. Nineteen afferents with a cardiac rhythmic discharge were studied. All afferents were A fibers, whose endings were located in either the pancreas, mesentery, or porta hepatis region. We examined their characteristics of discharge with regard to changes in mean pressure, pulse pressure, and dP/dt of the arterial pulse. Hemodynamic alterations were achieved by intravenous administration of isoproterenol, norepinephrine, or phenylephrine and by occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta. After isoproterenol, increases in nerve activity occurred when pulse pressure and dP/dt were increased but while mean pressure was decreasing, indicating that mean pressure was not the stimulus for discharge of these afferents. Additionally, under similar hemodynamic conditions, afferents did not demonstrate reproducible patterns of activity. The afferents generally discharged with one impulse per cardiac cycle, rarely with two to three impulses per cycle. None demonstrated a bursting pattern even when arterial blood pressure was quite elevated. The spontaneous pattern of discharge changed frequently, often after the viscera were repositioned, and sometimes remained even after complete occlusion of the aorta. The data indicate that these visceral afferents do not respond as high pressure, arterial baroreceptors. All afferents adapted extremely rapidly and exhibited a low gain (0.02 +/- 0.00 impulses X s-1 X mmHg-1), indicating that these fibers would be ineffective in signaling physiologically significant changes in hemodynamic variables. The data from this study do not support the existence of baroreceptors in the abdominal viscera of cats.

Afferent Pathways↗

Net metabolism of hormones by portal-drained viscera and liver of lactating holstein cows.

Net flux of insulin, glucagon, somatotropin, somatomedin-C, and somatostatin across the portal-drained viscera and liver of four lactating Holstein cows was measured at 4 and 8 wk postpartum. Cows were fed ad libitum intake a 60:40 corn silage:concentrate diet and milked at 12-h intervals. Milk yield and DM intake were 32.2 and 15.6 kg/d respectively. Twenty-four consecutive measurements of insulin, glucagon, and somatotropin net flux were obtained at 30-min intervals; 12 hourly measurements were obtained for somatomedin-C and somatostatin. Net flux is venous-arterial concentration difference times blood flow. Net flux of somatomedin-C was not detectable across the portal-drained viscera or liver. Somatotropin was removed by total splanchnic tissues. There was net production of somatostatin across portal-drained viscera, but net flux of somatostatin across liver was not significant. On a net basis, removal of insulin and glucagon by liver accounted for 66% of portal-drained visceral production. Within cows and sampling days, increases in net portal-drained visceral production of insulin and glucagon often were mirrored by increases in net removal by liver. As in other species, the bovine liver is an important regulator of circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon.

Animals↗

Relationship between the consumption of oxygen by portal-drained viscera and liver and milk production in the ewe.

The objectives of this study were to determine oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and liver in lactating ewes and to determine the relationship between this consumption and milk production. Nine multiparous ewes were individually penned and fed for ad libitum intake a diet based on alfalfa hay. Catheters were surgically placed in the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, a mesenteric vein, and the abdominal aorta. Oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and liver was subsequently measured at 1, 3, 6, and 10 wk after parturition. The percentages of fat, protein, and SNF in milk decreased as milk production increased; however, yields of fat, protein, and SNF increased as milk production increased. Increased oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and liver was positively correlated with increased milk energy yield. These results indicated that the efficiency of milk energy secretion relative to energy expenditure by these tissues increases as milk production increases.

Animal Feed↗