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PubMed1973

Cross-national comparison of population density.

The unresolved difficulties associated with defining and measuring population density strictly circumscribe the scope and nature of the conclusions that can be properly derived from differentials in man:land ratios. Any conclusions about human density will have meaning only to the extent that they are based on a recognition that this density must be viewed in both static and dynamic terms and that it cannot be isolated in analysis, from either the social and cultural setting, the demographic characteristics of the population, or the broader processes of social change within the society. In and of itself, the familiar man:land ratio says more about area than it does about either the human experience of density or the relation of population to resources. This ratio is therefore essentially meaningless as an indicator of comparative conditions of life among different countries and different geographic regions. The mere fact of having a relatively low average population density thus, does not automatically entitle a nation to complacency about its ability to adjust readily to future population change, either in terms of growth in numbers or in the geographic location of its people.

Environmental Pollution↗
PubMed1983

Estimation of incidence of human leukaemia subtypes in an urban African population.

A rough estimate of the incidence rates (IR) of human leukaemia subtypes is provided for Ibadan, a large urban centre in the south-western rain-forest area of Nigeria. In view of the inavailability of recent census figures, the current population sizes of various 5-year age groups were projected from those of the last reliable census held in 1963, using various recommendations from national and international bodies on population changes in the area. On comparing the IR for the leukaemia subtypes in Ibadan subjects with those of Black and White Americans, we found no striking difference in chronic myeloid leukaemia for the 3 population groups. Leukaemia IR in Ibadan was low for all subtypes after 70 years, probably because of the thinness of the population after that age. IR of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in the first two quiquennia was low while that of acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) in the second quinquennium was high in Ibadan compared with Black and White US subjects. IR of AML in Ibadan as well as in Black and White US subjects showed a stepwise increase in the 5-year age groups between 15 and 69 years, but unlike the observation in Americans, ALL was not observed after 40 years of age in Ibadan. Though the method used to estimate the leukaemia incidence rate in Ibadan was crude, it did reveal remarkable differences from those of inhibitants of a developed country like the US. These differences are believed to be related to environmental influences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiology of schizophrenia in Salford, 1974-84. Changes in an urban community over ten years.

The prevalence and inception rates of treated schizophrenia in the population of inner-city Salford were compared with those from a similar survey, ten years earlier. Data were obtained from a computerised case register and a postal questionnaire sent to GPs, and case notes rated on the SCL and screened using ICD-9. The point-prevalence rate of 6.26 per 1000 adult population was higher than that previously reported (4.56), despite decreases in total inception rate and in the general population. Changes in rates are presumed to be related primarily to population movements and ageing of the schizophrenic sample. Compared with 1974, the numbers of in-patient days and long-stay in-patients had fallen substantially by 1984, although annual admissions increased over the decade; day-patient and out-patient attendances, and extramural contacts with psychiatrists, community psychiatric nurses, and social workers had also increased. Almost 62% of cases were maintained on depot injections as out-patients in 1984. Over 75% of identified schizophrenic patients were in contact with psychiatrists, but only 7 out of 557 were solely in contact with their GP. In spite of the emphasis on community care, responsibility for schizophrenic patients was still carried overwhelmingly by hospital psychiatric services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Coronary artery disease trends in Japan.

Japan has experienced great socioeconomic development together with industrialization, urbanization and motorization since 1945. This has resulted in dramatic changes in both the frequency of disease and the spectrum of diseases, as well as in a rapid increase in the elderly population. Changes in eating patterns during the past 40 to 50 years seem to be a major factor in this evolution. Departure from the traditional Japanese diet, which was very high in salt and low in fat and protein (currently the diet is 25% calories from fat, 60% from carbohydrate and 15% from protein and 12 gm salt/day), has been associated with a reduced incidence of stroke, but not with an increase in coronary heart disease mortality. Therefore, the current Japanese diet may be an optimal eating pattern for maintaining health. However, since the exposure to increased fat calories is recent, future trends must be carefully monitored.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Inadequate management of natural ecosystem in the Brazilian Amazon region results in the emergence and reemergence of arboviruses.

A total of 187 different species of arboviruses and other viruses in vertebrates were identified at the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) from 1954 to 1998, among more than 10,000 arbovirus strains isolated from humans, hematophagous insects, and wild and sentinel vertebrates. Despite intensive studies in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in Pará State, very little is known about most of these viruses, except for information on date, time, source, and method of isolation, as well as their capacity to infect laboratory animals. This paper reviews ecological and epidemiological data and analyzes the impact of vector and host population changes on various viruses as a result of profound changes in the natural environment. Deforestation, mining, dam and highway construction, human colonization, and urbanization were the main manmade environmental changes associated with the emergence and/or reemergence of relevant arboviruses, including some known pathogens for humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Scales of geography, time, and population: the study of violence as a public health problem.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, data on violent deaths in the Bronx, New York City, from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 censuses were analyzed. METHODS: The incidence and areal density of intentional deaths were mapped by health area. Simple and stepwise regressions between violent death measures and other factors were performed. RESULTS: The incidence of deaths at levels of those in the highest 1970 quintile spread so that by 1990 only 2 areas saw incidences at levels of the lowest 1970 quintile. Overcrowding, socioeconomic status, population, population change, and drug deaths in simple regressions and overcrowding, socioeconomic status, and low-weight births in stepwise regressions correlated significantly with violent death incidence or density. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the spatiotemporal development of violence can contribute to public policy on violence.

Censuses↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in western Indian population: changing pattern.

This report pertains to a retrospective study conducted between 1983 and 1995 at three time points to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in the population of Bhor Taluk, situated in western India. Serum samples from children and adults were tested for anti-HAV antibodies using blocking ELISA test. There was a significant decrease in anti-HAV prevalence among children aged 5-10 years in 1995 (87.36%) as compared to that of 1983 (97.58%) and 1987 (96.48%). All individuals >11 years of age were seropositive for anti-HAV antibodies. Anti-HAV prevalence was similar in the users of well water, but was significantly reduced in individuals supplied with piped water in 1995 (88.61%) compared with that in 1983 (98.77%). A significant decrease in anti-HAV positivity was noted in children from Bhor Taluk as compared to children from Pune bled in 1992. These results underline the need for periodic surveillance of seroepidemiology of hepatitis A to determine the measures for prevention and control of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Monitoring the metropolitanization process.

Alternative approaches have led to different interpretations of the metropolitanization process in the United States. We identify and illustrate several methods and procedures for monitoring metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population change using the 1950-1980 U.S. decennial censuses. Two basic approaches are compared: constant area approaches and component methods. In addition, we assess the effects of changing metropolitan definitions on metropolitan-nonmetropolitan growth. The results clearly reveal that the underlying mechanics of metropolitanization not only are complex but have changed substantially during the 1950-1980 period. We conclude with observations regarding the use of these procedures in future research.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Is nonmetropolitan America being repopulated? The evidence from Pennsylvania's minor civil divisions.

We analyze population change and net migration, by age and sex, from 1940 to 1970, for 1,834 Nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) classified by residence, population potential, socioeconomic status, and distance from metropolitan centers. Our analysis indicates, as expected, reconcentration of residents from both urban and remoter nonmetropolitan localities into exurban peripheries 25 to 35 miles for metropolitan centers. Since 1960, however, a "turnaround" appears in many truly rural tracts, which have been experiencing an influx or retention of persons 35 years of age and older. Statistical explanations are strongest for males in poor, isolated places, weakest for more accessible, socioeconomically advanced places and their female inhabitants. Throughout the study period and area, nonurban MCD's register more positively than the rural.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Recent nonmetropolitan population change in fifty-year perspective.

Post-1970 nonmetropolitan population shifts are examined by dividing nonmetropolitan counties into ten cohorts based on the duration and direction of consistent population change since 1920. Analysis indicates that the post-1970 gains reported by Beale are pervasive in nonmetropolitan America, occurring even in a majority of the counties that lost population consistently from 1920 to 1970. Growth was greatest in countries adjacent to metropolitan areas but was more than urban spillover effect. In a clear break with traditional patterns, net inmigration contributed significantly to overall population gain and was particularly strong among countries without an urban center. The rate of natural increase continued to slow in the post-1970 period, with natural decrease becoming common among countries with protracted histories of population decline.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Population movement and city-suburb redistribution: an analytic framework.

This paper introduces an analytic framework that can be used to assess the relationships between individual movement differentials and place characteristics, on the one hand, and aggregate mobility levels and city-suburb population change (in size or composition), on the other. Application of this framework using census data for individual metropolitan areas allows the analyst to decompose population changes due to net migration into contributing mobility streams and their component rates which are subject to unique community and individual influences. The paper provides both theoretical and empirical rationale for the framework, illustrates its use with 1970 census data, and discusses its implications for empirical research on city-suburb population redistribution.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[Disappearance of ALS from Guam: implications for exogenous causes].

The author reports the disappearance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from Guam over past 30 years, which coincided with rapid changes in the ecology, socioeconomy, and westernization of the life style. This slow but steady decline is believed to be the consequences of radical changes from food collection to wage-based life style and dietary improvement in recent years and elimination of exogenous factors. Those risk factor(s) are believed to be the environmental trace metals which must have triggered the accelerated oxidative stresses in the motor neurons of genetically susceptible population. Changing Epidermiology: 1. The annual incidence of 70/100,000 in 1960s down to 7/100,000 in 1990s, and remained unchanged for past 15 years. 2. Upward shift of age at onset by 10 years and at death by 8 years and even out of sex ratio. 3. Birth cohort analysis showed less risks for those born after 1920. No ALS cases born after 1945. 4. No increase in the incidence of ALS among non-Chamorros transients of Guam and Marianas during W.W.II. 5. Long-term resident non-Charmorro and half-Chamorros on Guam are also affected. 6. Charmorro migrants to U.S. Mainland are affected after long absence from Guam. 7. Incubation period for both ways is estimated to be 18 approximately 20 years. 8. Other forms of dementias like Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementias are on the rise and the leading cause of death is cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases. 9. ALS is also declining in past 10 approximately 15 years in Kii peninsula, and West New Guinea. Changing Ecology of Guam: 1. One third of Island land was used for construction of huge military bases after W.W.II. 2. Urbanization of villages including concrete houses, deep well water supply, sewage, and electrification. 3. Tourism boom: high-rise hotels, development of 7 golf courses and other recreational facilities resulted in loss of flora and erosions of soil. Socioeconomic Changes: 1. Shift in population demography; Efflux of Chamorros and influx of aliens; Chamorros less than 50% by 1990. 2. Tourists passed 1 million in 1994. 3. Automobiles 1 car/1.5 person. 4. Westernization: After W.W.II, almost free access to Military Commissary for imported food and appliances. 5. Life style: from food collection to wage-based society. Genetic Studies: 1. Familial aggregations, but no clear-cut Mendelian inheritance. 2. Segregation analysis: no absolute genetic or environmental cause but additive gene component may play a role in genetic susceptibility and basis for geographical clustering. 3. Absence of Apo-E or Mu/Zn SOD genes. 4. Recent discovery of mtDNA Complex I deficiency in Parkinsonism-dementia cases suggests mitochondrial DNA abnormality. Comparative Environmental Studies: 1. Environmental studies in three hyperendemic areas in the Western Pacific--Kii, Marianas, and west New Guinea, where strikingly high incidences of ALS is known to occur, found the identical geochemical environment--low Ca, Mg, and Zn and high A1, Mn, Fe, Si, in the garden soil and drinking water. 2. Exogenous etiologic factors that are absent from primitive culture of Auyu and Jackai tribes in West New Guinea were eliminated. 3. Cycad neurotoxicity has been excluded. 4. Suspected exogenous agents that are common in these 3 hyperendemic areas are (a) locally grown vegetables, starchy roots, and reef fish; (b) surface water containing soluble organic minerals from red laterites; (c) rain water that is chemically pure and lack of essential minerals. Pathogenic Speculation: Chronic dietary deficiency since birth in Ca, Mg and Zn induced excessive absorption of divalent cations which accelerates oxidant-mediated neuronal degenerations in a genetically susceptible population. The process is probably carried through interactions between cytoskeletal abnormality of the neuron, aging process, abnormal proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗