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BACKGROUND: The feeling of hopelessness is one of the main risk factors in suicidal behaviour, a clinical symptom of depression and a factor of great etiological relevance in hopelessness depression. With the aim of contributing data relative to the levels of hopelessness in the general population, this study has been made with three objectives in mind: to determine the levels of hopelessness in a university population, to analyse the relationship of hopelessness with the process of adapting to university and, finally, to analyse the relationships between hopelessness, depression, psychopathology and suicidal ideation. METHOD: A total of 1277 first- and second-year students, from different faculties and degree courses, participated voluntarily in this investigation. RESULTS: The results obtained indicate that 13.9% of the students present moderate or severe levels of hopelessness. The students with greater levels of hopelessness are dissatisfied with different aspects of university life, spend less time on extracurricular educational activities and are less likely to go to examinations. Also, the relationship between hopelessness, depression and suicidal ideation is once again clearly seen. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the need to develop some type of programme or service for the university community which could influence the mood of students and modify their expectations with the aim of preventing suicidal behaviour and improving their adaptation to university life and, consequently, their academic performance.
BACKGROUND: Young people, and students in particular, generally have a positive attitude to xenotransplantation. We reported previously that university students attending their first year approved of the idea of transplanting animal organs into humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 3-yr course at various faculties on the university students' understanding of and attitude to xenotransplantation. METHODS: University students in their fourth year at five different faculties of Padua University (Italy), who had previously been surveyed in exactly the same way 3 yr earlier, were re-administered an anonymous 19-item questionnaire on their attitude to xenotransplantation. RESULTS: A total of 453 students completed the fourth year questionnaire (84 males, 369 females; mean age 24.6 yr, range 21-36 yr). Students were attending courses in Medicine (22.1%), Veterinary Science (16.5%), Agriculture (10.4%), Educational Sciences (22.1%) and Psychology (28.9%). In their fourth year, 85% of the students knew that animal organs could, at some stage, be transplanted into humans, 81.5% approved of this idea and 84% would accept an animal organ to save their life if necessary (these percentages were 88%, 78% and 76%, respectively 3 yr earlier). A significantly larger proportion of the students who approved of xenotransplantation were attending science courses rather than art courses, while no differences emerged as regards gender. Those who refused xenotransplantation justified their position mainly on ethical-moral (41.7%) and immunological (35.7%) grounds. CONCLUSION: As in their first year, so too in their fourth, University students were well informed about the feasibility of transplanting animal organs into human beings and those attending science courses were more likely to accept this idea than art students. Approval of xenotransplantation was much the same among fourth year males and females, whereas in the first year, male students had approved more than female students.
The growth of university-industry research relationships in biotechnology has raised questions concerning their effects, both positive and negative, on universities. A survey of over 1200 faculty members at 40 major universities in the United States reveals that biotechnology researchers with industrial support publish at higher rates, patent more frequently, participate in more administrative and professional activities and earn more than colleagues without such support. At the same time, faculty with industry funds are much more likely than other biotechnology faculty to report that their research has resulted in trade secrets and that commercial considerations have influenced their choice of research projects. Although the data do not establish a causal connection between industrial support and these faculty behaviors, our findings strongly suggest that university-industry research relationships have both benefits and risks for academic institutions. The challenge for universities is to find ways to manage these relationships that will preserve the benefits while minimizing the risks.
University technology transfer offices license inventions created at universities to companies looking for tools, additions to their product pipelines, improvements or start-up opportunities. This paper will cover the motivations for conducting university technology transfer, an overview of Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing and its patenting and licensing practices, models of royalty sharing at university technology transfer offices, and patenting and licensing genetic information inventions at Stanford University. The terms 'invention' and 'technology' are used interchangeably throughout the paper.
The major purpose of the research is to show the influence of university pharmacy and university pharmacist on the development of pharmaceutical science. The lectures in materia medica were frequent realized in university pharmacy since middle age. In the 18th century the university pharmacy was in some cases the precursor to the institute of pharmaceutical chemistry. In the paper also a summary is given of the importance of extensive activity of the university pharmacists J.D. Leers, G.L.C. Rousseau, J.R. Spielmann, F.C. Lieblein, A.F. Duflos, E.F. Jahns, W. Mettenheimer, C. Brunnengräber, C.A. Laubinger, J. Stamm, O.H. Gerke and E. Weber.
A set of formative evaluation studies from the medical schools of the University of Virginia (UVA), East Carolina University (ECU), and the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) portrays, in qualitative and quantitative terms, evidence of achievements and obstacles to the curricular reform supported by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Generalist Physician Initiative (GPI). In this paper, innovations in the under-graduate curriculum, a specific course, and instructional strategies are examined. Individual interviews of faculty and focus groups with students assessed opinions about curricular change at the University of Virginia. Questionnaires and focus groups provided information about the impact of course changes at East Carolina University. Questionnaires completed by students provided information of the effect of modifying the instructional strategies at SUNY-Buffalo. The obstacles to implementing change at the three schools included breakdowns in the faculty's understanding and support of change, lack of skills required to implement change, and weakness in coordinating and assessing planned change. Although the GPI catalyzed changes in the content and conduct of generalist education at the three schools, many lessons were learned that are applicable to other medical schools.