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PubMed1998

Mediation of the cytotoxicity of lanostanoids and steroids of Ganoderma tsugae through apoptosis and cell cycle.

A new lanostanoid ester glucoside, 3 alpha-acetoxy-5 alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-glucoside (1), and a known steroid, 2 beta,3 alpha,9 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene (2), were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. To study the cytotoxicity of 1 and 2, the changes of DNA content in human hepatocytes (Hep 3B) were studied. A sub-G1 cell stage was drastically increased after 24-h incubation with 1 (24 micrograms/mL). Compound 2 (100 micrograms/mL) inhibited the cell cycle progression of Hep 3B cells at the G2/M phase with an IC50 value of about 87.1 micrograms/mL. These results indicate that 1 causes cell death by apoptosis and 2 may possess the activity of cell cycle inhibition.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2000

New lanostanoids of Ganoderma tsugae.

Three new compounds, (24R, S)-3alpha-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,25-di en-21-oic acid, named tsugaric acid C (1); 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-O-beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside B (2); and 3alpha-acetoxy-(Z)-24-methyl-5alpha-lanosta-8,23,25-tr ien-21-oic acid ester beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside C (3), and a mixture of two known steroids were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae. The structures of 1-3 were determined by spectral and chemical methods. The cytotoxic activity of the lanostanoid constituents of this fungus was evaluated against several different cancer cell lines.

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor↗
PubMed2004

Effect of Ganoderma tsugae on chronically carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic actions of crude extracts of Ganoderma tsugae (GTE) on chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. CCl4 (20%, 0.5 ml/rat) was given twice a week for 8 weeks, and animals received GTE through the whole experimental period. GTE showed obvious reducing actions on the elevated levels of glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT) caused by CCl4 at weeks 3, 6 and 8. Liver fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4 led to the drop of serum albumin and hepatic protein concentrations, while GTE increased serum albumin and hepatic protein concentrations. The CCl4-induced liver fibrosis may prolong the prothrombine time and increase albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. GTE significantly decreased the prothrombine time and A/G ratio. Liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 markedly increased the weight of the spleen, hepatic water and hydroxyproline contents in rats, while GTE decreased the rat's spleen weights, hepatic water and hydroxyproline contents. All these results clearly demonstrated that GTE has hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic activities.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2001

Prevention of autoantibody formation and prolonged survival in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice with an ancient Chinese herb, Ganoderma tsugae.

For centuries, Chinese medicine has regarded Ganoderma, a fungus (Myceteae, Amastigomycota, Busidomycetes, Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae, Ganoderma) also known as 'Ling Zhi' in Mandarin, as a premium remedy for many diseases. Until now, no convincing data regarding its therapeutic effects in vivo on autoimmune diseases have been demonstrated. In this study, a controlled protocol was conducted in which New Zealand Black/White F1 mice were fed standard chow with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) or Ganoderma tsugae extract, commencing at 2 months of age. It was found that the F1 mice responded well to Ling Zhi extract. Ling Zhi improved the survival rate of lupus mice, decreased the amount of proteinuria, decreased serum levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibody, and showed evidence of decreased perivascular and parenchyma mononuclear cell infiltration in vital organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Antitumor active protein-containing glycans from the Chinese mushroom songshan lingzhi, Ganoderma tsugae mycelium.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, FI, extracted from the mycelium of Granoderma tsugae, was fractionated and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. Sixteen polysaccharides obtained were examined for antitumor effects on Sarcoma 180 in mice. The three active polysaccharides obtained were as follows: FIo-a: A glycan-protein complex containing 9.3% protein, and having a hetero-glyco-chain of mannose and xylose. FIo-b-alpha: Molecular weight 10,000, glucan-protein complex containing 25.8% protein. The inhibition ratio was 61.8% against the solid cancer Sarcoma 180/mice; the survival ratio was more than 194% of the control group (100). FA-1-b-alpha: Molecular weight 16,000, a complex of glycan:protein = 42:58 w/w, consisting of glucose as a main component, and associated with arabinose, mannose, xylose, and galactose. This had a tumor inhibition ratio of 56% and a survival ratio of more than 182%. Comparison of active glycan with the fruiting body and mycelium: Among water-soluble polysaccharides of fruiting body, FIo-a and FA-1, with antitumor activity, were both glucogalactan-protein complexes of molecular weight 10,000, but that of mycelium was a homoglucan protein complex in FIo-b-alpha and heteroglucan protein in both FA-1-a and FA-1-b-alpha. The heteroglucan had a low tumor inhibition ratio, but caused a high survival ratio in mice.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Functional expression of FIP-gts, a fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma tsugae in Sf21 insect cells.

The mushrooms of diverse Lingzhi species have been traditionally consumed as luxurious functional food supplements in Chinese society. FIP-gts, a fungal immunomodulatory protein found in Song-Shan Lingzhi (Ganodera tsugae) has been proposed to possess therapeutic effects on cancer and autoimmune diseases. To produce active FIP-gts for evaluation of oral administration, a recombinant FIP-gts (rFIP-gts) fused with a 6His-tag at its C-terminus was expressed in Sf21 insect cells by the baculovirus expression system. High yield (about 70%) and purity (about 90%) of rFIP-gts was obtained by one-step nickel-affinity chromatography. The correctness of the harvested rFIP-gts was verified by Western blot and MALDI-MS analyses. Optimal expression of rFIP-gts was observed when the Sf21 cells were infected with multiplicity of infection of 10 for 72 h, and the yield was up to 47.2 microg/3 x 10(6) infected cells. The immunomodulatory activity of the purified rFIP-gts was detected as the induction of interleukin 2 released from murine splenocytes. Compared with the rFIP-gts produced in Escherichia coli cells, the rFIP-gts produced in Sf21 cells possessed evidently higher specific immunomodulatory activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Borrelia burgdorferi infection in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) habitat in western Pennsylvania.

White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were captured and their tissues sampled from 27 sites in seven counties of western Pennsylvania in 1990 for isolation and identification of Borrelia burgdorferi. Two hundred sixty mice were captured from which there were 27 isolations. Significantly more mice were captured and significantly more isolations made from hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) habitat than from deciduous species forest. Hemlock habitat is sparse and focal but evidently increases winter survival of mice, and thus possibly results in increased infection rates in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of polysaccharides (FI0-b) from mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae on proinflammatory cytokine production by THP-1 cells and human PBMC (I).

AIM: To compare the effects of water-soluble polysaccharides, FI0-b, and its formic acid-modified derivative, FI0-b-H, on production of human proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS: The polysaccharides were modified by formic acid. Cytokine production was quantitated by radioimmunoassay. mRNA for cytokines was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: FI0-b and FI0-b-H 4, 40, and 400 mg/L significantly downregulated interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) production by THP-1 cells induced by lypopolysaccharide (LPS) 1 or 10 mg/L and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 200 nmol/L. At lower stimulation with LPS 10 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, both polysaccharides significantly upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) production by THP-1 cells. However, at higher stimulation with LPS 100 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, they downregulated TNF alpha production. FI0-b-H downregulated interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by THP-1 cells at a lower-dose of LPS 1 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, but upregulated IL-8 production at a higher-dose of LPS 10 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L. Production of cytokines (IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha) was transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally regulated by FI0-b and FI0-b-H. CONCLUSION: The water-soluble polysaccharides of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium have bidirectional immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in different stimulatory conditions in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with FI0-b, FI0-b-H has more marked effects on human proinflammatory cytokine production.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of polysaccharides (FI0-c) from mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae on proinflammatory cytokine production by THP-1 cells and human PBMC (II).

AIM: To study the effects of water-soluble polysaccharides. FI0-c, and its sulfated derivative, FI0-c-S, on production of human proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). METHODS: The herbal polysaccharides were modified by chlorosulfornic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Cytokine production was measured by radioimmunoassay, mRNA for the cytokines was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: FI0-c 4 mg/L itself induced IL-1 alpha production by THP-1 cells without stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). On the other hand, FI0-c and FI0-c-S inhibited the IL-1 alpha production by THP-1 cells with these stimulants. FI0-c and FI0-c-S significantly upregulated TNF alpha production by THP-1 cells without stimulants or at a low dose of LPS 10 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, whereas these polysaccharides markedly downregulated the TNF alpha production by a high dose of LPS 100 mg/L and PMA. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) responded to FI0-c and FI0-c-S in IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha production in a fashion similar to THP-1 cell responses. FI0-c 4 mg/L downregulated high-dose LPS- and PMA-induced IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha mRNA and their protein production by THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION: The water-soluble polysaccharides of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium have bidirectional immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in different cell stimulatory conditions. Chemical modification of this polysaccharide changed the intensity of regulatory effect on cytokine production.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Feeding preference of three lady beetle predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae).

In a laboratory study, we tested the feeding preferences of three coccinellid predators of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, an introduced pest of hemlock in the eastern United States. The species tested were Sasajiscymnus tsugae Sasaji & McClure (formerly Pseudoscymnus tsugae) from Japan, Scymnus ningshanensis Yu & Yao from China, and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), a generalist species introduced from Asia that is currently widespread in eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, forests. We measured the feeding preference of each beetle species when given the choice of A. tsugae and either 1) Pineus strobi (Hartig) on Pinus strobus L.; 2) Adelges laricis Vallot on Larix decidua Mill.; 3) Adelges cooleyi (Gillette) on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; or 3) Paraprociphilus tessellatus (Fitch) on Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. We evaluated beetle preference for adults, nymphs, and eggs of each prey species. Generally, when adult or nymphal prey stages were compared, S. tsugae preferred A. tsugae adults to P. strobi, A. cooleyi, A. laricis, and P. tessellatus. S. ningshanensis showed less preference between adelgid species, but it did not prefer P. tessellatus nymphs. When preferences for adelgid eggs were assayed, S. tsugae and S. ningshanensis showed no preference between A. tsugae and A. cooleyi or P. strobi, but S. tsugae did prefer A. tsugae to A. laricis. Larvae of S. tsugae were unable to survive on P. tessellatus nymphs. H. axyridis adults readily consumed both A. tsugae and P. tessellatus, but H. axyridis larvae did not complete their life cycle on A. tsugae. Our host range tests suggest that S. ningshanensis and S. tsugae may feed on several species of Adelgidae and that A. tsugae is often preferred.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Chromosome scale genomes of two invasive Adelges species enable virtual screening for selective adelgicides.

Two invasive hemipteran adelgids are associated with widespread damage to several North American conifer species. Adelges tsugae, hemlock woolly adelgid, was introduced from Japan and reproduces parthenogenetically in North America, where it has rapidly decimated Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga caroliniana (the eastern and Carolina hemlocks, respectively). Adelges abietis, eastern spruce gall adelgid, introduced from Europe, forms distinctive pineapple-shaped galls on several native spruce species. While not considered a major forest pest, it weakens trees and increases susceptibility to additional stressors. Broad-spectrum insecticides that are often used to control adelgid populations can have off-target impacts on beneficial insects. Whole genome sequencing was performed on both species to aid in development of targeted solutions that may minimize ecological impact. Adelges abietis was sequenced using Illumina Linked-Read technology from 30 pooled individuals, with Hi-C scaffolding performed using data from a single individual collected from the same host plant. Adelges tsugae used Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing from pooled nymphs. The assembled A. tsugae and A. abietis genomes, pooled from several parthenogenetic females, are 220.75 Mbp and 253.16 Mbp, respectively. Each consists of eight autosomal chromosomes, as well as two sex chromosomes (X1/X2), supporting the XX-XO sex determination system. The genomes are over 96% complete based on BUSCO assessment. Genome annotation identified 11,424 and 12,060 protein-coding genes in A. tsugae and A. abietis, respectively. Comparative analysis of proteins across 29 hemipteran species and 14 arthropod outgroups identified 31,666 putative gene families. Gene family evolution analysis with CAFE revealed lineage-specific expansions in immune-related aminopeptidases (ERAP1) and juvenile hormone binding proteins (JHBP), contractions in juvenile hormone acid methyltransferases (JHAMT), and conservation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These genes were explored as candidate families towards a long-term objective of developing adelgid-selective insecticides. Structural comparisons of proteins across seven focal species (Adelges tsugae, Adelges abietis, Adelges cooleyi, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Apis mellifera, Danaus plexippus, and Drosophila melanogaster) revealed high conservation of nAChR and ERAP1, while JHAMT exhibited species-specific structural divergence. The potential of JHAMT as a lineage-specific target for pest control was explored through virtual drug and pesticide screening.

adelgids↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of numerical response and predation effects of two coccinellid species on hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae).

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is an introduced pest in North America that is native to Asia, and is causing extensive damage to eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carriere) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Englemann) in the eastern United States. We compared two coccinellids imported for biological control of the adelgid: Scymnus ningshanensis Yu et Yao from China and Pseudoscymnus tsugae Sasaji and McClure from Japan. In a laboratory study, we measured the numerical response of each beetle species to a range of prey densities, and in field studies we examined the reproductive success and ability of the coccinellids to reduce populations of the hemlock woolly adelgid. In the laboratory, S. ningshanensis showed a positive numerical response as hemlock woolly adelgid density increased, and P. tsugae showed a density-independent response. In field cages, the presence of S. ningshanensis resulted in negative hemlock woolly adelgid population growth, in contrast to positive growth in both control cages and cages containing P. tsugae. Both our laboratory and field experiments suggest that S. ningshanensis has good potential as a biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Binomial sequential sampling plan for hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) sistens infesting individual eastern hemlock trees.

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an exotic insect pest that is killing eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, and Carolina hemlock, Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann, in the eastern United States. We used the sequential interval procedure to develop a binomial sequential sampling plan for A. tsugae sistens on individual eastern hemlock trees that uses nondestructive sampling of new shoots. The actual a (type I) and beta (type II) error rates were essentially 5 and 10%, respectively. Tallies of new shoots infested by at least one A. tsugae sistens were compared with stop values for thresholds of 10 and 30% of new hemlock shoots infested. Twenty to 80 new shoots had to be examined per tree to render a low, high, or indeterminate classification, which took < 2 min per tree regardless of the threshold used. This plan should be an efficient and cost-effective tool in the management of A. tsugae infestations on individual, high-value eastern hemlock trees.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prospective evaluation of high-frequency mini-probe ultrasound colonoscopic imaging in ulcerative colitis: a valid tool for predicting clinical severity.

BACKGROUND: High-frequency mini-probe ultrasound imaging permits trans-mural cross-sectional imaging of the colorectal wall. In ulcerative colitis, prognosis is dependent on the severity of mucosal inflammatory change where accurate assessment of disease activity is required to optimize medical therapy. Furthermore, predicting relapse of disease using conventional endoscopic, histopathological and clinical criteria has not proven reliable. AIM: To evaluate the correlation of high-frequency mini-probe imaging with standardized measures of clinical, endoscopic and histopathological severity. METHODS: High-frequency ultrasound images were obtained from the caecum to rectum in 200 patients. Tsuga colorectal ultrasound criteria were then compared to the endoscopic Baron score, Seo activity score and Matts histopathological grade. RESULTS: For rectal disease, the kappa coefficient between Tsuga criteria I/II and Matts grade 1/2 was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.89), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.46-0.68) and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.34-0.62) for Tsuga class IIIa/b, IVa/b and Matts grade 3a/b and 4, respectively. Colonic imaging showed a kappa coefficient between Tsuga class I/II and Matts grade1/2 of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.8). Tsuga class IIIa-IIIb/IVa-IVb as compared to Matts grade 3a-3b/4 yielded kappa coefficients of 0.49 (95% CI, 0.43-0.55) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.69), respectively. In the rectum both the total wall thickness, mucosa and submucosa were significantly thicker in Matts grade 3b and 4 disease as compared to Matts grade 1/2 (P < 0.02) for all parameters. A significant increase in colonic total wall thickness was observed between Matts score 4 and Tsuga grade 1-3a disease (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency ultrasound is a valid adjunctive 'tool' for the trans-mural assessment of the colorectal wall in ulcerative colitis. This technique may aid in the initial diagnosis, and ongoing chronic management of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Antioxidant properties of several medicinal mushrooms.

Three species of medicinal mushrooms are commercially available in Taiwan, namely, Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-chih), Ganoderma tsugae (Sung-shan-ling-chih), and Coriolus versicolor (Yun-chih). Methanolic extracts were prepared from these medicinal mushrooms and their antioxidant properties studied. At 0.6 mg/mL, G. lucidum, G. lucidum antler, and G. tsugae showed an excellent antioxidant activity (2.30-6.41% of lipid peroxidation), whereas C. versicolor showed only 58.56%. At 4 mg/mL, reducing powers were in the order G. tsugae (2.38) approximately G. lucidum antler (2.28) > G. lucidum (1.62) > C. versicolor (0.79). At 0.64 mg/mL, scavenging effects on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical were 67.6-74.4% for Ganoderma and 24.6% for C. versicolor. The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts from G. lucidum and G. lucidum antler on hydroxyl radical was the highest (51.2 and 52.6%) at 16 mg/mL, respectively. At 2.4 mg/mL, chelating effects on ferrous ion were in the order G. lucidum antler (67.7%) > G. lucidum (55.5%) > G. tsugae (44.8%) > C. versicolor (13.2%). Total phenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant components found in methanolic extracts from medicinal mushrooms. Overall, G. lucidum and G. tsugae were higher in antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging and chelating abilities, and total phenol content.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the grassland-forest boundary at Ta-Ta-Chia long term ecological research (LTER) site detected by stable isotope ratios of soil organic matter.

The carbon isotope analysis [delta13C values] of organic samples can be a useful research in ecological studies because delta13C values are indicative of the plant source. This study investigated the changes in plant communities along the grassland-forest boundary in the alpine forest at Ta-Ta-Chia long term ecological research (LTER) site in central Taiwan using carbon isotope data. The aim of this study was focused on the forest fire affected the change of vegetation community. Four pedons from grassland dominated by Miscanthus transmorrisonensis (pedons 1 and 2), transition zone by Tsuga and Yushania nittakeyamensis (pedon 3), and forest zone by Tsuga and nittakeyamensis (pedon 4) were examined. Soil organic matter (SOM) delta13C values in the upper soil horizon were similar to delta13C values of the overlaying vegetation types. This indicates that the boundary between these plant communities remained the same in the past decades. The delta13C values of the grassland SOM ranged from -19.4 per thousand to -24.1 per thousand, showing decrease with soil depth. This suggests that C4 plants (transmorrisonensis) have replaced C3 plants of Tsuga and nittakeyamensis. The delta13C values of the Tsuga forest area (pedon 4) range from -27.0 per thousand to -23.5 per thousand and showed only slight change with soil depth, implying that C3 plants have remained the major species in the forest.

Carbon Isotopes↗