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PubMed1974

Chemotactic activity in dialyzable transfer factor.

Dialyzable transfer factor from human leukocytes was found to be strongly chemotactic for granulocytes and weakly chemotactic for monocytes in vitro. Chemotactic properties were also demonstrated in vivo in rhesus monkey skin. Initial purification of the dialyzable transfer factor by Sephadex G-25 chromatography revealed multiple fractions containing material with 255-nm absorbance. The fractions containing chemotactic activity were also capable of transferring delayed hypersensitivity to rhesus monkeys. This chemotactic material has an apparent molecular weight of 5000 daltons or less and was not inactivated by goat antibody to components C3 or C5 of human complement; chemotactic activity was lost after storage for two weeks at 4 degrees and the activity of two of three preparations was decreased by heating for 30 min at 56 degrees . This previously undescribed chemotactic activity of dialyzable transfer factor may have significance in relation to cell-mediated immune responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[A new approach to immunotherapy: the transfer factor].

The transfer factor is a tiny molecule capable of transferring the function of the T lymphocytes (immunological memory and retarded hypersensitivity) from a sensitized to a non-sensitized individual. The exact structure and action modalities of the molecule have not yet been precisely established. The difficulties involved in the study of the transfer factor are aggravated by the lack of any suitable experimental model. The attention of immunologists is attracted by this factor which opens up new prospects for the treatment of cancer, immunological deficiencies and certain infectious and autoimmune diseases. More profound research would appear useful to evaluate if and in what cases a potentiation of the immune mechanism can represent an alternative to immunosuppression.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1974

On the chemical nature of transfer factor.

Two transfer factors prepared in an experimental animal model, the guinea pig, have been tested for their susceptibility to various enzymes of known specificity. The biological activity of these immune response mediators can be destroyed by RNase III, an enzyme that degrades duplex RNA. It, therefore, appears that these transfer factors consist entirely or partly of double-stranded RNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Investigations of 'transfer factor' activity in the transfer of immunity to Trichostrongylus axei infections in sheep.

Three investigations are described in which non-dialysed and dialysed leucocyte lysates, 'transfer factor' prepared from the blood of sheep infected with Trichostrongylus axei successfully transferred immunity to challenge infection with that parasite in susceptible lambs. Similar leucocyte lysates from parasite-free lambs failed to transfer a similar resistance to challenge infection. 'Transfer factor' treatment produced a 30--72 per cent reduction in a total worm burden compared to susceptible control lambs. In the first two investigations the donor and recipient lambs were genetically dissimilar and in the third investigation were of different breeds. The resistance transfer was considered to operate independently of immune incompetence.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Studies on the chemical composition and biological properties of transfer factor.

Dialyzable transfer factor (dTF) was fractionated on Sephadex G-10 and G-25 fine columns, and biological activity was found in 3 fractions. One of these, designated VIa, and having a tendency to adsorb to the Sephadex G-10 gel, was shown to have a therapeutic effect on certain immunological diseases. Analysis of this fraction on thin-layer and gas chromatography and with infrared and mass spectroscopy indicated that about half of this fraction was composed of uracil; additional unidentified heterocyclic and aromatic substances were present in this fraction. Adjacent fraction V contained tyrosine and a small polyribonucleotide, and fraction VII hypoxanthine and additional unidentified components. Our results suggest that the therapeutic activity of dTF is not mediated through an immunologically specific informational molecule, but is rather based on non-specific stimulation of the expression of the immune response.

Heterocyclic Compounds↗
PubMed1983

[Human transfer factor. II. Clinical results with the large pool transfer factor].

21 patients with diseases due to immunological causes were treated 6 times at an interval of four weeks by administering 5 E TF or 1 E TF each per 10 kg of body weight. TF consisted of 5 different large pool TF charges of 420 to 822 buffy-coats of fresh stored whole blood. Clinical and immunological investigations as well as biochemical ones in the laboratory were made before and after treatment. Large pool TF is clinically effective in 9 from 18 patients and immunologically in 16 from 18 patients. There is a greater effect in immunodeficiencies than in autoimmune diseases. TF is not able to remove the defect for a long time. Repeated administrations are required. TF therapy may be regarded as a substitution therapy. At first, the intervals have to be chosen according to clinical parameters (recidive of the disease or crisis respectively). There is a good compatibility of TF. Side-effects could not be observed. The frequent immunological conversions after score evaluation indicate, however, that in comparison to the clinical appearance the course of the disease must be seen to be much more complex than it can be expressed by in vitro correlates of immunological responses. Statistically ensured correlations of single tests concerning the clinical course could also not be found. Large pool TF provides favourable conditions for controlled therapy trials in order to elucidate those findings of therapy which hitherto had been a subject of controversy (e.g. autoimmune diseases, tumours).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The single breath transfer factor (Tl,co) and the transfer coefficient (Kco): a window onto the pulmonary microcirculation.

The transfer factor, Tl,co (with the transfer coefficient, Kco, also known as the transfer factor per unit alveolar volume, [Tl/Va]), is one of the most useful clinical tests of pulmonary function, the only one which specifically focuses on pulmonary microcirculation. It was originally devised in 1909 as a physiological tool to assess the diffusive capacity of the lung as a gas exchanger. It was subsequently developed as a clinical tool, but cumbersome analytical techniques delayed its introduction into clinical medicine until 1950s. The physiology of the carbon monoxide transfer factor (also called the diffusing capacity Dl,co) is based on the Roughton-Forster equation which partitions Dl,co, a conductance, into membrane (Dm) and red cell (thetaVc) diffusion conductances. Recent work (1987-2001) suggests that 70-80% of the resistance to CO (and O2) diffusion may reside in the red cell fraction. The clinical implication is that Tl,co and Kco are 'windows' onto the pulmonary microcirculation. As regards reference values for clinical use, Tl,co depends on age, height and gender. Kco, which is actually a rate constant, is independent of gender, and is affected principally by age. A schema is presented for the clinical interpretation of Tl,co. As Tl,co is derived from the product of Kco and the accessible alveolar volume (Va), examination of these two components (Kco and Va) will usually suggest a specific pathophysiological mechanism as the explanation for a reduction in Tl,co.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standardization of computation of single-breath transfer factor.

The transfer factor (TLCOsb) is currently widely used as a lung function test. Although the test maneuver itself is well described and uniformly approached by most workers, the computation technique varies considerably. Significant changes in the TLCOsb are induced by correcting for: blood hemoglobin concentration [Hb], apparatus and anatomic dead space (VD), alveolar gas sample dead space (VDbag), carboxyhemoglobin concentration (COHb), alveolar carbon dioxide fraction (FACO2), initial inspired gas (VI) conditions, and breath-hold time (t). The quantitative impact upon TLCOsb of the presence or absence of corrections was calculated using TLCOsb measurements from 245 normal subjects. The average change (%) in computed TLCOsb induced by correcting for the above variables is: Hb (+8%); VD (-8%); VDbag (-0.3 to -6%); COHb (+X% for X% COHb); FACO2 (+5%); VI (+4%); t (+7%). Since corrections are made by some laboratories and not by others and since no uniformity exists concerning the corrections to be made, it is possible for two laboratories to choose their computation routines in such a way that they would compute, from the same test results, TLCOsb values which differ by 41%. Standardization of the TLCOsb computation technique is needed.

Carboxyhemoglobin↗
PubMed1977

Specificity of transfer factor. In vitro lymphoblast transformation of peripheral lymphocytes to Leishmania major antigen in the presence of transfer factor.

The in vivo and in vitro demonstration of specificity of transfer factor (TF) has so far been hampered by lack of a suitable antigen. The host partiality of Leishmania suggested that in the case of leishmania antigen it should be possible to obtain lymphocytes of both donors and recipients of TF which were either sensitized or truly virgin. Lymphoblast transformation of normal donor lymphocytes to leishmania major antigen (LMA) was therefore measured in the presence of TF prepared from donors with a history of cutaneous leishmania infection (LSTFd) and normal donors (NSTFd). A clear augmentation of the lymphoblast transformation equal to that usually seen when lymphocytes from sensitized individuals are exposed to LMA was observed with LSTFd. An insignificant increase in lymphoblast transformation, however, occurred when NSTFd was used together with LMA and when LSTFd or NSTFd was used alone. The results, although limited by the number of TF preparations, tested, clearly substantiate the in vitro specificity of TF.

Antigens↗