Transplantation of bone treated with ethylenediamine into tooth sockets in immediate denture patients.
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Adult↗
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The effect of ovariectomy on the healing tooth socket of the rat.
Under general anaesthesia, 35-day-old female rats were ovariectomized and the right maxillary molar teeth removed. Dynamic measures of alveolar bone formation were determined at 10 days after surgery, using the fluorochrome labelling technique, and compared with control animals. Ovariectomy significantly increased buccal resorption and palatal bone formation. In a second experiment, ovariectomized rats had the right maxillary molar teeth extracted and were killed at either 5 or 14 days after surgery. The mean mineralizing surface of the alveolar bone (percentage of surfaces occupied by a double fluorescent label) was significantly lower in rats killed at either 5 or 10 days than at 14 days after ovariectomy and tooth extraction. The mean appositional rate was significantly greater at 5 days after ovariectomy and tooth extraction than at 10 or 14 days. Oestrogen deficiency can therefore affect alveolar bone turnover following tooth extraction.
Alveolar Process↗
Resorption of permanent teeth.
The varying extent of permanent tooth resorption attributable to different types of orthodontic appliances is a continuing cause for concern. This paper reviews recent researches which contribute to an improved understanding of the origin and behaviour of osteoclasts; and considers the structure and behaviour of the periodontal ligament and its relationship to the cementum and bundle bone of the tooth socket. Permanent tooth resorption is identified as a normal phenomenon. A simple explanation is offered as to why under normal circumstances the bone of the tooth socket is more likely to be resorbed than the tooth itself. With this knowledge treatment procedures can be selected which will reduce tooth resorption risks to a minimum.
Alveolar Process↗
Tissue response to a haemostatic alginate wound dressing in tooth extraction sockets.
Kaltostat is a new haemostatic wound dressing composed of non-woven sodium calcium alginate fibres, and was originally developed to cover exposed wounds of the skin. A histopathological study was undertaken to determine the tissue response to Kaltostat in healing tooth sockets, to obtain a comparison with oxidised regenerated cellulose (Surgicel). Tooth sockets filled with blood clot acted as controls. The results showed that both biomaterials delayed wound healing in the early phase (1-4 weeks), giving rise to foreign body reactions. At 12 weeks there was little difference between the control sockets and the sockets containing the test materials, although remnants of retained dressing materials were identified. Healing of the tooth sockets was complete at 24 weeks.
Alginates↗
Effect of biomaterial properties on bone healing in a rabbit tooth extraction socket model.
In this work we sought to understand the effect of biomaterial properties upon healing bone tissue. We hypothesized that a hydrophilic polymer gel implanted into a bone tissue defect would impede the healing process owing to the biomaterial's prevention of protein adsorption and thus cell adhesion. To test this hypothesis, healing bone was investigated within a rabbit incisor extraction socket, a subcritical size bone defect that resists significant soft tissue invasion by virtue of its conformity. After removal of the incisor teeth, one tooth socket was left as an empty control, one was filled with crosslinked polymer networks formed from the hydrophobic polymer poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), and one was filled with a hydrogel formed from the hydrophilic oligomer oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF). At five different times (4 days as well as 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks), jaw bone specimens containing the tooth sockets were removed. We analyzed bone healing by histomorphometrical analysis of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections as well as immunohistochemically stained sections. The proposed hypothesis, that a hydrophilic material would hinder bone healing, was supported by the histomorphometrical results. In addition, the immunohistochemical results reflect molecular signaling indicative of the early invasion of platelets, the vascularization of wound-healing tissue, the differentiation of migrating progenitor cells, and the formation and remodeling of bone tissue. Finally, the results emphasize the need to consider biomaterial properties and their differing effects upon endogenous growth factors, and thus bone healing, during the development of tissue engineering devices.
Animals↗
[Osteopontin mRNA expression in remodeling alveolar bone incident to tooth movement--visualized by in situ hybridization].
The purpose of this study was to investigate the osteopontin mRNA expression in the alveolar bone incident to the physiologic and experimental tooth movement. The upper jaws of female rats (7 weeks old) which were submitted to experimental molar tooth movement and control specimens were decalcified and sliced into paraffin sections. Osteopontin mRNA expression and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACPase) activity were examined in the alveolar bone by use of in situ hybridization techniques and enzyme histochemistry, respectively. In the control specimens high levels of osteopontin mRNA expression was observed in the osteocytes and lining cells close to the osteoclasts which were detected by TRACPase staining in the distal areas of the tooth sockets. In the mesial tooth socket areas however, low levels of osteopontin mRNA expression was observed. In the experimental specimens high levels of osteopontin mRNA expression of both the osteoblasts and osteocytes was observed in the mesial areas of tooth sockets in response to the experimental tooth movement. These results indicated that osteopontin gene expression is related to the alveolar bone remodeling as far as the bone resorption incident to the physiologic tooth movement and that this expression level significantly increased in response to a certain mechanical stress incident to the experimental tooth movement.
Alveolar Process↗
Expression of cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein during healing of the rat tooth-extraction socket.
Cartilage-derived retinoic acid sensitive protein (CD-RAP) is a recently described, cartilage-specific protein. During early healing of the tooth-extraction socket, cells express both chondrogenic and osteogenic cell markers, but no cartilage is formed. Cartilaginous collagen type II protein, a major constituent of hyaline cartilage, has not been detected in the healing socket, although type IX collagen, which coats these fibres, has been detected transiently in early socket healing. This study investigated the spatial and temporal expression of CD-RAP and various osteoblast cell markers, i.e., alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteonectin and osteocalcin, during healing. Immunolocalization of these proteins was determined in the rat tooth socket at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 14 days after extraction. CD-RAP was expressed by preosteoblast cells maximally at 6, 7, and 8 days after extraction. Fully differentiated osteoblasts expressed osteocalcin, a specific osteoblast marker. Preosteoblasts and fibroblasts did not express osteocalcin. On double immunofluorescent staining, some preosteoblasts coexpressed CD-RAP (indicative of chondrogenic differentiation), and either alkaline phosphatase or osteopontin (markers of osteogenic stem-cell maturation). There was no colocalization between osteopontin and osteonectin. CD-RAP was unique amongst the cell markers used in that it was expressed by preosteoblasts, but not by osteoblasts lining the newly formed trabeculae. CD-RAP may have an important role in osteoblast cell differentiation during bone healing.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Spatial and temporal localization of secretory IgA in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to look at the spatial and temporal localization of secretory IgA in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male New Zealand White rabbits were used in the study. Incisor teeth were extracted from both jaws, and the healing extraction socket with the surrounding jaw bone was harvested at 48 hours, 4 days, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Tissues were fixed, decalcified, and processed for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The sections were stained to detect secretory IgA. The stained sections were then imaged, and an automated computer program was used to detect the brown 3,3'-diaminobenzidine stain that represented the secretory IgA. The data were obtained in the form of percentage area and intensity of stain and analyzed using analysis of variance (Tukey-Kramer and Scheffé's tests). RESULTS: Spatial and temporal differences in localization of secretory IgA were observed across time frames in both jaws. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed definite trends in the spatial and temporal localization of secretory IgA in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model.
Alveolar Process↗
Healing of tooth extraction sockets in experimental diabetes mellitus.
PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to examine the healing of molar tooth extraction sockets in the streptozotocin-treated, diabetic rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was induced in a group of mature Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting streptozotocin. Control animals were injected with citrate buffer only. A third group of rats were also injected with streptozotocin, but the diabetes was controlled by daily injections of insulin. After 2 weeks, all of the rats underwent extraction of the right maxillary molar teeth under general anesthesia. The rats were killed at varying intervals and the maxilla and calvaria recovered in continuity. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), the latter to identify diabetic microangiopathy. RESULTS: At 10 days after tooth extraction in the control and insulin-streptozotocin-treated rats, thick collagen fibers formed a pretrabecular scaffold that dictated the direction of the forming trabeculae. The collagen fibers in the diabetic socket were thin and scanty, and formed a narrow layer in the apical part. There was no evidence of diabetic microangiopathy in the extraction sockets of diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, or normal rats. CONCLUSION: These histologic observations suggest that in uncontrolled, insulin-dependent diabetes, the formation of the collagenous framework in the tooth extraction socket is inhibited, resulting in delayed healing and increased alveolar destruction.
Alveolar Bone Loss↗
Scanning electron microscope study of the healing molar tooth extraction socket in the rat.
Healing molar tooth extraction wounds in rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy from 15 minutes to 40 days following tooth removal. The wound epithelium, which was derived mainly from the gingiva but also from the cheek and hard palate, migrated beneath the superficial socket contents. The contents were lost between 5 to 11 days, thus leaving a central epithelial-lined depression. This decreased in width with time as the level of the wound epithelium approached that of the hard palate but was still present at 40 days. Between 5 and 7 days, the wound epithelium became more regular. However, from 11 days on, it became more irregular with increasing numbers of saucer-shaped depressions, circular defects and circular whorls of epithelial cells. The surface structure of the epithelial cells changed as it migrated and matured. The initially plump, then flattened cells mostly had smooth areas along with variable numbers of irregular microridges and microvilli, although cells derived from the cheek had only smooth surfaces. With further maturation, all cells developed a regular honeycomb surface pattern of interconnecting microridges similar to that on the hard palate. Why the wound epithelium became more uneven after 11 days is not known.
Animals↗
[Roentgenographic study on the healing processes of the deciduous tooth extraction sockets].
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Dentistry↗
Trabecular bone formation in the healing of the rodent molar tooth extraction socket.
The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of the template structure on which trabecular bone formation occurs during healing of the rodent tooth extraction socket, a well studied bone healing system. The presence of collagen type II mRNA has previously been described in the healing socket, although the formation of the protein or cartilage has not been observed. However, recent evidence from developmental and other bone healing studies indicates that collagen type III may be important in forming the preliminary scaffold on which bone trabeculae are formed. The maxillary right molar teeth were removed from rats under general anaesthesia and the animals killed at various times afterward. The tissues were examined using histological, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining techniques. It was concluded that collagen type IIA mRNA was produced by osteoblast cells of the socket, but that collagen type II, if present, would account for less than 0.01% of the total proteins extracted. During bone formation, Sharpey's fibers were seen radiating from the peripheral bone toward the center of the socket. These optically active collagen fibers were inserted into the forming bone trabeculae and were recognized by antibodies raised against collagen type III. The arrangement and composition of these fibers therefore suggest that they form a preliminary framework on which deposition of woven bone trabeculae occurs.
Animals↗
[Histochemical study on healing process of tooth extraction socket].
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Granulation Tissue↗
Discontinuity of life conditions at the transition from the Roman imperial age to the early middle ages: Example from central Italy evaluated by pathological dento-alveolar lesions.
Teeth are highly informative in the study of past human populations. In particular, the occurrence of lesions in the masticatory apparatus relates diseases, diet, and living conditions. The dental pathology of three skeletal samples from the north-central part of Latium (central Italy) is reported. Two of them belong to the Roman Imperial Age (1st-3rd century AD): the first (including 942 permanent teeth and 1,085 tooth sockets) represents the rural town of Lucus Feroniae and is mainly composed of slaves and/or war veterans, whereas the second (872 permanent teeth and 1,325 tooth sockets) comes from the Isola Sacra necropolis at Portus Romae and represents the "middle class" segment of an urban population. The medieval sample (912 teeth and 1,097 tooth sockets), dated to the 7th century AD, belongs to the Lombard necropolis of La Selvicciola. All of the samples were examined for caries, abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, calculus, alveolar resorption, attrition, and enamel hypoplasia; standard methods were used to identify, classify, and quantify these conditions. The results reveal different patterns of dental and alveolar lesions for the three populations, indicating a different combination of dietary factors and hygienic conditions in the Roman samples compared to the Lombard series. As evidenced by multivariate correspondece analysis, the Romans show afffinites between each other, whereas the Medieval sample appears associated with the incidence of caries and the pathological conditions related to them, thus indicating increase of these lesions and deterioration of the quality of life in the transition to the early Middle Ages. These data agree with the respective archeological characterizations of the necropolises and the hypothetical social composition of each population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:327-341. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Journal Article↗
The growth and morphogenesis of the early mouse mandible: a quantitative analysis.
Three-dimensional reconstruction and BrdU incorporation have been used to quantify the development and growth of the mouse mandible and to analyse its relationship to Meckel's cartilage and the molar teeth. The mandible anlage is first histologically detectable at E13.5 as paired plates of osteoid tissue within condensed mesenchyme (approximately 0.9 mm long and approximately 0.36 mm deep) that are lateral to the two arms of Meckel's cartilage. Over the next 3 days, each plate lengthens to approximately 3.6 mm, and extends medially at its superior and inferior edges, folding over to enclose the alveolar nerve and Meckel's cartilage and producing additional processes that form the molar tooth sockets (E15.5). At around E15.5, the first molar tooth socket forms from two processes that extend from the medial and distal parts of the mandible to surround the tooth. By E16.5, this process is complete in the distal region where Meckel's cartilage is beginning to degenerate. Mandible ossification begins at E14 with proliferation restricted to the outer surface. BrdU incorporation rates are particularly high at the proximal and distal ends where lengthening occurs, and at the superior and inferior edges as they extend medially to surround Meckel's cartilage. Incorporation rates slow at the distal ends of each mandible at E16.5 as they approach each other at the symphysis. The results indicate that the mandible mainly grows at its periphery, and the pattern of mandibular growth and morphogenesis suggests that these processes are mainly directed and constrained by paracrine signalling from Meckel's cartilage and the tooth buds.
Animals↗
Observations on healing of human tooth extraction sockets implanted with bioabsorbable polylactic-polyglycolic acids (PLGA) copolymer root replicas: a clinical, radiographic, and histologic follow-up report of 8 cases.
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct a clinical, radiographic, and histologic follow-up of alveolar socket healing in 8 human cases in which the extraction sockets of the involved teeth were treated with biodegradable root replicas before metallic implants were placed. STUDY DESIGN: Chair side prepared solid and porous forms of root replicas made out of polylactic-polyglycolic acids (PLGA) copolymer were utilized. Five patients were treated with the solid form and 3 with the porous form of the replicas. The cases were followed up at regular intervals postoperatively, and standardized photographs and radiographs were taken. The cylindrical core of biopsies that were removed with trephine for placement of titanium implants were processed and examined by light and transmission-electron microscopy. RESULTS: Both forms of the root replicas were well tolerated and biodegraded by the body. There were no histologically observable pathological tissue reactions at the time of implant application. However, the solid form seemed to cause an initial decalcification of the bone surrounding the extraction sockets that was subsequently repaired along with the bone healing of the extraction sockets. Such initial decalcification of the alveolar process was not observed in the cases that were treated with the porous form of root replicas. There was wide variation in the osseous component of the trephine-harvested biopsies in both treatment groups that suggests inconsistency in bone healing of the alveolar sockets. CONCLUSION: The 2 forms of root replicas under investigation were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable. But the compact solid form may cause an initial temporary lactic acid induced decalcification of the alveolar process, which makes it unsuitable for regular clinical application as compared to the granular porous form. The observed inconsistent and unpredictable bone regeneration calls for further research to develop more optimal replica materials.
Absorbable Implants↗
Painful, nonhealing, tooth extraction socket.
The oral signs and symptoms of acute leukemia include gingival hypertrophy, gingival hemorrhage, petechiae and ecchymoses, mucosal ulceration, paresthesia, tooth pain, and oral infections. This case was unusual in that the diagnosis of acute leukemia was made only after a biopsy specimen of tissue protruding from the socket of a recently extracted tooth disclosed malignant cells suggestive of leukemia or lymphoma. The diagnosis of epulis granulomatosa should be made only after clinical, radiographic, and microscopic studies have been performed to rule out a malignant process.
Diagnosis, Differential↗