Relationship of resting EMG level to total body metabolism with reference to the origin of "tissue noise".
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Desorption assay: a functional in vitro test for measuring the adhesion of E. coli on the urinary tract epithelium.
A functional test was developed to measure different adhesive properties of various Escherichia coli strains on the urinary tract epithelium. The test is based on initial incubation of everted canine ureteral segments in 2-hr cultures of E. coli (adsorption period), followed by sequential elutions in phosphate buffered saline. The release of bacteria (desorption rate) was measured from each elution by quantitative bacteriology. The function of the desorption assay was tested by showing different adhesive properties of various strains of E. coli. The strains isolated from infected canine urinary tracts showed high adhesion capacities superior to other strains of E. coli from different animal and/or tissue origin. This indicates a selective tissue and animal trophism determined by the strength of mucosal attachment. The test is also a valuable tool for measuring adhesion inhibiting substances in urine. The bulk of the adhesion inhibiting effect was localized in the urine ultrafiltrate.
Adhesiveness↗
[Histogenetic principle in estimation of reactive properties of tumors].
The reactive properties of tumors of epithelial origin (carcinoma RS-1) and connective tissue origin (Jensen sarcoma) are not analogous. Vitamin A inhibits the growth of carcinoma RS-1 and does not change the growth parameters of Jensen sarcoma. Hydrocortisone and proserine increase the growth rate of carcinoma RS-1. Hydrocortisone was found to inhibit the growth of Jensen sarcoma.
Animals↗
Single-cell multimodal profiling of pan-cancer cell lines uncovers gene regulatory principles underlying intrinsic cell states and environmental features.
Cancer arises from genetic and epigenetic alterations that reshape chromatin, transcriptional regulation, and malignant cell states. To chart cancer-intrinsic regulatory programs, we build a pan-cancer single-cell atlas of 60 cancer cell lines spanning 16 tissue origins and 20 cancer types, comprising 240,957 snRNA-seq and 223,347 snATAC-seq profiles. Integrative analyses reveal cell-state heterogeneity, core gene-regulatory networks, and a conserved EMT axis transcending tissue of origin; copy-number analysis identifies transcription factor amplification and hyperactivation as drivers of state reprogramming. Comparing cutaneous melanoma with acral melanoma, a rare subtype underrepresented in previous studies, uncovers a universal inflammation-suppressive program in acral and an inflamed landscape in cutaneous melanoma, with JAK-STAT activity as the central discriminator. Integrating data across models and patient cohorts links tumor-intrinsic regulation to microenvironmental composition and therapeutic response. By profiling rare alongside common subtypes, this atlas offers a resource for mapping pan-cancer and subtype-specific regulatory programs shaping cell-state plasticity.
Humans↗
Immunological analysis of human microglia: lack of monocytic and lymphoid membrane differentiation antigens.
While it is certain that reactive microglia (phagocytes in damaged brain tissue) originate from monocytes, the derivation of resting microglia (argentophilic cells in undamaged brain tissue) is not clear. In order to examine a possible lymphocytic and/or monocytic origin for resting microglia, cryostat sections of presumably normal human brain tissue were treated with anti-lymphocyte, anti-monocyte and anti-beta 2-microglobulin sera and then stained with the immunoperoxidase technique. No positive reaction was obtained. It must be concluded that resting microglia are not derived from mononuclear blood cells.
Antigens, Surface↗
Extrahypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF): release of immunoreactive LRF in vitro.
The human placenta in vitro releases luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) which is immunologically indistinguishable from hypothalamic LRF. The release of LRF by placental tissue increased during the 4 days of culture and exceeded the original tissue content more than 5-fold. These data suggest that the human placenta may synthesize an LRF molecule immunologically identical with hypothalamic LRF.
Aging↗
Exploring the transcriptional crosstalk between adipose tissue and locoregional recurrence in breast cancer using independent component analysis.
Locoregional recurrence (LRR) poses a persistent clinical challenge in breast cancer, with emerging evidence implicating the tumor-associated adipose tissue in modulating recurrence risk. This study investigates shared transcriptional programs between adipose tissue and breast tumors and examines their association with disease-free survival (DFS), particularly in the context of reconstructive surgery where adipose tissue from different body compartments are commonly used. We analyzed bulk gene expression data from 5,691 breast tumors and 978 human adipose tissue samples from different body compartments using consensus-independent component analysis (c-ICA) to identify transcriptional components (TCs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and copy number alteration profiling were used for biological annotation. Associations between TCs and DFS were evaluated through univariate Cox regression. Key findings were validated using spatial transcriptomic and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets. Among the 411 TCs identified, 332 showed biological enrichment, and 35 were significantly associated with DFS. Four DFS-associated TCs (TC257, TC350, TC371, TC400) were enriched for adipogenesis-related genes and exhibited heightened activity in high-grade, triple-negative tumors and in patients with elevated BMI. Notably, TC350 was highly active in adipose tissue from common reconstructive donor sites (abdomen, omentum, subcutis) but not in native breast adipose tissue. Spatial transcriptomic and single-cell analyses confirmed the increased activity of these adipogenesis-related TCs in tumor regions and adipose cells. TC350 included FABP4, a gene previously linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer and considered as a potential new therapeutic target. Adipose tissue-derived transcriptional programs influence breast cancer prognosis and this seems to differ by tissue origin. These findings generate a hypothesis that donor site selection for adipose tissue in reconstructive surgery may impact LRR risk through adipogenesis-associated mechanisms. Further research is warranted to elucidate the biological and clinical implications of adipose-tumor transcriptional interactions.
Humans↗
[Postmortem fibrinolysis and its biological characteristics].
Fibrinolysic cadaveric blood studied after a rapid death (strangulation asphyxia, traumatic and sudden death) contained no plasmin--an enzyme of fibrin destruction, and no plasminogen--its inactive precursor. In the absence of plasmin and plasminogen of interest is a high content of plasminogen activator. An increase in the content of the activator in the fibrinolysic blood exists along with a marked proactivator level. A relationshp between the concentration of the activator and the proactivator in this blood indirectly pointed to the intravascular (from the pre-existing blood proactivator of the living), and not the tissue origin of the activator. Activation of plasma proactivator is caused by the entrance of tissue lysokinases into the circulation.
Fibrinolysin↗
Acid phosphatase: new developments.
Acid phosphatase was the first "tumor marker" to be measured in the blood, and over 40 years have passed since an elevation of the serum acid phosphatase level was observed in patients with prostatic carcinoma. However, significant elevations in the level of this enzyme have been observed in other diseases, as well as elevations of other tissue phosphatases. Many improvements in the colorimetric technique have been introduced, but none has been used successfully to detect the tissue origin of this ubiquitous enzyme. The finding that prostatic acid phosphatase is antigenically distinct from acid phosphatase of other tissues opened a new horizon in the measurement of acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer. On the basis of this immunochemical specificity, several immunoassays have been employed for determining the prostatic acid phosphatase level.
Acid Phosphatase↗
[Immunologic and electrophoretic detection of an epidermal chalone-containing complex in tissues of different origin].
The rabbit antiserum to one of the components of the tissue-specific protein complex isolated from the back skin of rats and containing G1- and G2-chalones was obtained. By means of this antiserum an antigen identical to the cutaneous one was found in the mucous membrane of the tongue, oesophagus, prestomach and vagina, in the epidermis of the tail and sole. The cornea, mucous membranes of the urinary bladder and intestine, liver, kidney and blood serum do not contain this antigen. According to data of disc-electrophoresis in 5%-polyacrilamide gel, the 55--81% alcohol extracts of the investigated tissues of the epidermal type, including the cornea and mucous membrane of the urinary bladder, are of similar quantitative and qualitative composition, different from that of tissues of other origin.
Animals↗
A human adrenocortical adenoma in tissue culture. Morphology and hormone secretion.
A human adrenocortical adenoma was cultivated in vitro and the morphological characteristics, steroidogenic activity and response to ACTH of the cultured cells were studied over a period of about two months. At first, the morphology of the cultures was similar to that of the original tissue. This structure changed in the course of time and the cells underwent fibroblastoid transformation. Stimulation with ACTH evoked two types of morphological response: a) a short-term response, whereby an extensive but rapidly reversible vacuolization was followed by cell enlargement and granulation, and b) a long-term effect in which the differentiated cell morphology was maintained. The cultures showed a low steroidogenic activity throughout the experiment. ACTH stimulation increased the total 17-hydroxysteroid production up to 10-fold. After ACTH withdrawal the corticosteroid levels declined slowly and about 50% of the maximal activity persisted on the fifth day after ACTH withdrawal.
Adenoma↗
Expression of monocytic--histiocytic cytochemical markers in epithelial neoplasia.
The diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis is usually based upon typical light microscopic features of the neoplasm. Supplementary cytochemical and immunologic features have been suggested as typical of malignant histiocytosis. The present study was prompted by an unusual erythropagocytic hepatocellular carcinoma having immunologic and cytochemical markers suggesting mononuclear phagocytic origin. Twenty-four neoplasms of unquestionable epithelial origin were prospectively evaluated for activity of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, a cytochemical marker useful in distinguishing between the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and malignant histiocytosis. The epithelial tumors represented a broad spectrum of tissue origins and consistently demonstrated alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity. Thus, erythrophagocytosis and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase positivity may be misleading in the unusual instance in which the histopathologic differential diagnosis includes malignant histiocytosis and epithelial neoplasia. Ultrastructural assessment is useful in the exclusion of poorly differentiated carcinoma.
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases↗
The kinetics of serum and tissue ferritins: relation to carbohydrate content.
Significant differences were observed in the rate of disappearance from plasma of ferritins purified from rat serum and from different organs. Ferritin from all sources including purified serum ferritin was rapidly removed from plasma by the liver. No difference in biological half-life was observed between apoferritin prepared by ultracentrifugation of liver ferritin and whole liver ferritin and iron-loaded animals cleared injected serum ferritin from plasma at a comparable rate to normal rats. When amounts of 100 microgram of ferritin were injected into rats the half-life was significantly lengthened. The study confirmed the fact that ferritin iron and ferritin protein were removed from plasma at the same rate. No consistent effect of acidic or more basic isoferritin composition on biological half-life was apparent. After chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 6B those ferritins which were predominantly bound to Con A-Sepharose had a half-life which was approximately twice that of ferritins which did not bind. It is concluded that the variation in plasma disappearance of ferritins of different tissue origin was explainable on the basis of carbohydrate content of the molecule.
Animals↗
Salivary gland heterotopia in the lower part of the neck.
Heterotopic salivary gland tissue in branchial cleft cysts in the upper part of the neck reputedly differentiates from the epithelial lining of the cyst. We describe a patient with salivary gland tissue found in the lower part of the neck. How salivary gland tissue finds its way to the lower neck is obscure. It is conceivable that the tissue originated from a precervical sinus or cervical vesicle, a distinct embryologic structure that forms in the lower part of the neck between the second branchial arch and the upper thoracic wall, but that normally disappears by the time of birth. The epithelial lining of the cervical vesicle is thought to be associated with the early development of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Salivary gland tissue may differentiate from the epithelial lining of cervical vesicles and nurture the growing nerves by nerve growth factor elaboration.
Branchioma↗
[Various biological properties of diploid cell strains derived from various tissues of human embryo].
Some properties of 4 diplod cell strains derived from the lung and skin-muscle tissue of human embryos were studied. Only one strain (L-63) was shown to have a stable karyotype throughout its life span and induced no tumor formation in the cheek pouch of hamsters. Species-specific and group antigens were revealed. In the cell strains of the lung and skin-muscle derivation differences in the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were observed and found characteristic of the original tissue cells.
Animals↗
The derivation and characterization of neuronal cell lines from rat and mouse brain.
This study shows that permanent cell lines can be established from rat and mouse brain by direct tissue culture methodology without the aid of exogenous chemical or viral transforming agents. These cells were derived from specific areas of the brain, such as the cerebellum and hippocampus, at chosen times during fetal and neonatal development. Success in establishing neuronal cell lines was dependent upon the use of selection pressures designed to keep the background of glial cells and fibroblasts at a minimum. These manipulations included care in the choice and processing of the original tissue, utilization of cytotoxic anti-glial sera, and continuous manual isolation of cells with neuronal morphology. Slow-growing nerve cells were thus allowed to adapt spontaneously to culture with a minimum of competition from faster-adapting cell types. Many of these cell lines are judged to be neuronal on the basis of their electrical excitability and their characteristic surface antigens. The cells respond positively in a sodium flux assay which has been shown to correlate well with the ability to generate an action potential, and also express one or more of three antigens previously found to be specific for nerve cells.
Animals↗
Evidence of a mixed population from uterine tube epithelium in a continuous line of pig cells.
The pig uterine tube (PFT) cell line is composed of a mixed population which is undifferentiated. However, specific markers indicating the original tissue of the uterine tube were shown if cells differentiated into epithelial cells forming spheroids in the 254th subculture. Ciliated and secretory cells, and cells with a basal lamina and interstitial collagen were observed in the spheroids. Microlumina found in the spheroids appeared morphologically similar to the lumen of the uterine tube. These observations indicate that undifferentiated cells can multiply in vitro and keep their potentiality of differentiation for future expression. It is proposed that the PFT cell line was partly derived from epithelial cells originally harvested from the PFT.
Animals↗
Phospholipid removal during degradation of rat plasma very low density lipoprotein in vitro.
The hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids in very low density lipoprotein by enzyme(s) released into circulation after the injection of heparin to rats was studied. [32P]Lysolecithin was formed rapidly from [32P]lecithin when very low density lipoprotein, labeled biosynthetically with 32P, was incubated with postheparin plasma. The [32P]lysolecithin was associated with the plasma protein fraction of density greater than 1.21 g/ml, whereas [32P]lecithin exchanged between very low and high density lipoproteins. Inhibition of the plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase activity did not change the excess [32P]lysolecithin formation in postheparin plasma, and only a negligible amount of radioactivity was associated with blood cells when the incubation was repeated in whole blood. Analysis of the results has demonstrated that phospholipids are removed from VLDL by two pathways: hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids by the heparin-releasable phospholipase activity (greater than50%) and transfer to high density lipoproteins (less than50%). The tissue origin of the postheparin phospholipase was studied in plasma obtained from intact rats and supradiaphragmatic rats using specific inhibitors of the extrahepatic lipase system (protamine sulfate and 0.5 M NaCl). The phospholipase activity could be ascribed to both the hepatic and extrahepatic lipase systems. It is concluded that hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids is the major mechanism responsible for the removal of phospholipids from very low density lipoprotein during the degradation of the lipoprotein. It is suggested that phospholipid hydrolysis occurs concomitantly with triglyceride hydrolysis, predominantly in extrahepatic tissues.
Animals↗