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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Time perception and stimulus preference as a function of stimulus complexity.

The present research joins previous efforts to define more clearly the phenomenon of perceived time as an important social-psychological dimension. In this study, time was considered a socially existential variable that can most meaningfully be measured by comparing two or more subjectively experienced durations, each with the other(s). Combining this view of time judgment with the adaptation level/optimal arousal principle, two hypotheses were tested: (a) that test stimuli differing in degree of complexity elicit from the individual differential degrees of affect, and (b) that intervals during which the individual is exposed to either overly simple or overly complex stimuli are judged as comparatively longer than objectively equal durations filled with moderately complex stimuli. Both hypotheses were affirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Time perception: effects of sex and sound intensity on scales of subjective duration.

Six women and six men reproduced ten time intervals varying in logarithmic steps between 1.3 and 20 s. The durations were indicated by white noise of 10, 25, 40 and 55 dB SL, different sound intensities in different sessions. It was found that (i) greater sound intensity entails shorter reproductions, and (ii) reproductions by male observers are shorter than those by female, although for both (i) and (ii) there is an interaction with the standard durations. The data were treated in accordance with the "parallel-clock model" (Eisler, 1975), whereby the parameters of the psychophysical power function are determined from duration reproduction data. As in previous experiments (Eisler, 1975), the data showed a break in the function entailing two segments. The effect of sound intensity could be attributed to the exponent, which was lower for stronger noise, and the effect of sex to the weight coefficient of the upper relative to the lower segment of the psychophysical function, the coefficient being lower for men.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Ethnic differences in time perception: a comparison of Anglo and Mexican Americans.

Social scientists have presented an image of the Mexican American as locked into the present, incapable, or unwilling to project plans and events into the future. This is seen as responsible in part for the lack of social mobility and assimilation exhibited by Mexican Americans. However, there is little empirical support for the contention that Mexican Americans have a restricted sense of future events. The present study compared the temporal perspectives of 31 Mexican American and 41 Anglo American college students. No marked differences were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Time perception and hemodialysis.

Subtle alterations in neurological function are often difficult to identify and even harder to quantitate. The identification of a neurotoxic state existing before overt behavioral changes occur has eluded quantification. It was hypothesized that a challenging signal-detection procedure would be used to assess neurological function of dialysis patients and other subjects, the degree of uremic toxicity occuring during an interdialytic interval, and the effects of neuroactive drugs. A vigilance task demanding the detection of an irregularly flashing light from a matrix of regularly flashing lights was administered to 3 groups of 15 men: patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, patients with chronic illness and no kidney disease, and healthy subjects. The procedure was found to yield a reliable measure; average test-retest correlation was 0.93, which differentiated not only within the hemodialysis cycle (p less than 0.001), between groups (p less than 0.001), but was also related to the recency of neuroactive drugs ingested (p less than 0.01).

Arthritis↗
PubMed1975

[Visual perception, reaction time and their alteration under the influence of alcohol in patients with remote sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma].

In patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injuries the author examined the time of perception of letter stimula by the aid of a technique of reverse masking, the time of motor reactions to simple and letter stimula and changes of these temporary parameters under the influence of small doses of alcohol (60 ml 40 degrees alcohol). The time of perception and time of motor reactions to a simple stimula were practically identical to those in normals. The time of motor reactions to aletter stimula was higher than to a simple one and in patients significantly higher than in normals. Under the influence of alcohol the time of perception and motor reactions increase in conditions of letter distinguishing. These facts permit to consider that alcohol in such patients makes the processing of information in the CNS slower and most strongly influences the central cortical processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Probing the cognitive representation of musical time: structural constraints on the perception of timing perturbations.

To determine whether structural factors interact with the perception of musical time, musically literate listeners were presented repeatedly with eight-bar musical excerpts, realized with physically regular timing on an electronic piano. On each trial, one or two randomly chosen time intervals were lengthened by a small amount, and the score. The resulting detection accuracy profile across all positions in each musical excerpt showed pronounced dips in places where lengthening would typically occur in an expressive (temporally modulated) performance. False alarm percentages indicated that certain tones seemed longer a priori, and these were among the ones whose actual lengthening was easiest to detect. The detection accuracy and false alarm profiles were significantly correlated with each other and with the temporal microstructure of expert performances, as measured from sound recordings by famous artists. Thus the detection task apparently tapped into listeners' musical thought and revealed their expectations about the temporal microstructure of music performance. These expectations, like the timing patterns of actual performances, derive from the cognitive representation of musical structure, as cued by a variety of systemic factors (grouping, meter, harmonic progression) and their acoustic correlates. No simple psycho-acoustic explanation of the detection accuracy profiles was evident. The results suggest that the perception of musical time is not veridical but "warped" by the structural representation. This warping may provide a natural basis for performance evaluation: expected timing patterns sound more or less regular, unexpected ones irregular. Parallels to language performance and perception are noted.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Effect of density and environmental noise on perception of time, the situation, oneself and others.

The effects of density, intrusion of one's personal space, sex of subject, group composition, and environmental noise on the perception of time, the situation, oneself and others were investigated in this study. Generally, the results indicated that (1) both density and the intrusion of personal space concurrently affect the perception of crowding, (2) the physical factors interacted with the social and personal factors to affect the perception of several aspects of the situation, and (3) the environmental noise did not, for the most part, affect the perception of the situation.

Crowding↗
PubMed1976

Facilitation of stereopsis from a large disparity random-dot stereogram by various monocular features: further findings (a short note).

This experiment examined the effects of adding five different kinds of prominent monocular features to a large-disparity random-dot stereogram. It was found that features which enclosed the disparate area produced the shortest initial perception times for fusion. The longer initial perception times for stimuli containing features without this enclosing property are explained in terms of less-helpful guidance of saccadic eye movements prior to the establishment of fusion. Subsequent reductions in perception times for these latter stimuli could be due to perceptual learning within the eye movement control system.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1992

Effects of atropine on operant test battery performance in rhesus monkeys.

The acute behavioral effects of atropine sulfate were assessed using a battery of complex food-reinforced operant tasks that included: temporal response differentiation (TRD, n = 7); delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS, n = 6), progressive ratio (PR, n = 8), incremental repeated acquisition (IRA, n = 8), and conditioned position responding (CPR, n = 8). Performance in these tasks is thought to depend primarily upon specific brain functions such as time perception, short-term memory and attention, motivation, learning, and color and position discrimination, respectively. Atropine sulfate (0.01-0.56 mg/kg iv), given 15-min pretesting, produced significant dose-dependent decreases in the number of reinforcers obtained in all tasks. Response rates decreased significantly at greater than or equal to 0.03 mg/kg for the learning and discrimination tasks, at greater than or equal to 0.10 mg/kg for the motivation and short-term memory and attention tasks, and at greater than or equal to 0.30 mg/kg for the time perception task. Response accuracies were significantly decreased at doses greater than or equal to 0.10 mg/kg for the learning, discrimination, and short-term memory and attention tasks, and at greater than or equal to 0.30 mg/kg for the time perception task. Thus, the order of task sensitivity to any disruption by atropine is learning = color and position discrimination greater than time perception = short-term memory and attention = motivation (IRA = CPR greater than TRD = DMTS = PR). Thus in monkeys, the rates of responding in operant tasks designed to model learning and color and position discrimination were the most sensitive measures to atropine's behavioral effects. Accuracy in these same task was also disrupted but at higher doses. These data support the hypothesis that cholinergic systems play a greater role in the speed (but not accuracy) of performance of our learning and discrimination tasks compared to all other tasks. Accuracy of responding in these and the short-term memory task, all of which involve the use of lights as visual stimuli, was more sensitive to disruption by atropine than those tasks which did not utilize such strong visual stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The perception of time as a factor in Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings: a literature review.

This literature review examines an operationalization of Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings. The principle of helicy and the theory of accelerating evolution has been used by a number of authors as a theoretical framework for the exploration of how patients, particularly those who are elderly, perceive the passage of time. Although there is no conclusive evidence to support the aspect of Rogers' theory of accelerating evolution that suggests that as people grow older they perceive time as passing more quickly, there is evidence that suggests that different elderly patients can have a variable perception of the passage of time. For example, some patients perceive the passage of time as rapid and will be happy to sit quietly. Others may perceive the passage of time as occurring more slowly and will require diversional therapy. A conclusion is reached that nurses should include individual assessments of the patients' perception of the passage of time in order to identify accurately the degree of need for diversional activities.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Perception of timing of movement-onset in a simple reaction time task.

Subjects judged verbally on temporal order between pressing a switch and a marking sound (MS) in a simple reaction time paradigm. They were uncertain when sound preceded movement by less than about 60 ms or followed it by less than 130 ms (transient zone--TZ). The point of subjective equality (defined by 0.5 probability of correct judgements of temporal order of sound and switching onsets) and the median of TZ were shifted about 60 and 35 ms prior movement onset, respectively. Estimating mutual timing of movement preparation and execution and sensory delays, these shifts correspond to the simultaneity of onsets of MS and proprioceptive feedback in the brain. Thus the results suggest about proprioceptive origin of perception of active movement onset.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Variations in perception of short time intervals during menstrual cycle.

The hypothesis that women experience heightened sensitivity and responsivity premenstrually was tested by asking 10 women to produce short time intervals at four phases of the menstrual cycle. 10 men were assigned to "pseudo-cycles" and tested as a control. The test was based on the assumption that a greater sensitivity to stimuli is reflected in a "slowing down" of subjective time. The women produced the shortest time intervals three to four days before menses, confirming the hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Carbon monoxide and human time discrimination: failure to replicate Beard-Wertheim experiments.

Beard and Wertheium described a dose-related deficit in human time perception during low level CO exposure. Two other laboratories were unable to replicate this finding, although methodological differences could explain these failures. This study more precisely repeated the original experiment, but failed again to obtain any CO-related deficit. The bulk of evidence, therefore, does not indicate any adverse effect of low level CO exposure on time perception in healthy young adults.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

The clinical utility of the hand-held tachistoscope.

A hand-held tachistoscope for use at the bedside was constructed and used to examine 40 normal controls and 170 psychiatric and neurological patients. This instrument quickly provided an index (perception time) which distinguished between idiopathic psychiatric illness and delirium, and between cortical and subcortical neuropathology. Slow perception time was seen in patients with delirium or cortical neuropathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Methadone maintenance: an assessment of potential fluctuations in behavior between doses.

Thirty methadone maintenance outpatients were measured 1 and 25 hours after ingestion of methadone on auditory threshold, distance perception, simple and differential reaction time, time perception, attention span, and short-term memory. The results revealed a small but statistically significant difference between the two tests for distance perception. In addition, treatment interacted with preparatory interval on differential reaction time and with sex on attention span.

Adolescent↗