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Results for “Tick Toxicoses”

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PubMed1975

Cattle and the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus.

Paralysis of domestic stock by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus is chiefly a disease of young animals (especially calves) and of non-habituated stock introduced into tick-infested country in spring. The tick has a wide host range, but its principal hosts are bandicoots. The tick has one generation per year and the adult female, which causes almost all paralysis, is abundant in spring and early summer and occurs most commonly in overgrown or regrowth country where bandicoots are abundant. The distribution and behavior of the long and the short-nosed bandicoots are reviewed. The number of ticks required to induce paralysis in cattle and the protection from paralysis afforded by prior experience of the tick are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Paralysis of calves by the tick, Ixodes Holocyclus.

Adult female Ixodes holocyclus were collected from the field at Fig Tree Pocket, a Brisbane suburb, at Tamborine Mountain, Queensland and at Lismore, New South Wales, in November 1974. Females were also reared from engorged nymphs collected off bandicoots from Tamborine Mountain July 1974 and 1975. In November 1974 unexposed 2-3 week old British breed calves, weighing between 26 and 46 kg were infested with 2,4,8 or 10 ticks. Neither 2 nor 4 females per calf caused paralysis. A challenge of 8 to 10 females induced paralysis 6 to 9 days after infestation by which time most ticks had engorged. There was little difference between ticks from different geographic localities. The site of attachment had no influence on tick toxicity. In September 1975, 2-3 week old British breed and Sahiwal x Jersey calves were infested with female ticks which had moulted 2-4 weeks prior to infestation. All but one calf with 10 ticks and all calves with 4 ticks became paralysed 8 to 13 days after infestation. At the time of paralysis only 1 of the 86 ticks had engorged and the remainder were small (30 to 50 mg). The greater toxicity of the latter ticks may have been due to the different treatment of ticks prior to infestation or to variations in the production of toxin associated with slow feeding. Four of 7 paralysed calves were saved using canine antitick serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tick (Ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog--induction of immunity by injection of toxin.

Three beagle dogs were immunised against the paralysing effects of holocyclotoxin, using toxic extracts derived from salivary glands of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. Upon subsequent challenge with four ED50's of toxin the animals were completely immune, whereas during the early stages 2 of 3 dogs became paralysed after injection with 0.5 ED50. Three immunised beagles, on which 15 I. holocyclus ticks had fed, showed no symptoms but a control beagle became paralysed after 4 I. holocyclus females fed on it. Treatment was instituted immediately upon the onset of clinical signs and the dog recovered uneventfully.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. 5. Treatment.

In this study the value of drugs administered with hyperimmune serum in the treatment of advanced disease produced by Ixodes holocyclus was compared under controlled conditions. All control dogs died rapidly whereas one dog survived and 3 dogs died after receiving hyperimmune serum alone. When promethazine hydrochloride was administered with hyperimmune serum 2 dogs recovered rapidly while the remaining 2 died. Administration of dexamethasone and hyperimmune serum allowed 3 dogs to survive while administration of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride in conjunction with hyperimmune serum allowed rapid recovery of all 4 dogs. Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, an alpha-adrenergic blocking drug, was chosen because of its potential to attenuate the arterial hypertension previously reported (Ilkiw et al 1988). The survival of all dogs together with the rapid return to normality indicated that this drug was beneficial in the treatment of dogs with advanced signs of tick paralysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Detection in allergic individuals of IgE specific for the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus.

Three techniques were developed to detect IgE specific to Ixodes holocyclus. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) was found to be superior to both radioallergosorbent test and enzyme immunoassay techniques. Validation of the RIA technique was provided by dilution experiments and by a blind study involving 13 volunteers; the RIA graph was linear over a wide range of concentrations. The RIA ratio clearly discriminated between those volunteers with and without systemic allergic reactions and helped to identify borderline cases showing local or cutaneous allergic reactions. It appears to be suitable for diagnostic and research applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Tick-borne Borrelia infection in Sweden.

Spirochetes were cultivated from 17% of 114 Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Stockholm area. Three strains of these spirochetes were selected for studies by electron microscopy. These three strains had definite morphological similarities to spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, as judged by the number of flagella, absence of cytoplasmic tubules, and dimensions. The three strains were not identical, but seemed to consist of two different kinds of cells, one with eight and one with eleven flagella. The three strains were also shown to react with a monoclonal antibody that reacts with Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi), but not with strains of other Borreliae, Treponemes, or Leptospiras. These results indicate the possibility of transmission of Borrelia spirochetes from ticks to humans in Sweden. The antibody response to one of the spirochetal strains isolated from Swedish I. ricinus was studied in 37 patients with the typical clinical picture of erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), in 45 patients with chronic meningitis (CMe) cured by high-dose intravenous penicillin, in 298 patients with post-infectious arthritis, and in controls. The antibody response was estimated by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antibody levels differed significantly between patients with CMe and healthy individuals (p less than 0.001), both with respect to serum antibody levels and CSF-antibody levels. The antibody levels also differed significantly between patients with ECM and healthy controls as measured by ELISA (p less than 0.05), whereas the difference was not significant as measured by IFA. Five of 298 patients with post-infectious arthritis had higher titers than any of the controls, and two of these five patients had titers higher than any patient with CMe or ECM. These results indicate spirochetal aetiology of ECM, and in some patents with CMe or postinfectious arthritis. As a diagnostic test for ECM, both IFA and ELISA were of limited value, since only 5/37 (14%) ECM patients were positive by IFA, and 14/37 (38%) by ELISA. Regarding patients with CMe, 23/45 (51%) were seropositive by IFA and 30/45 (67%) by ELISA. However, measurement of CSF-antibodies were found to be a more sensitive method than measurement of serum antibodies both by IFA and ELISA, since 38/45 (84%) CMe patients were positive by IFA, and 41/45 (91%) by ELISA. In addition, estimation of CSF antibodies was also found to be a more specific method than estimation of serum antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The clinical features of tick bite.

The clinical features of bites by the Australian scrub tick, Ixodes holocyclus, are reviewed. Eight cases of tick bite are summarized, including six new cases of tick paralysis in children. In almost all cases neuroparalysis became worse transiently, after the tick had been removed. One child with life-threatening respiratory and bulbar palsy received canine antitick antivenene, with rapid reversal of clinical signs. The differential diagnosis of tick bite includes all acute childhood diseases which can affect the motor units; the importance of including the possibility of tick envenomation in the differential diagnosis of acute weakness or paralysis in children is illustrated. The clinical features of neuromuscular paralysis are described, together with a review of the tick's local effects at the bite site.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Meningoradiculitis after tick bites. Apropos of 9 cases].

The authors report a series of 9 cases of meningoradiculitis after tick bites and compare them with 56 other cases in the literature. Clinically, the bite is followed by a free interval, then more or less extensive local erythema, pain then paralysis is undoubtedly the most typical presentation. Uni- or bilateral paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve was found in more than 50% of cases. Erythema may exceptionally be absent. There may be forms with pain alone. Finally, there may sometimes be pyramidal signs or signs of brain irritation. As concerns the course, one should note the absence of respiratory complications, and although there are usually no or minimal sequelae, one should note the slowness of the recovery in certain paralytic cases. In the laboratory, pleocytosis is constantly found in the C.S.F. As concerns physiopathology, there are 3 theories, virus, allergic and toxic.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Tick-borne diseases.

Ticks may transmit a variety of human pathogens and are second in importance only to the mosquito as a vector of human disease. The majority of tick-borne diseases are nonspecific in their initial clinical and laboratory presentation and may be confused with a variety of more common illnesses. A history of tick exposure is frequently not available. Although specific serologic tests exist for confirming the diagnosis of many of these diseases, the time required for confirmation of results makes them of little use in the acute situation. Recognition of the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens and clinical suspicion are of key importance in making the appropriate diagnosis. Early and specific therapy is a principal factor in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sweating sickness: relative curative effect of hyperimmune serum and a precipitated immunoglobulin suspension and immunoblot identification of proposed immunodominant tick salivary gland proteins.

Although of low morbidity, sweating sickness is readily induced in calves by infestation with positive Hyalomma truncatum adult ticks. This epitheliotrophic disease has no specific cure except by the administration of hyperimmune serum obtained from animals which have recovered and are subsequently immune to the disease. Treatment with hyperimmune serum, however, has associated problems of donor availability, possible serum contamination and i.v. administration of a relatively large volume. This paper compares the treatment and cure of sweating sickness using unrefined hyperimmune serum and that of an experimental suspension. The latter proved relatively inefficient probably due to a low concentration of effective immunoglobulins. Immunoblot analyses of the sera of affected animals, using tick salivary glands as antigen during the course of the trial revealed 4 tick salivary gland proteins with molecular masses of between 27-33 kDa. These are proposed as being associated with sweating sickness immunodominance.

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