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PubMed1992

Incidence of cancer among Pacific Island people in New Zealand.

AIM: to describe the epidemiology of new cancer registrations among Pacific Island people in New Zealand with a view to identifying important cancers for preventive activities. METHODS: new cancer cases registered with the New Zealand Cancer Registry of the Health Statistical Services for the decade 1979-88 were analysed. Cancer cases among Pacific Island people were compared with cancer cases among Maori and the remainder of the New Zealand population (other). RESULTS: while the number of cases reported among Pacific Island people was relatively small (1884), age standardised rates for cancer of all sites were much higher than age standardised rates for Maori and other populations. The age standardised rate (per 100,000 person years) for cancer of all sites among males in all age groups was 400 for Pacific Island, 308.8 for Maori and 295.3 for others. The age standardised rate for cancer of all sites among women in all age groups was 373.3 for Pacific Island women, 324.2 for Maori and 313.4 for other women. Liver cancer was more common among Pacific Island men than could be explained by temporary migration from the Pacific Islands for treatment. The age standardised rate for liver cancer was 28.2 for Pacific Island men, 11.4 for Maori and 1.9 for other men. Cancer of the cervix was the leading site among Pacific Island women as in Maori women, compared with breast cancer among women in the rest of the population. The age standardised rate for cervical cancer was 61.8 for Pacific Island, 69.0 for Maori and 59.3 for other women. CONCLUSION: in the decade 1979-88 there was an excess number of new registrations for some cancers described among Pacific Island people compared with Maori and other ethnic groups. Temporary migration from the Pacific Islands for treatment may explain some of the excess cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Temporary vs. permanent migration: a decision theoretical approach.

"The decision problem of the guest worker as a target saver is considered. He plans to accumulate capital in the host country for investment in the home country after return migration. As the worker is supposed to be incompletely informed about the economic variables in the host country he might prolong his stay unexpectedly provided the economic conditions in the host country are unfavourable. Explicit conditions for the economic variables are given such that temporary migration turns into permanent migration."

Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Migration networks: a case study in the Philippines.

"In an attempt to consider contract labor and other forms of temporary migration from the Philippines within the context of several interacting processes, I will first examine aspects of the international economy and government policy that set the stage for labor movement. It will then be argued that international migration flows emerge as a complex set of links that connect individuals and communities to the national capital region and ultimately to places abroad. This approach acknowledges that structural imbalances provide conditions for potential movement, but that this potential is translated into movement flows only when links between various people, places and mediating structures are actually activated through social networks. Once these links are established, a cascading system of migration emerges that is held together by a series of interpersonal relationships."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Gender, age, and ethnicity in immigration for an Australian nation.

An analysis of Australian immigration policy since the Second World War is presented. The emphasis is on the gender and age of preferred immigrants, rather than on their race or place of birth. "The author proposes that selection of immigrant settlers in Australia since World War 2 has been gendered as well as racialised, often combining particular sexisms with particular racisms and specifying the ways that ethnicity and gender should coexist in immigrants of different age groups. She notes implications for immigrants once in Australia (especially women) of the category under which they have entered the country. And she suggests that a new phase relating immigration to redefinition of the Australian nation, in which the temporary migration of skilled workers is preferred to their permanent migration, may be beginning; a phase whose modes of regulation and outcomes are as distinctively gendered as were those of their predecessors."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

A general equilibrium model of guest-worker migration: the source-country perspective.

"This paper examines the problem of guest-worker migration from an economy populated by identical, utility-maximizing individuals with finite working lives. The decision to migrate, the rate of saving while abroad, as well as the length of a migrant's stay in the foreign country, are all viewed as part of a solution to an intertemporal optimization problem. In addition to studying the microeconomic aspects of temporary migration, the paper analyses the determinants of the equilibrium flow of migrants, the corresponding domestic wage, and the level of welfare enjoyed by a typical worker. Effects of an emigration tax are also investigated."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Methods for assessing the impact of temporary labour emigration.

The author analyzes temporary labor migration and its impact on economic development in developing countries. "The paper presents four methods...namely partial sectoral analysis by regression computations, cost-benefit analysis, social accounting matrices, and computable general equilibrium models. It considers their respective advantages for different ends, questions, and policy goals, and explains their data requirements." A comment by Mohammad Afzal is included (pp. 1,237-9).

Demography↗
PubMed1993

Earnings adjustment of temporary migrants.

"The present paper shows that in the case of temporary migration the optimal investment into country specific human capital should be lower than in the case of permanent migration. Investments may not be sufficient to allow migrants' earnings to catch up with those of native workers." Earnings profiles of temporary migrants in West Germany are analyzed and compared with those of permanent migrants in Australia, Canada, and the United States. Data concern the 1980s.

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Trade and migration: the case of NAFTA.

"This article provides background information on NAFTA [the North American Free Trade Agreement], reviews data on its economic effects, and summarizes studies and projections of NAFTA's likely effects on Mexico-to-U.S. migration. Migration factors (demand-pull, supply-push, and networks) are examined to determine whether NAFTA's effect on economic development particularly in the border areas will accelerate or retard migration. The conclusion is that NAFTA is likely to produce a temporary migration hump, slightly raising already high migration levels in the 1990s, but reducing the volume of Mexico-to-U.S. migration that would otherwise occur over subsequent decades."

Americas↗
PubMed1990

Collective versus mass behavior: a conceptual framework for temporary and permanent migration in Western Europe and the United States.

"Present theories treat migration as one basic movement. [In the present paper,] conceptualization of economic migration as collective rather than mass behavior has been proposed to overcome present theoretical inadequacies and facilitate empirical analyses. Permanent migration has been correctly regarded as statistically aggregated, institutionalized behavior. Temporary international labor migration is, however, a different phenomenon--one that is more accurately portrayed as a collective product. It is the culmination of nontraditional interactions between three major groups: the migrants, their employers and host nation-states. The development of collective behavior, including a noninstitutionalized role of the state, may be illustrated by Western European guestworkers and United States illegal aliens. Advantages of the conceptualization include easier cross-cultural comparisons, guidelines for predictability and recognition of the dual role of the state as both major actor in the migration process and social control agent."

Americas↗
PubMed1980

The structure of the sinus wall of the lymph node relative to its endocytic properties and transmural cell passage.

The internal structure of cells lining the lymphatic sinus of the lymph node includes the presence of large bristle-coated vesicles, transfer tubules, and vesicular organelles for the uptake and intracellular disposition of endocytosed material. The lining cells of the sinuses phagocytose particulate material from the lymph in the same manner as the sinusoidal endothelium of the bone marrow takes up particulates from the blood and, thus, are similar in this respect to the endothelial lining of the bone marrow sinusoids. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination of the lymphatic sinus wall in rat lymph nodes show that the walls of the lymphatic sinuses are continuous and do not have permanent apertures allowing free communication between the extrasinusoidal and intrasinusoidal compartments in the lymph node. Migrating lymphocytes cross the lymphatic sinus wall intracellularly, i.e., through the body of the lining cell, by making a temporary migration pore, which closes after the cell has reached the lumen of the sinus. In addition there are sporadic aggregations of macrophages in transmural positions. The direction of their movement is unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Asian female students in Australia: temporary movements and student migration.

"The most significant population movement affecting Australia in recent years has been a dramatic growth in the number of short term arrivals.... While a substantial literature has evolved concerning overseas students' temporary migration and settlement, there has been only limited demographic analysis undertaken to date, including minimal attempt to explore the participation and specific student experience of women. This paper seeks to address this omission through presentation of a detailed analysis of the characteristics of Asian female students within the overall student movement, together with a preliminary exploration of issues related to their personal and academic transition."

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygeia and Panacea in health and society. Health systems: a product of social evolution].

Biomedical and social sciences are getting closer, thus reducing the existing chasm between the social determinants of health and health policy. The determinants such as income, education, health production at home, environment, employment, dietary habits, social support networks, gender, and migration, among others, have a strong and definitive influence on the health state of the population. This paper gains an insight into the influence on the population's health covered by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) of some of these determinants, such as demographic changes (birth rate decrease, ageing, and increase of temporary migration), economic changes (progressive incorporation of women to the labour market), and lifestyle aspects. These determinants pose economic and ethical dilemmas, among others, that IMSS must solve through its policymaking process. The concept of effective health policy is proposed. This concept includes a comprehensive health policy capable of considering social determinants and epidemiological changes within its inception, and at the same time, it is able to respond to the population's health needs. It is deduced that it is necessary for the health system to implement and evaluate plans and interventions that are structured and consistent with the population's health needs, thus contributing to reduce social inequities.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1980

Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XVIII. Fertility, mortality and migration in 1975-1978.

The results reported here are based on age-specific rates and are, therefore, more sensitive and meaningful as indicators of fertility and mortality than the crude rates mentioned in the previous article. The results confirm that, compared to world standards, the study area is characterized by a high level of fertility and a fairly low level of mortality. Fertility and mortality are, however, lower in the study area in comparison to Kenya as a whole. Another characteristic is high population mobility which is of two types: temporary migration of absent members of the population, and permanent in- and out-migration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The transmural migration and release of blood cells in acute myelogenous leukemia.

The transmural passage of malignant blood cells from the extravascular parenchyma into sinusoidal lumen has been studied in the bone marrow of rats with myelogenous leukemia. The Shay myelogenous leukemia was chosen as a model system because an increased bone marrow cellularity is, in this leukemia, usually accompanied by an increase in circulating myeloid cells. By means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was found that the sinusoidal endothelial lining of the bone marrow remains intact and continuous even in advanced stages of the disease. SEM shows that the malignant myeloblast-like cell enters the sinusoidal lumen by means of a temporary migration pore, which appears only during the transmural passage of the cell. Certain nondegenerative changes in the sinusoidal blood vessels are associated with the myelogenous leukemia. The normal radial alignment of sinusoids about the central sinusoid is changed into a tortuous pattern, and intraluminal cytoplasmic bridges which impede the blood flow are formed by the endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The development of the sinusoids of fetal rat liver: morphology of endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and the transmural migration of blood cells into the sinusoids.

The fine structural development of rat fetal liver sinusoids from 10 to 22 days gestation was studied. Colloidal carbon (Pelikan ink) was injected into 14-22 day gestation fetuses via the umbilical vein to assess the continuity of the sinusoidal lining and the phagocytic ability of the developing lining cells. Endothelial cells, devoid of an underlying basal lamina, form the bulk of the vascular lining at all gestational ages. These cells possess typical intercellular junctions and fenestrae with diaphragms before 17 days gestation. Transendothelial open fenestrations, typical of the adult liver, appear around 17 days gestation, increasing in number for the remainder of gestation. Although fenestrae possessing diaphragms are permeable to carbon before 16 days gestation, open fenestrations, first seen at 17 days gestation, allowed large amounts of carbon to reach the extravascular space. Endocytosis of carbon by endothelial cells was accomplished exclusively by large bristle-coated vesicles. Endothelial cells were also seen to be involved in transmural diapedesis of newly formed erythrocytes and megakaryocyte processes from the extravascular space by forming a temporary migration pore allowing these cells and processes to enter the circulation. At the end of gestation, blood-forming activity had nearly ceased, and only the space of Dissé separated the lining cells from the parenchymal cells. Kupffer cells were easily identified as early as 13 days gestation by their content of phagosomes and engulfed erythrocytes. The Kupffer cells are much more avid in the phagocytosis of carbon than are endothelial cells. Toward the end of gestation, some Kupffer cells develop a homogeneous "sticky coat" to carbon.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

An ultrastructural study of in vivo interactions between lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of the vascular leak syndrome induced by interleukin-2.

Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells play a major role in the induction of the vascular leak syndrome (VLS). To understand the mechanism of this syndrome, the authors examined light and electron microscopic alterations in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and heart of mice in which VLS was produced by the administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (seven injections of 600,000 IU each for a period of 4 days). The results of these studies disclosed that considerable damage had been done to the endothelial cells that consisted of cytoplasmic edema, vacuoles, and myelin figures; in addition, there were frequent sites of transendothelial passage of lymphoid cells, probably IL-2-activated cells, that penetrated through their cytoplasm by means of "temporary migration pores" and accumulated in the perivascular spaces. The results of this study indicate that a direct in vivo interaction between IL-2-activated cells (probably LAK cells) and endothelium results in cytotoxicity to endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Age and sex differentials in mortality during two nineteenth century population crises.

"The exceptionally detailed Finnish materials are used to examine age- and sex-specific mortality in different regions during the country's last famine, the Great Famine of the 1860s. This is compared with another mortality crisis, the 1808-09 War. The results show that in cases when multiple infectious diseases were responsible for elevated mortality, the increases for different age categories were, by and large, proportional to the levels prevailing during normal times. However, excess mortality showed more variability for children. Furthermore, age- and sex-specific social behaviour (specifically large-scale temporary migration) during the crisis period shaped the age patterns and sex differentials in mortality." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Behavior↗