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PubMed1997

Effect of cobalt supplementation on serum vitamin B12 levels, weight gain and survival rate in lambs grazing cobalt-deficient pastures.

The effect of cobalt supplementation on serum vitamin B12, growth rate and survival rate was measured in controlled field experiments with Texel twin lambs of the same sex, grazing cobalt-deficient pastures. The non-supplemented lambs had lower serum vitamin B12 concentrations than their supplemented brothers or sisters. During the experiments more lambs died in the non-supplemented than in the supplemented group. At the end of the experiments supplemented lambs weighed (mean live weight) 7.2, 9.5, and 11.0 kg more than non-supplemented lambs in 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively. Sex-related differences in weight gain and survival rate were observed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Significance of immediate diuresis in relation to transplant kidney survival rate.

Transplant kidney survival of recipients with immediate diuresis (n = 19) is compared with recipients who did not have a significant post-operative diuresis (n = 53). There is statistically no significant difference between patients without significant early diuresis (survival rate 71%) and patients with immediate diuresis (survival rate 68%, p greater than 0.1). The renal function was not different in the survivors of the two groups at 12 months post-transplant as measured by creatinine clearance (p greater than 0.35).

Creatinine↗

PubMed2005

Substantial overestimation of standard errors of relative survival rates of cancer patients.

Relative survival rates are among the most commonly reported outcome measures of cancer patients. They are calculated as ratios of observed survival rates and the expected survival rates in the absence of cancer. Standard errors of relative survival rates are commonly calculated by dividing the standard error for absolute survival rates by the expected survival, without taking possible random variation of the latter into account. The aim of this study was to empirically assess the validity of these commonly reported standard errors. Using data from the nationwide Finnish Cancer Registry, the authors calculated 5- and 10-year absolute, expected, and relative survival rates for patients with 25 common forms of cancer in Finland in 1989. The authors used bootstrap analysis to empirically assess the random error of absolute and relative survival rates and then compared the results with conventionally derived estimates of standard errors. The conventional and bootstrap standard errors were closely similar for all estimates of absolute survival. By contrast, the conventional estimates of standard errors of 5- and 10-year relative survival exceeded the bootstrap estimates by up to 17% and 32%, respectively. The authors conclude that conventional derivation may substantially overestimate standard errors for relative survival.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1994

Survival rates of hemisected teeth: an attempt to compare them with survival rates of alloplastic implants.

Use of hemisection in an attempt to preserve multirooted teeth that have furcation involvement has increased in recent years. However, there are few long-term studies of the success of this treatment. Furthermore, it is difficult to compare results of different studies because of differences in the length of follow-up and the criteria for failure. Results of various studies were reduced to a common denominator to allow comparison. The compiled results of studies on hemisection revealed an average reported failure rate of 13.1%. This rate was compared with results of studies on implants; the failure rates of the two treatment alternatives are not substantially different. Thus, because hemisection is a relatively simple, inexpensive treatment with a good chance of success (given appropriate case selection), it should always be considered as an option before molar extraction.

Apicoectomy↗

PubMed1984

Additive and multiplicative models for relative survival rates.

The relative survival rate is the ratio of the overall survival rate to that 'expected' for demographically similar individuals in a reference population. It is commonly used to estimate the effect of a particular disease on mortality, when the cause of death is not reliably known. The effect of the disease on the underlying hazards may be multiplicative or additive; the former case has been considered elsewhere but seems biologically less plausible than the latter. Both models are examined in this paper. The effect of the disease is assumed to be constant throughout the follow-up period, or to be piecewise constant within K follow-up intervals. Maximum likelihood estimates and related statistics are presented, as are simpler statistics based on moment estimators of the disease effect. The moment-based statistic for testing the homogeneity of r groups may be expressed as a sum of individual scores, which are shown to be closely related to the logrank scores when follow-up intervals are made arbitrarily small.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Results of non-decompression surgery for esophago-gastric varices--postoperative disappearance, recurrence, rebleeding rate of varices, and cumulative survival rate].

A total of 508 patients had an non-decompression surgery for esophago-gastric varices in our department, from September 1979 to December 1991. These patients consisted of 387 cases of transthoracic esophageal transection with para-esophagogastric devascularization, 40 cases of transabdominal esophageal transection, and 81 cases of Hassab procedure. The original diseases were cirrhosis in 432 patients, IPH in 35, extrahepatic-portal occlusion in 24, primary biliary cirrhosis in 6, Budd-Chiari syndrome in 4, and others in 7. Operative mortality rate was 5.3%. By thoracic approach, esophageal varices completely disappeared. Postoperative cumulative variceal recurrence and bleeding rates at 10 years were 12% and 7%, although recurrence occurred more often than not in cases with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cumulative survival rates at 5, 10 years were 69%, 46% in liver cirrhosis without HCC. Present study confirmed that our non-decompression surgery is effective in controlling esophagogastric varices in long term of periods.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices↗

PubMed1999

Estimation of survival rates in haematophagous insects.

Estimation of the survival rate through a gonotrophic cycle is an important factor in determining the vectorial capacity of a population of haematophagous insects in a disease cycle. Most methods used to calculate survival rates make stringent assumptions which may not be valid for all species. Birley and colleagues used a time series analysis of samples collected over several consecutive days, the lagged parous rate. Here, we use a simulation model to investigate (i) the length of data series needed and (ii) the consequences of failures in the assumptions of this method for the estimated survival rate. The accuracy of the estimated survival rate per cycle was high with sample periods of 10-100 days. The standard deviation (a measure of precision) decreased with the length of the sample period. When random sampling efficiency was included, the accuracy remained high but the estimates were less precise (larger standard deviations). If the sampling was biased in favour of either nulliparous or parous females, estimates of the survival rate were not accurate. The relationship between estimated survival rate, bias in collection, and true survival rate was non-linear. Thus, correction for the bias requires (i) prior knowledge of the direction and the severity of the bias and (ii) an independent estimate of the survival rate. This method of estimating survival rates is less accurate when the collection method is biased for or against parous females, although robust to other assumptions.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Evaluation of survival rates and number of patients with malignant neoplasms surviving for a long time after treatment at the National Cancer Center Hospital.

Since 1962, the National Cancer Center Hospital has been active in the medical care of cancer patients. Also, it has conducted cancer registration and collected information on cancer patients. According to the data collected, survival rates, as well as statistics tables, were calculated. The 5-yr survival rates for patients admitted to the hospital show an increasing trend for cancer in many sites. Consequently, the overall 5-yr survival rates for patients with malignant neoplasms have risen. They are 36.65% in males and 59.81% in females for patients admitted in the period from 1975 to 1980. The progress in diagnosis and treatment of cancer has brought an increase in the number of long-term survivors among cancer patients. According to the statistics of 1983, the number of patients surviving 5 yr or more after treatment at the National Cancer Center Hospital was 8,193, for 10 yr or more it was 3,717 and for 15 yr or more it was 1,412.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Effects of extended systematic lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum--significant improvement of survival rate and decrease of local recurrence.

The effects of extended systematic lymphadenectomy were evaluated by the rate of survival of the patients and incidence of local failure in 643 patients with single primary adenocarcinoma of the rectum, who were operated on at the National Cancer Center Hospital from 1962 to 1981. Our extended systematic lymphadenectomy consists of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric vessels and meticulous dissection of the abdominopelvic lymphatic system. Potentially curative resection was performed on 495 patients (77%) with seven operative deaths (1.4%). Extended systematic lymphadenectomy was carried out on 74 of 168 patients with Dukes B cancer and 89 of 213 patients with Dukes C cancer. Five-year survival rates for patients with or without systematic extended lymphadenectomy were 83.2% vs 63.7% (P less than 0.05) in Dukes B and 52.5% vs 30.8% (P less than 0.05) in Dukes C classes. The cumulative incidence of local failure at 5 years was decreased from 26.1% to 8.4% (P less than 0.01) and from 44.3% to 24.5% (P less than 0.01) by extended lymphadenectomy in Dukes B and C classes, respectively. Prolongation of operation time (plus 60 min), slight increase in blood loss (plus 150 ml) and no increase in operative mortality (1/161, 0.6%), were observed in the case of extended lymphadenectomy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

Asian patients with gastric carcinoma in the United States exhibit unique clinical features and superior overall and cancer specific survival rates.

BACKGROUND: The 5-year survival rate from gastric carcinoma, stratified by stage, is markedly greater in the Far East than in the United States. This survival rate advantage may reflect differences in diagnostic criteria, more complete staging, more radical surgery, or less aggressive tumor biology. METHODS: A historic cohort of consecutive cases of gastric carcinoma reported to the population-based California Cancer Registries of Orange, San Diego and Imperial Counties from 1984 to 1996 was studied. Factors associated with Asian race were profiled using logistic regression. Multivariate survival analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Two thousand four hundred sixteen patients (64%) were non-Latino white; 690 (18%) were Latino; 94 (2.5%) were black; 541 (14%) were of Asian descent: Korean (22%), Vietnamese (20%), Japanese (20%), Chinese (14%), and Filipino (12%). Asian patients were more likely to have localized (lymph node negative) disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.10), less likely to have tumors of the gastroesophageal junction (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.15-0.31,), and less likely to be older than 50 years (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.43-0.77). Asian patients with gastric carcinoma were twice as likely as non-Latino whites to be alive at 5 years (20.9% vs. 10.2%; P < 0.0001). Multivariate analyses indicated that whites had an increased risk of dying from all causes (relative risk [RR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16-1.55; P < 0.01) and of dying from cancer in comparison to Asian patients (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.07-1.48; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Asians who received a diagnosis of gastric carcinoma in the United States have less advanced disease than non-Asians. The increased proportion of localized disease and improved survival rates of patients of Asian descent in the United States is consistent with less aggressive tumor biology.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Lung cancer and its operable brain metastasis: survival rate and staging problems.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the survival rates regarding different stages of operable lung cancers causing operable brain metastasis in patients with or without cancer-related symptoms. The correlation between survival rates and the disease-free interval between lung surgery and metastasectomy was studied. METHODS: Sixty-five patients were operated on for lung cancer and brain metastases. The disease-free interval was divided into 5 subgroups: 0-2 months, 3-5 months, 6-11 months, 12-23 months, and 24 months and beyond. The study group comprised of patients with lung cancer in the following stages: 17 patients in stage I (1 patient in stage IA, 16 patients in stage IB), 16 patients in stage II (2 patients in stage IIA, 14 patients in stage IIB), 9 patients in stage IIIA, 4 patients in stage IIIB, and 19 patients in stage IV. Forty-four patients were symptom-free for lung cancer and 21 patients manifested lung cancer related symptoms. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rates were as follows: stage I = 22%, stage II = 20%, stage IIIA = 22%, stage IIIB = 0%, and stage IV = 23% after lung resections. There were no significant differences in the 5-year survival rates regarding the disease-free interval subgroups after brain metastasectomies (p = 0.19): disease-free interval 0-2 months = 22% and disease-free interval 24 months and beyond = 23%. The 5-year survival rate after metastasectomy was significantly greater (26% vs 5%) in patients without lung cancer related symptoms (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year survival rate in stage I, II, IIIA, and IV lung cancer with operable hematogenous brain metastases corresponds to that in the customary stage IIIA (23%). The disease-free interval exhibited no significant impact on the survival rate. The complaint-free status exhibits a significantly greater impact on the survival rate in hematogenic metastasis.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2005

[Primary lung cancer; assessment of the disclosed 5-year survival rate by the Internet website].

The disclosed 5-year survival rate for lung cancer in the Internet website represents a various difference by each institution. The better inferiority of the survival has been listed in a table to compare with other institutions and has been reported in magazines and media with a lack of an enough inspection, i.e., with a sufficient considering of a risk adjustment such as patient's background, operative policy, postoperative adjuvant therapy, and statistical background. We report our outcome of the surgical treatment for primary lung cancer. Of 875 patients treated for lung cancer in our department for 23 years between January 1980 and December 2002, 115 patients containing of 42 cases in 1997 and of 48 ones in 1992 and of 25 ones in 1987 were selected and the accumulated survival analysis was treated by Kaplan-Meier method. Eighty males and 35 females were between 15 and 80-year-old (average 63.2 +/- 11.4). The pathological classification was adenocarcinoma (n=69), squamous cell carcinoma (n=32), and others (n=14). The operative procedures were pneumonectomy (n=14), bilobectomy (n=12), lobectomy (n=85), and wedge resection (n=4). The survival time was from 29 days to 182 months (median survival time was 1471+/- 1180 days, the averaged time was 49 months). The 5-year survival rate was 41.4 +/- 9.1% (n=25) in 1987, 35.6 +/- 6.2% (n=48) in 1992, and 56.0 +/- 7.0% (n=42) in 1987, respectively (log-rank test, p = 0.2555). The 10-year survival rate was 24.1 +/- 7.9% in 1987 and 8.5 +/- 3.6% in 1992, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was as follows: IA 81.0 +/- 8.6% (n=20), IB 73.7 +/- 10.1% (n=19), IIA 57.1 +/- 18.7% (n=7), IIB 55.6 +/- 16.6% (n=9), IIIA 28.6 +/- 7.6% (n=35), IIIB 15.4 +/- 10.0% (n=13), IV 16.7 +/- 10.8% (n=12), respectively. The 5-year survival rate was as follows: male 42.8 +/- 5.3% (n=80), female 63.2 +/- 7.3% (n=35), respectively (p = 0.0147). In regard to the histological classification, the 5-year survival rate was as follows: adenocarcinoma 47.2 +/- 5.9% (n=69), squamous cell carcinoma 50.8 +/- 8.9% (n=32), respectively (p = 0.9012). As a rule of the disclosure on the internet website, we report our survival data by accompanying with minimum parameters such as, patient's background, pathological types, gender, pathological stages, and mean survival rate with standard error. When we compare the 5-year survival rate with other institutes, in considering of a risk adjustment, we would carefully have to estimate the determined survival rate with a standard error.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1990

[The effect of treatment on the survival rate in chronic glomerulonephritis].

The survival rate of 68 patients with immunoglobulin A glomerulonephritis (IgA GN), 29 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN), 13 patients with membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and 40 patients with lupus glomerulonephritis (LGN) was assessed using the life registration tables. The patients with IgA GN were treated symptomatically, and the remaining patients were treated with a combination of corticosteroids, immunosuppressors and anticoagulants. At the 10th year from the onset of the disease the survival rate was as follows: for the patients with IgA GN--88%, with MGN--94.9%, with LGN--81.0% and with MPGN--61.6%. The comparison with the survival rate established for the respective types of glomerulonephritis without treatment or the presence of mixed groups of treated and nontreated patients shows that the combined pathogenetic treatment improves the prognosis of MGN, LGN and of a number of patients with MPGN and it nears that of the comparatively more benign IgA GN.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1993

Incidence of cardiac arrest: a neglected factor in evaluating survival rates.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To add to our understanding of survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest studies, we examined the incidence of cardiac arrest in the published literature. We specifically estimated if incidence rates are uniform between communities and if any relationship exists between incidence and the reported survival rates. DESIGN: A retrospective study of nearly 100 cardiac arrest peer-reviewed articles from 1970 to 1989 was performed to identify reports that included rates for incidence and survival or provided sufficient data for the calculation of these rates. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We were able to obtain reported or calculated incidence and survival rates for 20 communities. Statistical analysis was performed to compare incidence rates between communities and examine the relationship across these 20 studies between incidence rates and reported survival rates. Incidence rates ranged significantly from 35.7 to 128.3 per 100,000, with a mean of 62. Survival rates ranged significantly from 1.6% to 20.7%. Incidence rates in these communities were negatively related to survival rates; that is, as the incidence rate increased, the survival rate decreased. We determined the regression curve that describes this inverse relationship. This nomogram can be used to identify survival/incidence rate combinations that are significantly above or below average. CONCLUSION: The marked variations in incidence and inverse relationship between incidence and survival could be due to true variation in risk among the populations reported (ie, some populations may be older or sicker than others). Also, different research methodologies may create artifactual differences among studies as standards for designing studies, terminology, and reporting data have not been uniform. Therefore, these findings may reflect methodological differences and true epidemiological differences among communities. Future reports should include a method, such as an incidence/survival nomogram, to analyze survival rates while taking into account the community incidence rate of cardiac arrest. Further analysis of incidence and survival is necessary to improve intersystem comparisons, a prerequisite to sound decisions about cardiac arrest treatment, health policy, and allocation of resources.

Heart Arrest↗

PubMed1985

[Stomach cancer survival rates].

The cumulative 5-year survival rates in the case material of the years 1979-1983 with endoscopically-histologically confirmed gastric carcinoma were compared to those of the 1974-1978 period, particularly with reference to operative therapy and the histological type of carcinoma. The percentage of curatively operated patients increased from 40.6 to 49.7%, the rate of non-operated patients fell from 42.5 to 22.4%. The histological evaluation revealed a rise in the percentage of the adenocarcinoma from 37.1 to 53.5%-while the percentage of the solid carcinoma decreased from 29.1 to 15.5%. Following curative therapy, the calculated cumulative 5-year survival rate rose from 35.6 to 51.8% in men, however, fell from 66.2 to 48.3% in women. Most recent investigations showed men with curatively operated adenocarcinoma to have the best survival rate (60.6%); in women, this is true of mixed-type carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

The actual five-year survival rate of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection.

The five-year survival rate of patients after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported to be 30 to 50%, however the actual survival rate may be different. We analyzed the actual 5-year survival rate and prognostic factors after curative resection of HCC. Retrospective analysis was performed on 63 HCC patients who underwent curative resection from 1998 to 1999. A total of 63 cases were reviewed, consisting of 53 men and 10 women, with a median age of 49 years. These cases included all four pathologic T stages (pT stage) and had the following representation: stage 1 (1 case), stage 2 (17 cases), stage 3 (38 cases), and stage 4 (7 cases). In our study, the actual 5-year survival rate was 57.0% and the median survival time was 60 months. In addition, the patients in our study had an actual 5-year disease-free survival rate of 50.2% and a median disease-free survival time of 46 months. Thirty-one patients had recurrences, with a majority occurring within one year (65%). These patients with early recurrences had a poor actual 5-year survival rate of 5%. A univariate analysis showed that the prognostic factors influencing survival rate were the presence of satellite nodules, increased pT stage, HCC recurrence, and the time to recurrence (within one year). Interestingly, microvascular invasion made a difference in survival rate but was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). Furthermore, factors influencing the disease free survival rate include the presence of satellite nodules, microvascular invasion, and pT stage. Multivariate analysis identified pT stage as the only statistically related factor in determining the disease-free survival rate. The most important prognostic factor of HCC is recurrence. Moreover, the major risk factor for recurrence is an advanced pT stage. Therefore, performing prospective studies of postoperative adjuvant therapy is necessary to prevent recurrences after hepatic resection. Furthermore, active preventative treatment and early diagnosis of recurrences should be of the highest priority in the care of high-risk patient groups that have an advanced pT stage.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The prostacyclin analogue taprostene and recombinant human superoxide dismutase increase the permanent survival rate of endotoxemic rats.

The permanent survival rate of endotoxemic rats was studied. In 40 untreated control rats the survival rate 7 days after the endotoxin administration was 33%. The survival rate was increased to 40% with recombinant human superoxide dismutase (r-HSOD), to 55% (p less than 0.05) with the prostacyclin analogue Taprostene and to 70% (p less than 0.01) with the combination of r-HSOD and Taprostene (20 rats for each treatment group). r-HSOD and Taprostene provide significant and permanent protection in rat endotoxic shock.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Measuring survival rates from sudden cardiac arrest: the elusive definition.

BACKGROUND: Measuring survival from sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOH-CA) is often used as a benchmark of the quality of a community's emergency medical service (EMS) system. The definition of OOH-CA survival rates depends both upon the numerator (surviving cases) and the denominator (all cases). PURPOSE: The purpose of the public access defibrillation (PAD) trial was to measure the impact on survival of adding an automated external defibrillator (AED) to a volunteer response system trained in CPR. This paper reports the definition of OOH-CA developed by the PAD trial investigators, and it evaluates alternative statistical methods used to assess differences in reported "survival." METHODS: Case surveillance was limited to the prospectively determined geographic boundaries of the participating trial units. The numerator in calculating a survival rate should include only those patients who survived an event but who otherwise would have died except for the application of some facet of emergency medical care-in this trial a defibrillatory shock. Among denominators considered were: total population of the study unit, all deaths within the study unit, and documented ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrests. The PAD classification focused upon cases that might have benefited from the early use of an AED, in addition to the likely benefit from early recognition of OOH-CA, early access of EMS, and early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Results of this classification system were used to evaluate the impact of the PAD definition on the distribution of cardiac arrest case types between CPR only and CPR + AED units. RESULTS: Potential OOH-CA episodes were classified into one of four groups: definite, probable, uncertain, or not an OOH-CA. About half of cardiac arrests in the PAD units were judged to be definite OOH-CA events and therefore potentially treatable with an AED. However, events that occurred in CPR-only units were less likely to be classified as definite or probable OOH-CA events than those in CPR + AED units (43% versus 55%, odds ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.57-1.07). The study retained sufficient power to permit a statistical analysis of the alternative hypothesis that the CPR + AED method results in twice as many survivors as a CPR-only approach. The result is critically dependent on the denominator used for calculating survival rates; but the analysis does not require a denominator as the numerators will have identical Poisson distributions (counts for rare events) under the null hypothesis since randomization distributes the risk of cardiac arrest evenly between the two arms. CONCLUSION: Reported OOH-CA rates and survival rates vary widely, depending upon the definitions applied to events. Rigorous assessment of treatments applied to improve survival can be obscured by inappropriate definitions. Large-scale randomized interventions designed to improve survival from OOH-CA can be evaluated based upon the absolute numbers of patients surviving, rather than a change in the proportion surviving.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗