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PubMed1981

Failure of increased sodium avidity to facilitate renal acid excretion in dogs fed sulfuric acid.

Previous studies have suggested that the increment in renal acid excretion caused by sulfuric acid feeding is mediated solely by an interplay between the sulfate-induced increase in distal sodium delivery and the gradual augmentation of distal sodium reabsorption that occurs as sodium losses accumulate. This hypothesis predicts that if distal sodium reabsorption were stimulated sufficiently prior to the administration of sulfuric acid, excretion of the hydrogen ion load would occur promptly, thus obviating the fall in plasma bicarbonate or loss of cation that normally occurs. To test this prediction, we fed sulfuric acid (7 mEq of H+/kg/day) to dogs in which distal sodium avidity had been enhanced prior to acid feeding either by diuretic-induced sodium depletion (N = 6) or by deoxycorticosterone acetate 7.5 mg, twice a day and a low-sodium diet (N = 8). Contrary to expectation, over the first 3 days of acid feeding there was a significant fall in plasma bicarbonate (7.1 and 7.5 mEq/liter) and an increase in urinary sodium excretion (48 mEq in both groups). Moreover, changes in both plasma bicarbonate and urinary sodium excretion were similar to those observed previously (5.9 mEq/liter and 46 mEq, respectively) in normal dogs fed the same dose of sulfuric acid.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed2006

Neutron powder diffraction studies of sulfuric acid hydrates. I. The structure of sulfuric acid hemitriskaidekahydrate D2SO4.6(1/2)D2O.

We report the first neutron diffraction data from D2SO4.6(1/2)D2O. The crystal is monoclinic, space group Cm, with four formula units per unit cell. At 4.2 K the unit cell dimensions are a = 6.253 26(4) A, b = 26.813 62(10) A, c = 5.908 45(2) A, and beta = 112.1939(3) degrees [V = 917.286(6) A3 and rho(deuterated) = 1664.14(2) kg m(-3)]. The deuteron positions refined from the neutron data are in agreement with those established by single crystal x-ray analysis [D. Mootz and A. Merschenz-Quack, Z. Naturforsch. B 42, 1231 (1987)], but not with those found from the ab initio simulation of Hirsch and Ojamae [Acta Crystallogr, Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 60, 179 (2004)]. The crystal consists of SO4(2-), D3O+ ions, and D2O molecules hydrogen bonded to form a layered structure in which sheets of "icelike" D3O+ and D2O are separated by layers of opposing SO4(2-) tetrahedra.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Sulfuric acid on Europa and the radiolytic sulfur cycle.

A comparison of laboratory spectra with Galileo data indicates that hydrated sulfuric acid is present and is a major component of Europa's surface. In addition, this moon's visually dark surface material, which spatially correlates with the sulfuric acid concentration, is identified as radiolytically altered sulfur polymers. Radiolysis of the surface by magnetospheric plasma bombardment continuously cycles sulfur between three forms: sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur polymers, with sulfuric acid being about 50 times as abundant as the other forms. Enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations are found in Europa's geologically young terrains, suggesting that low-temperature, liquid sulfuric acid may influence geological processes.

Ice↗
PubMed1987

Functional assessment of rabbit alveolar macrophages following intermittent inhalation exposures to sulfuric acid mist.

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols are common in both ambient and occupational environments. This study examined the numbers and selected in vitro functional properties of alveolar macrophages recovered from rabbits undergoing inhalation exposure to 0.5 mg/m3 submicrometer (0.3 micron) H2SO4 for 2 hr/day. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on Days 3, 7, and 14 during the exposure period (specifically, 24 hr after either 2, 6, or 13 exposures). Total cell numbers and macrophage counts were increased on Day 3, but returned to control levels by Day 7; no change in polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed at any time point. Macrophage substrate attachment was not affected by exposures to H2SO4, but random mobility was severely depressed at Days 7 and 14. The numbers of phagocytically active macrophages and the level of such activity were increased on Day 3, but became depressed by Day 14. These results demonstrate significant alterations in important functional properties of alveolar macrophages due to short-term intermittent exposures to H2SO4 aerosols; these changes have implications for the ability of the lungs to maintain adequate defense against deposited viable and nonviable particles.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

Chemical properties of bile acids. V. Interaction with concentrated sulfuric acid.

The reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and steroid hydroxy compounds, previously studied for a series of sterols, was used to develop an analytical method for bile acids. The reaction generates species absorbing in the wavelength ranges 300-320 and 370-390 nm, corresponding to isomeric allylic and dienylic carbocations. Eleven bile acids were examined and influence of time, temperature and sulfuric acid concentration on the chromogenic reaction was studied. The linear dependence of absorbance on concentration of individual bile acids demonstrates that the method can be used to measure spectrophotometrically micromolar concentrations of bile acids.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Size-resolved sulfuric acid mist concentrations at phosphate fertilizer manufacturing facilities in Florida.

Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid were identified as a 'known human carcinogen' in a National Toxicology Program (NTP) report where phosphate fertilizer manufacture was listed as one of many occupational exposures to strong acids. To properly assess the occupational exposure to sulfuric acid mists in modern facilities, approved National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 7903 and a cascade impactor were used for measuring the total sulfuric acid mist concentration and size-resolved sulfuric acid mist concentration, respectively. Sampling was conducted at eight phosphate fertilizer plants and two background sites in Florida and there were 24 sampling sites in these plants. Samples were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) to quantify the water-soluble ion species. The highest sulfuric acid concentrations by the cascade impactor were obtained at the sulfuric acid pump tank area. When high aerosol mass concentrations (100 micro g m(-3)) were observed at this area, the sulfuric acid mists were in the coarse mode. The geometric mean sulfuric acid concentrations (+/-geometric standard deviation) of PM(23) (aerodynamic cut size smaller than 23 micro m), PM(10) and PM(2.5) from the cascade impactor were 41.7 (+/-5.5), 37.9 (+/-5.8) and 22.1 (+/-4.5) micro g m(-3), respectively. The geometric mean (+/-geometric standard deviation) for total sulfuric acid concentration from the NIOSH method samples was 143 (+/-5.08) micro g m(-3). Sulfuric acid mist concentrations varied significantly among the plants and even at the same location. The measurements by the NIOSH method were 1.5-229 times higher than those by the cascade impactor. Moreover, using the NIOSH method, the sulfuric acid concentrations measured at the lower flow rate (0.30 Lpm) were higher than those at the higher flow rate (0.45 Lpm). One possible reason for the significant differences between the results from the cascade impactor and the NIOSH method is the potential artifact resulting from the interaction of SO(2) with silica gel and glass fiber used in the NIOSH method.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Density functional theory analysis of the reaction pathway for methane oxidation to acetic acid catalyzed by Pd2+ in sulfuric acid.

Density functional theory has been used to investigate the thermodynamics and activation barriers associated with the direct oxidation of methane to acetic acid catalyzed by Pd2+ cation in concentrated sulfuric acid. Pd2+ cations in such solutions are ligated by two bisulfate anions and by one or two molecules of sulfuric acid. Methane oxidation is initiated by the addition of CH4 across one of the Pd-O bonds of a bisulfate ligand to form Pd(HSO4)(CH3)(H2SO4)2. The latter species will react with CO to produce Pd(HSO4)(CH3CO)(H2SO4)2. The most likely path to the final products is found to be via oxidation of Pd(HSO4)(CH3)(H2SO4)2 and Pd(HSO4)(CH3CO)(H2SO4)2 to form Pd(eta2-HSO4)(HSO4)2(CH3)(H2SO4) and Pd(eta2-HSO4)(HSO4)2(CH3CO)(H2SO4), respectively. CH3HSO4 or CH3COHSO4 is then produced by reductive elimination from the latter two species, and CH(3)COOH is then formed by hydrolysis of CH3COHSO4. The loss of Pd2+ from solution to form Pd(0) or Pd-black is predicted to occur via reduction with CO. This process is offset, though, by reoxidation of palladium by either H2SO4 or O2.

Journal Article↗