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PubMed2002

[Substance addiction in children and adolescents].

Youngsters in Germany are becoming addicted at an ever younger age--not only to alcohol and tobacco, but also to illegal drugs. The underlying causes are manifold: in the first place peer duress, curiosity and a search for solace render the child susceptible to the promise of the "panacea". It is of importance to distinguish between "dependency syndrome" and "harmful use". The diagnosis of substance dependence is based on typical clinical features and on detection of the substance in the blood or urine. If dependence is present, the first step is usually detoxification, with efforts undertaken to initiate a competent pediatric/adolescent psychiatric diagnostic work-up and treatment as early as possible. The leading preventive measure is to provide relevant instruction on the dangers of the legal drugs alcohol and tobacco.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The impact of treatment on criminalized substance addicts.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of a treatment program specialized with criminalized addicts. In all, 119 criminalized addicts were admitted to the experimental procedure (specialized treatment) while 30 were admitted to a comparison group (general treatment). Both groups were contacted at five, eight, and eleven month intervals following the onset of the treatment process. Results showed that both groups improved. Those admitted to the unspecialized treatment improved earlier (in the first five months) than clients referred to the specialized treatment facility, however, after eight months, the improvement was similar for both groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Overview: public health, health promotion and addictive substances.

All of the dependence-producing substances are capable of causing harm but in most cases the harm is preventable. This paper seeks to develop some of the themes raised by the five substance-based prevention papers by presenting an outline of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The Ottawa Charter provides a strategic framework for prevention and covers public health policy, trade issues, availability, price, advertising and types of supportive environments and responses. It is suggested that an effective approach to the prevention of harm from dependence-producing substances would involve a planned response which included alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Such a response would also emphasize financial and economic consequences of drug use, and would seek to strengthen or develop links with partners outside the immediate health care arena.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Addictive substances and medical students in Zagreb].

We surveyed 3 generations (1996-1998) of the 3rd year medical students at the University of Zagreb for their contact with tobacco, alcohol and illicit substances of abuse using an anonymous questionnaire. Of 464 participants 25-30% were smokers, 60-70% confirmed that they had got drunk and 31% that they had used illicit substances at least once in the lifetime (primarily cannabis). The proportion of participants confirming contact with cannabis was significantly higher in 1998 than in 1996--34.3% vs. 22.3% (p < 0.05). Comparing the data with a similar survey in 1989, it seems that there has been no significant change in the use of socially accepted substances (tobacco, alcohol), but the proportion of students in contact with illicit substances has increased three times. This increasing trend is in agreement with trends among medical students in Western countries. The students' knowledge about the hazards related to the most harmful substances was poor.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

[The evaluation of methods of usage of addictive substances among high school students and Gdańsk University students].

Anonymous questionnaire examination was performed among 222 high school pupils and 301 students of Gdańsk Medical University, including 210 men and 313 women from 18 to 35 (mean 20.8 +/- 2.56) years old. Marijuana was used by 31.2% of them (once a week or more often 3.82%), amphetamine and Ecstasy by 9.4% (once a week or more often 1.52%), LSD by 3.8%, hallucinogenic mushrooms by 3.1%. Opium alkaloids, peyotl, jimsonweed were taken by a few pupils. The frequency of the drugs usage was significantly higher among school pupils (42.8%) than among Medical University students (30.2%) (chi 2 = 8.80; p < 0.003). Men applied drugs about twice as often as women and the difference was as well statistically significant (chi 2 = 12.95; p < 0.0003). 29.5% men and 25.2% women were cigarette smokers, but only in more advanced smokers (5 cigarettes and more per day) there was a significant difference between male and female (chi 2 = 8.69; p < 0.004).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Findings in myocardial extracellular matrix in fatal poisoning with addictive substances].

It have been reported that chronic drug abuse induces changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of myocardium. Matrix metaloproteinases (MMP) play important role in ECM remodelling and alteration in the ECM of myocardium. They are able to cleave ECM components and may contribute to progression of heart damage. Remodelling implies an alteration in the ECM and in the spatial orientation of cells and intercellular components. In this report we evaluated the extracellular matrix of myocardium of deceased drug abusers and controls. The myocardium of 5 toxicologically positive cases and 4 control cases were analysed by zymography of MMP, electrophoresis of collagens and histologicaly. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and collagenase (MMP-1) activities were increased in drug abusers compare to the controls. In contrast, alpha chain of collagen type I after 160 hours collagen extraction, were not observed in control specimens. The activation of MMP proenzymes is one of the critical steps that lead to ECM breakdown. Our findings suggest that the myocardial collagen matrix is damaged in drug abusers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of a school addictive substances abuse prevention program: the Barcelona PASE pilot project].

A pilot project for the prevention of substance abuse in schools (PASE) has been developed in 1988-90 in sixth and seventh grades (12-14 years-old) in 11 primary schools in the city of Barcelona (Spain). Data on consumption smoking, alcohol and drugs were obtained before the implementation of the project, shortly afterwards, and in the next school year. These results are presented, comparing the evolution of attitudes, beliefs and behavior of these school children with a control group composed of students from reference schools. The results suggest a modest but significant effect of the program, which seems to decrease over time for smoking, suggesting the need for booster interventions to maintain its effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1956

Synthetic substances with morphine-like effect; relationship between analgesic action and addiction liability, with a discussion of the chemical structure of addiction-producing substances.

For compounds of the morphine, morphinan, pethidine, hexamethyleneimine, methadone, and dithienylbutenylamine groups, the analgesic and physical-dependence-producing properties are compared. On the basis of a parellelism in intensity of these properties, conclusions are drawn regarding their interrelationship and the chemical features common to substances with morphine-like addiction liability.

Analgesics↗