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Parenting responsiveness and over-reactivity were assessed among 25 mothers of 7-9-year-old sons with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and oppositional behavior (Oppositional Defiant, OD), 24 mothers of sons with ADHD only, and 38 mothers of nonproblem sons. Responsiveness was observed during mother-son play and clean-up interactions and over-reactivity was assessed using self-reports of parenting in discipline situations. Mothers of sons with ADHD/OD were less responsive and more over-reactive than mothers of nonproblem sons, and mothers of sons with ADHD only did not differ from the other groups. Mothers of sons with ADHD/OD reported more hostility than mothers of nonproblem sons, and controlling for maternal hostility eliminated the significant group differences in responsiveness during clean-up and in over-reactivity. Controlling for the child's ADHD subtype did not alter the pattern of results. The implications for addressing responsiveness and over-reactivity as components of parent-mediated behavioral treatments for ADHD are considered.
It has been suggested that bearing sons increases long-term mortality in women, because sons may be more physiologically demanding to produce than daughters. In this historical cohort study in rural Bangladesh, no association between the number of sons born and mortality was seen in women in the unadjusted analyses. However, a significant reduction in mortality with the number of surviving sons was seen. In addition, after adjusting for the number of surviving sons, there was evidence of increasing mortality with the number of sons born, in women. In men, mortality also depended strongly on the number of surviving sons, but not on the number born. These data provide support for negative long-term costs of bearing sons in mothers in rural Bangladesh, and suggest that there are context-specific factors that mask the true effects of sons in some populations.
In view of conflicting results concerning differences between sons of alcoholics and sons of nonalcoholics in response to a single alcohol challenge (with a given dose), we exposed these high and low risk groups to several sessions in which they drank alcohol at the same dose in order to measure the development of chronic tolerance or sensitization with repeated doses. Sons of alcoholics and sons of nonalcoholics received a moderate dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) in three sessions with alcohol, followed by a placebo session. Sons of alcoholics developed reverse tolerance or chronic sensitization to repeated dosings of alcohol in finger pulse amplitude, while sons of nonalcoholics did not. Sons of alcoholics failed to show chronic tolerance in skin conductance and finger temperature, while sons of alcoholics did show the development of tolerance. Sons of alcoholics demonstrated greater motor activity throughout the sessions, both before and after alcohol. These results indicate that high and low risk groups differ in terms of their developmental adaptation to alcohol, as well as in the temperamental trait of behavioral activity.
We reported previously that a gender-specific defect of acquisition of lumbar bone mass plays an important role in the pathogenesis of male idiopathic osteoporosis (IO) and that there is a strong heritability of this maturational defect, which is particularly manifest in sons of men with IO. A hypothetical role of an altered sex steroid status and/or of a (TTTA)(n)- repeat polymorphism of the aromatase (CYP19) gene in male IO remains to be established. We evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 64 male IO probands (selected on the basis of a z-score of -2 or less), 21 of their sons, 41 of their brothers, and 126 healthy, age-matched controls. Serum testosterone (T), estradiol (E(2)), and SHBG levels were measured by immunoassays. Free T (FT) and free E(2) (FE(2)) levels were calculated from total T, E(2), SHBG, and albumin concentrations using a previously validated equation. Probands, sons, and brothers had lower body weight than age-matched controls, with mean differences of 5.0, 4.6, and 4.0 kg, respectively. In probands, sons, and brothers, SHBG levels were higher compared with controls. Significantly lower FE(2) levels were observed in probands and sons compared with their respective controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The brothers had nonsignificantly lower FE(2) levels compared with their controls. In the total group of sons with significantly lower FE(2) levels, tertile analysis according to lumbar spine BMD showed that only in the subgroup of sons belonging to the lowest tertile both FE(2) and FT were decreased compared with their controls. The differences in FE(2) levels in IO probands and their sons remained significant after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), even though in multivariate analyses BMI was a major determinant of BMD. The frequency distribution of the CYP19 gene (TTTA)(n)- repeat length (determined by fragment analysis, GeneScan) was not different between men with IO and their controls. In conclusion, the finding of a relative FE(2) deficit in both men with IO as well as their affected sons, even after adjustment for BMI, suggests that estrogen-related perturbances may be involved in the pathogenesis of the deficient acquisition of peak bone mass in male IO.
Recovering alcoholic fathers with a positive family history of alcoholism and their 10-15 year-old sons were assessed on a variety of personality measures and compared to a matched group of nonalcoholic fathers with a negative family history of alcoholism, and their sons. Assessment instruments for the sons included the Personality Inventory for Children, High School Personality Questionnaire, Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Comparable questionnaires were administered to the fathers: the MMPI, 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. No psychopathology or extreme personality variants were observed in either fathers' or sons' groups. However, MANOVAS and linear discriminant functions revealed significant differences on several personality measures between fathers' and sons' groups. Compared to sons of nonalcoholics, sons of alcoholics were relatively more compulsive, insecure and fearful while being more subdued and detached. The recovering alcoholics were more impulsive and regimented than the nonalcoholics. An index resulting from the combination of the best personality discriminators was significantly correlated in father-son pairs. In addition, this index was significantly correlated with key neurocognitive variables from our previous study which assessed the same father-son pairs. This atypical CNS profile, encompassing altered electrophysiology, neuropsychological performance and personality traits, may be useful in identifying those at increased risk for developing alcoholism.
Because infection with human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, it is likely that host immunological factors involved in defense against such infections are important for susceptibility to this cancer. By examining associations between allergy in sons and cervical cancer in their mothers, we aimed to test for genetic components involved in both allergy and cervical cancer development. Women born in Sweden between 1932 and 1960 with at least 1 son with medical records from military conscription examination were included in the study (N = 717,963). Among these women there were 41,910 in situ and 3,618 invasive cases of cervical cancer. Hazard ratios of in situ and invasive cervical cancer were estimated as functions of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma and eczema diagnoses in sons. Adjustment was made for the possible confounders: age, year of birth, education, socio-economic index, geography, number of conscripted sons and total number of offspring. The risk of in situ and invasive cervical cancer was lower for women having sons diagnosed with hypersensitivity (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma or eczema). Fully adjusted hazard ratios for women with 1 hypersensitive son were for in situ 0.86 (95% CI 0.84-0.88) and for invasive cervical cancer 0.82 (95% CI 0.74-0.91). The protective effects were similar between the 3 allergic diagnoses and increased with number of sons with a diagnosis. There was no significant association between non-cervical cancer in mothers and allergy in sons. These results strengthen the hypothesis that inherited immunological factors are important in determining risk of cervical cancer, probably by affecting mechanisms for viral persistence.
The father-son dyad might be the most socially significant male-male relationship in the life course, yet its negative qualities have been the sole focus in most research on the relationship. One communicative aspect that has received little scholarly attention is the expression of affection between fathers and sons, despite the strong correlation of affectionate communication with positive involvement, closeness, and relational satisfaction for fathers and sons. In 2 studies, the authors tested hypotheses about father-son affection that were derived from affection exchange theory (K. Floyd, in press). Results indicated that U.S. men are more affectionate with biological sons than with stepsons or adopted sons and that they are more affectionate with their biological sons than their biological sons are with them.
OBJECTIVES: R.E.A.L. MEN (responsible, empowered, aware, living) is an HIV prevention project developed for fathers and their sons. The primary aim of R.E.A.L. MEN was to test the efficacy of an intervention to promote delay of sexual intercourse among 11- to 14-year-old adolescents and to enhance the father's role as a sexuality educator. In this article, we report the outcomes related to father-son communication about sex and the results of an exploratory analysis to test the hypothesis that the intervention effect on father-son communication about sex-related topics is mediated by the social cognitive variables of self-efficacy and outcome expectations. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-seven fathers and their sons enrolled in the study. Fathers randomized to the intervention group attended seven group sessions, and their sons attended the final session with them. Fathers and sons completed baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. The fathers who completed the 3-month follow-up assessment were included in the mediation analyses described in this article. RESULTS: All the participants were male, most were African American (97%), and most fathers and sons reported residing in the same household. The mean age of father participants was 40.5 years; most had graduated from high school, and about 60% reported a yearly income over 30,000 dollars. Based on the results of mediation analyses, the data supported a mediation model that suggests that the effect of the intervention on father-son communication was mediated by differences in self-efficacy. A mediation effect for outcome expectations was weak and could not be validated using additional tests. CONCLUSIONS: The mediation analysis provides some understanding of the role of self-efficacy and outcome expectations in promoting behavioral change. Understanding the active components of interventions can help refine the interventions to eliminate nonfunctioning components and enhance the active components leading to more streamlined programs.
We have investigated the functional activity of human son gene, that possesses the homology to mos and myc genes. Specific antibodies (antiserum) were raised to synthetic peptide, that corresponds to son-protein 943-963 amino acid residues. With this antiserum the presence of son-protein was showed in lysates of cultured human cells transformed by adenovirus type 5, RAT 2 cells and primary human embryonic fibroblasts. son-Protein molecular weight (92 kDa) was determined by the method of electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Thus, it was shown the presence of son gene protein in animal and human cells. To determine a possible son gene role in mammalian cells we have cloned the 3' part (2667 b.p.) of son cDNA in retroviral vector pPS-3-neo. Transformed cells of different lines were selected. A large portion of this cells changed their morphology. New protein product (120 k), that reacted with antiserum to son specific peptide, was found together with p92son in these clones.
This paper uses prospective data from the Matlab surveillance system in rural Bangladesh to demonstrate that initially co-resident spouses and sons have a major impact on the subsequent mortality of old people, with significant differences by the sex of the elderly person, and the age of the son. Spouses significantly reduce mortality by similar magnitudes for both elderly men and women. On the other hand, co-resident adult sons reduce mortality for elderly women much more than for elderly men, with younger sons being more beneficial than older sons. Furthermore, both married and unmarried females appear to benefit equally from co-resident adult sons. Finally, this analysis suggests that the impact of spouses and sons on mortality in old age is not substantially mediated through changes in elderly economic status.
The present study evaluated the expression of tenascin by astrocytes in the supraoptic nucleus and associated ventral glial limitans (SON-VGL) under conditions that induce reversible changes in neuronal organization (dehydration and rehydration). Immunostaining of astroglia cultured from rat neonatal SON-VGL confirmed that these cells are capable of both expressing and secreting tenascin. Observations of immunostained tissue sections from adult rats revealed tenascin immunoreactivity primarily in the VGL and dendritic zone, subjacent to SON neuronal somata. Comparison of immunostained tissues from hydrated and dehydrated animals showed an apparent decrease in the intensity of immunostaining with dehydration. Subsequent Western blots of similar tissues confirmed the presence of the 210-220-kDa tenascin protein in the SON-VGL. SON-VGL tissues from control, dehydrated, and rehydrated rats were then studied by using SDS-PAGE and quantitative gel densitometry. A consistent decrease in tenascin concentration was observed by 6 days of dehydration that, with rehydration, reversed back toward or beyond control levels. Together, these observations indicate that SON-VGL astrocytes variably express tenascin and that this protein may play a role in adult SON plasticity.
The quantity and topography of activated vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXY), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons were studied immunohistochemically in the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the PVN and SON in mice 60 min after a single injection of hypertonic saline (HS, 400 microl 1.5M, i.p.). Fos-neuropeptide double-stainings revealed: (1) Fos expression in each portion of the PVN and SON; (2) maximal number of Fos-AVP (79 cells) and Fos-OXY (50 cells) double-labelings in the middle portion of the PVN; (3) low number of Fos-TH perikarya in the PVN and their lack in the SON; (4) similar incidence (around 50%) of Fos-AVP and Fos-OXY perikarya in the SON; and (5) presence of activated AVP, OXY, and TH neurons in the periventricular, subependymal, and sub-PVN zones of the PVN. Topographic analysis revealed that the majority of AVP neurons expressing Fos occupied the dorsolateral and central part of the middle portion of the PVN. In the same PVN portion, Fos-OXY neurons occurred in similar frequency, however, they were primarily distributed along the lateral and medial margins of the PVN. In the SON, Fos-OXY cells occupied mainly its dorsal, while Fos-AVP cells predominated in its ventral part. The data clearly indicate that HS is not a selective stimulus neither for PVN nor SON itself and provide evidence that both PVN and SON AVP and OXY cells play important role in the mediation of signals induced by HS. In addition, the limited number of AVP, OXY, and TH neurons activated by HS may account for their differential functional specializations selective for stress/osmotic circuits activated by HS.
OBJECTIVES: To study attitudes regarding possible inheritance of prostate cancer among sons of men with prostate cancer. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 69 men with prostate cancer and their 101 unaffected sons. All participants were also interviewed by telephone. Sociodemographic data were collected, as were data about the fathers' disease. RESULTS: The response rate was high; 100 sons (99%) and 65 fathers (94%) answered all questions. Sixty of the sons claimed they had worries about having an increased risk of prostate cancer due to possible inheritance. About 90% of the sons wanted to know whether prostate cancer was inheritable (66 definitely and 24 probably), were positively inclined to undergo screening (65 definitely and 27 probably), and to undergo genetic testing (50 definitely and 41 probably), provided there had been multiple cases of prostate cancer in their family. An interest to know whether prostate cancer could be inherited was more frequent among sons with less than 12 years of education, worries about inheritance, younger age, a father treated with curative intent, and with children of their own, especially if sons. Interest in genetic testing was associated with less than 12 years of education and with worries about inheritance. CONCLUSIONS: A large majority of healthy men with a family history of prostate cancer were interested in knowing whether the disease could be inherited and were positively inclined to undergo screening and genetic testing. Our findings indicate that genetic counseling and a screening program could have beneficial psychological effects in families with multiple cases of prostate cancer.
An ontogenetic framework for elucidating the etiology of substance use disorders (SUD) requires identifying how individual traits and family contexts combine to increase risk for SUD outcomes. In this study, we examine individual traits in family context to identify processes that account for the relationship between fathers' SUD + status and sons' externalizing behaviors. Results obtained from SUD + (n = 89) and SUD - (n = 139) families show that fathers' abusive propensities toward their sons mediated the relationship between fathers' SUD + status and sons' externalizing behavior scale (EBS) scores 2 years later. Moreover, individual traits, family contextual variables and deviant peer affiliations accounted for 58% of the variance on sons' EBS scores. Also, high risk cluster (HRC) and low risk cluster (LRC) memberships were derived from cluster analyses of the continuous risk factor scores that predicted sons' EBS scores. Preliminary relative risk ratios show that sons classified into the HRC at age 10-12 were at greater risk for DSM-III-R conduct disorder and SUD outcomes at age 16 than sons assigned to the LRC, SUD + or SUD - groups. Implications for selected family-based prevention initiatives are presented.
BACKGROUND: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that was widely prescribed to pregnant women before 1971. DES increases the risk of breast cancer in women who took the drug and the risk of reproductive tract abnormalities in their offspring. Dutch investigators have reported a 20-fold increase in risk of hypospadias among sons of women who were exposed to DES in utero. We assessed this relation in data from an ongoing study of DES-exposed persons. METHODS: Several U.S. cohorts of women with documented exposure in utero to DES have been followed by mailed questionnaires since the 1970s. Comparison subjects are unexposed women of the same ages. In 1997, participants were asked about congenital abnormalities in their children. We calculated prevalence odds ratios for the risk of hypospadias in sons of exposed mothers relative to sons of unexposed mothers using generalized estimating equations to adjust for multiple sons per mother and controlling for maternal age at the son's birth. RESULTS: We obtained data from 3916 exposed and 1746 unexposed women. These women reported a total of 13 liveborn sons with hypospadias (10 exposed, 3 unexposed). The prevalence odds ratio for risk of hypospadias among the exposed was 1.7 (95% confidence interval = 0.4-6.8). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support a greatly increased risk of hypospadias among the sons of women exposed to DES in utero, as has been previously reported.
BACKGROUND: The etiology of testicular carcinomas is unknown. Father-son testicular tumors represent an important subset of patients because the sons have a 6- to 10-fold increase in the risk of developing a testicular tumor compared with the general population, suggesting a possible genetic component in the etiology of the disease. Genetic anticipation has been established for several diseases and manifests itself clinically with earlier age of onset (AO) of disease or with increased severity of disease in children compared with their parents. METHODS: We report only the 13th case of pure seminoma occurring in both a father and a son. The most striking feature of our case study was a 27-year difference in the AO between father and son. A review of the literature from 1972 through 1999 provided 47 cases of father-son testicular tumors in which sufficient information was available to compare the AO and the severity of the disease in the fathers (G1) and the sons (G2). RESULTS: The mean AO for G1 was 43.3 (+/- 1.6) years compared with a mean AO for G2 of 27.0 (+/- 1.0) years for all 47 cases (P < 0.01). For fathers presenting with a pure seminoma, the mean AO was 45.9 (+/- 1.8) years for G1 compared with 27.0 (+/- 1.1) years for G2 (P < 0.01). For fathers presenting with a nonseminomatous tumor, the mean AO in G1 was 37.9 (+/- 2.6) years and 26.9 (+/- 1.8) years for G2 (P < 0.01). For the entire group of 47 cases, disease was more severe in G2 compared with G1 in 43% of cases, of equal severity in 47% of cases, and less severe in G2 compared with G1 in 10% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic anticipation may be responsible for many father-son testicular tumors.