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PubMed1978

Sex preselection.

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Genetic Engineering↗
PubMed1989

Sex preselection in rabbits: live births from X and Y sperm separated by DNA and cell sorting.

Intact, viable X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm populations of the rabbit were separated according to DNA content with a flow cytometer/cell sorter. Reanalysis for DNA of an aliquot from each sorted population showed purities of 86% for X-bearing sperm and 81% for Y-bearing sperm populations. Sorted sperm were surgically inseminated into the uterus of rabbits. From does inseminated with sorted X-bearing sperm, 94% of the offspring born were females. From does inseminated with sorted Y-bearing sperm from the same ejaculates, 81% of the offspring were males. The probability of the phenotypic sex ratios differing from 50:50 were p less than 0.0003 for X-sorted sperm and p less than 0.004 for Y-sorted sperm. Thus, the phenotypic sex ratio at birth was accurately predicted from the flow-cytometrically measured proportion of X- and Y-bearing sperm used for insemination.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A possibility of unbiased sex preselection in humans by enrichment of X or Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa.

Human sex ratio is generally 1.06. The motility selected population of spermatozoa are usually Y chromosome rich. It is therefore easier to influence selected male births. Social and psychologic factors and economic needs intensified by high technology may cause further imbalance in the sex-ratio, creating a demand for techniques to influence sex selection. Such techniques may also help to handle sex linked defects. An examination of several studies on the sex chromosome distribution of human spermatozoa, based on HOP method, showed a preponderance of either X or Y bearing male pronuclei, depending on certain experimental conditions, indicating a technical possibility of influencing sex in an unbiased way.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Development of sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).

Research was conducted to develop sperm sorting and novel sperm preservation methodologies for sex predetermination in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) using artificial insemination. In Study 1, the effect of seminal plasma (SP), sperm concentration and freezing rate (FR) on in vitro sperm quality of liquid-stored, non-sorted spermatozoa was examined. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of prefreeze SP addition on post-thaw quality (progressive motility, kinetic rating, sperm motility index (SMI), viability and acrosome integrity). Post-thaw motility parameters and viability were higher (P < 0.05) for slow FR than fast FR samples. In Study 2 investigating the effects of liquid storage and sorting on sperm quality, motility and SMI after sorting and centrifugation were lower (P < 0.05) than those of the initial ejaculate. The sort rate for enrichment (91 +/- 4% purity) of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa was 3400 +/- 850 spermatozoa sex(-1) s(-1). In Study 3, compared with a modified straw method, directional freezing resulted in enhanced in vitro quality of sorted and non-sorted spermatozoa derived from liquid-stored semen (P < 0.05). In Study 4, endoscopic insemination of three dolphins with sorted, frozen-thawed X-bearing spermatozoa resulted in one conception and the birth of a female calf. High-purity sorting of dolphin spermatozoa, derived from liquid-stored semen, can be achieved with minimal loss of in vitro sperm quality and samples are functional in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Failure of multitube sperm swim-up for sex preselection.

OBJECTIVE: To use double-label fluorescence in situ hybridization to evaluate a modified swim-up procedure that is purported to be effective for preconceptual sex selection. DESIGN: Controlled, blinded study. SETTING: University hospital laboratories. PATIENT(S): Donor males reporting for routine semen analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Percentages of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa in neat semen and in two swim-up fractions, determined using double-label fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULT(S): No clinically significant change from a 1:1 ratio was found in the distribution of X- or Y-bearing spermatozoa after double-label fluorescence in situ hybridization following a modified swim-up procedure and irrespective of the time (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) allowed for swim-up. CONCLUSION(S): Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, a modified swim-up procedure was evaluated for its purported ability to skew the relative percentages of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa. No clinically significant change in the ratio of X- to Y-bearing spermatozoa was detected independent of time. Therefore, clinical application of this procedure should be strongly discouraged.

Bias↗
PubMed2005

Challenges facing sex preselection of stallion spermatozoa.

Since the production of the first live offspring from sex-sorted spermatozoa in 1989, there have been many developments in the fluorescence-activated cell separation (FACS) procedures to preselect X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa prior to insemination. During this time, FACS technology has been applied to a range of species and has resulted in offspring from rabbits, cattle, sheep, elk and horses. In horses, satisfactory fertility rates have been achieved after hysteroscopic insemination of 20 x 10(6) fresh or stored, sex-sorted spermatozoa. However, many of the sperm processing protocols are still based on the original protocol and components of these procedures may not necessarily be suitable for the stallion. This review examines the details of FACS protocols that have resulted in the production of live offspring and makes comparisons with the published stallion protocols in an attempt to determine how best to improve the fertility of sorted, frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa.

Animals↗