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PubMed1984

A semantic differential for external comparison of conceptual nursing models.

A semantic differential using conceptual nursing models as concepts to be rated and scales chosen from the theory literature was used by 78 master's degree students to evaluate the King, Orem, Rogers, Roy, and Wiedenbach models. The tool appeared capable of detecting reliable, plausible differences among models as shown by inspection of models' mean ratings on individual scales and by factor analysis. Six factors (sophistication-dynamism, clarity-usefulness, focus, utility, scope, and scientific rigor) accounted for from 49% to 56% of the total variance of the models. All scales loaded on some factor for at least one model. Tool development is continuing.

Models, Theoretical↗
PubMed1995

The aging semantic differential: a confirmatory factor analysis.

The Aging Semantic Differential (ASD), which is used to measure attitudes and quantify bias and negative stereotypes toward older people, is a 32-item scale published more than 20 years ago (Rosencranz & McNevin, 1969). Several factor analytic studies failed to replicate the original three-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using 100 third-year medical students compared six-factor models derived from the gerontological literature. A modified version of Holtzman, Beck, and Kerber's (1979) four-factor model proved to be the "best" comparative fit based upon a consensus of fit indices.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Psychoanalytic concepts of eating disorders: an empirical approach with a semantic differential (Ertel).

To study empirically some psychoanalytic assumptions concerning aspects of the oral character and manifestations of fixation and regression, 61 neurotic inpatients at a psychotherapeutic clinic were investigated using a semantic differential technique (Ertel). Each patient was judged by the differential technique on the basis of 12 object representations which, in respect to the psychoanalytic theory of development, are postulated to have connections with the oral stage. A connotative proximity in the semantic space was postulated for several 'oral connotations'. For these relevant connotations the theoretical assumptions were proved empirically. However, there were no statistical differences between several groups of patients (those with an oral fixation and those with later fixations). Furthermore single dimensions of the semantic differential technique used, in contrast to the three-dimensional analysis, allowed the differentiation of patients with oral fixations from the others simply by using object representations that ought to be relevant for the oral stage of psychosexual development.

Arousal↗
PubMed2002

Exploring self-image during hot flushes using a semantic differential scale: associations between poor self-image, depression, flush frequency and flush distress.

OBJECTIVES: This study developed a semantic differential scale for assessing self-image during hot flushes, based on a previously published scale (Nursing Res. 35 (1986) 81). The objectives were to explore the sensitivity and validity of this scale, and to examine whether poor self-image during hot flushes is linked to flush distress, perceived control, flush frequency, flush chronicity, self-esteem and depression. METHOD: Two community samples of women with current experience of hot flushes completed a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: The semantic differential scale was sensitive to individual differences in self-image, and was validated through its association with measured self-esteem using a standardised scale. Defining the self in negative ways during flushes was highly predictive of flush distress. Poor self-image was also closely associated with depression. Correlations with perceived control, and flush frequency were weaker and did not reach significance in the second, smaller sample. CONCLUSION: The study extends previous findings that women low in self-esteem have more difficulty coping with menopausal changes, by showing that negative self-appraisal during flushes (e.g. defining self as unattractive or dirty) are highly demoralising and associated with distress. The findings suggest that cognitive behavioural strategies of challenging and re-interpreting thoughts about self could be helpful in moderating the discomfort and stressfulness of hot flushes for women not taking HRT. However, the findings are based on relatively small, volunteer samples and require further replication.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Addicts' attitudes toward drugs: a semantic-differential study.

The Drug Rating Scale, an adaptation of the Osgood semantic-differential technique, was devised to measure the connotative aspects of attitudes toward drugs. Sixty-two heroin-addict clients and fourteen staff members of the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic completed the Scale. The Addict group tended to regard heroin in a negative light, possibly consistent with their own lack of self-esteem. Amphetamines and LSD had the greatest distance from heroin in the addicts' "semantic space"; this was consistent with addicts' relative preference for alternative drugs to heroin. The evaluative and activity dimensions provided a plausible assignment of the eight drugs inquired about into four quadrants.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Higher feelings in schizophrenic patients studied by means of the semantic differential technique.

Studies of higher feelings in schizophrenic patients by means of the semantic differential technique were carried out on two groups of patients (1 male and 1 female) with two analogous groups of healthy persons serving as controls. It was found that the way in which the patients revealed their feelings - spontaneity, authenticity and perception of reality - is undoubtedly changed as a result of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A factor analyzed semantic differential form useful to the clinical or community psychologist.

Administered a 20-item semantic differential three times (week 0, week 4, and week 10) to 110 junior and senior level psychology undergraduates. Each S evaluated six concepts. After collapsing across concepts, each administration was factor-analyzed separately to obtain a relatively stable factor structure. Three factors emerged. They were labeled: General-evaluative (factor one), active-independence (factor two), and passive acceptance (factor three). Utility of this particular device for the applied clinical psychologist was discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

The patient's experience of diabetes and its treatment: construction of an attitude scale by a semantic differential technique.

An instrument for measuring attitudes towards diabetes and self-care was constructed by a semantic differential technique. The instrument contained nine adjective pairs. Factor analysis classified these into four factors: self-esteem/autonomy, object evaluation, quality of life supporting factor and self-strength/vulnerability. The reliability coefficient of test-retest by 28 nurses/nurse tutors was 0.93. Fifty diabetic patients completed the attitude scale for testing the validity of the instrument. Male patients had a more positive attitude towards diabetes than females. Those who had had diabetes for less than 10 years were more positive than those with a longer duration of the disease. A higher degree of education, well-performed self-monitoring of blood glucose and achievement of good metabolic control were all associated with a more negative attitude towards diabetes. A group of nurses/nurse tutors who also completed the attitude scale had a more negative attitude towards diabetes than the investigated groups of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Parental representation of children during the first year of life: a longitudinal comparison of mothers' and fathers' responses on Semantic Differential Scales.

The aim of this paper was to investigate parental representation over time using a specially devised Semantic Differential Scale, developed in the context of longitudinal research, carried out during children's first two years of life. 42 parent-couples, during their first experience of parenthood were asked separately to rate the concept of "my child" in specific periods of their child's first year of life. The analysis highlighted the complexity of parental representation of babies.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A semantic differential measure of attitudes toward black American patients.

The development of an instrument measuring attitudes toward black American patients using a semantic differential technique is described. Subjects were 242 white senior students enrolled in baccalaureate degree, associate degree, and diploma nursing programs. The instrument consisted of 20 bipolar adjective scales for positive and negative racial stereotypes. A factor analysis resulted in five factors which accounted for the majority of the variance, with 30.2% for Factor I Evaluation. An alpha reliability of .84 for the same factor revealed a high level of internal consistency. To obtain an attitude score, the eight bipolar adjective scales comprising Factor I were summed and the scores obtained were in the neutral range. There were no significant differences among the attitudes of baccalaureate degree, associate degree, or diploma nursing students. Comparisons also were made between the perceptions of students toward black Americans and toward black American patients, with the latter perceived more favorably.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

Extremity of semantic differential ratings in deaf and hearing subjects.

A comparison was made separately by sex of 19 deaf and 19 hearing Ss on mean semantic differential ratings of contradictory concept-pairs. There were nine deaf males, 10 deaf females, 11 hearing males, and eight hearing females with mean ages of 23.00, 21.90, 20.73, and 19.75, respectively. It was hypothesized that the deaf would make less extreme ratings of concept-pairs than hearing Ss and that they would shift their ratings of contradictory concept-pairs closer to the mean of the original ratings of the single concepts comprising the pairs. It was found that both predictions were true only for deaf males. Deaf females did not differ from hearing Ss.

Adult↗