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PubMed1978

The effects on stuttering of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word "the".

The effect of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word "the" during spontaneous speech by three adult stutterers was assessed within a single-subject experimental design. The effect of these procedures on stuttering frequency, use of the word "the," and speech rate differed for each subject. Subject 1 showed no systematic change in stuttering and an initial increase in "the" responses. Subject 2 reduced stuttering to almost zero during self-recording conditions. Subject 3 increased stuttering during self-recording stuttering and self-recording "the" conditions. These results, which indicated that self-recording procedures have a variety of effects on the stuttering behavior of different individuals, are not consistent with previous studies that have shown only reductions in stuttering during self-recording conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non-stuttering classmates.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has indicated that children who stutter are more likely to be bullied and to hold a lower social position than their peers who do not stutter. However, the majority of this research has used data from respondents who were in the educational system more than 20 years ago. The current policy on integration of children with severe disabilities into mainstream education and the increased awareness of bullying in schools would indicate that attitudes toward children who stutter might have changed in the intervening period. METHOD: The study uses a sociometric scale (adapted from Coie, Dodge, & Coppotelli, 1982) to assess children who stutter in classroom groups with fluent peers. The peer relationships between 16 children who stutter and their classmates (403 children in total) were examined. RESULTS: Children who stutter were rejected significantly more often than were their peers and were significantly less likely to be popular. When compared to children who do not stutter, the children who stutter were less likely to be nominated as 'leaders' and were more likely to be nominated to the 'bullied' and 'seeks help' categories. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in integration policy and the implementation of anti-bullying policies in many schools appear to have made little impact on the social status of children who stutter. The incidence of bullying and rejection reported in this study has implications for schools and clinicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of family history of stuttering on the onset of stuttering in young children.

Content analysis was undertaken of the case records of 61 children who stuttered who were attending a specialist centre for children who stutter. The subjects were divided into two groups, on the basis of family history of stuttering. Positive family histories of stuttering were reported for 44 children and 17 had negative family histories. The two groups were compared in terms of gender ratios, the age of onset and the type of onset (gradual vs. sudden) of stuttering. Those with positive family histories began stuttering earlier than those with no reported family history of stuttering, though this difference was not statistically significant. The type of onset of stuttering was not related to the presence or absence of a family history of stuttering. The findings are discussed in terms of the practicability of this method of data collection.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Stereotypes towards stuttering for those who have never had direct contact with people who stutter: a randomized and stratified study.

Research suggests that many people hold pervasive negative stereotypes towards persons who stutter and that to date, success in changing these attitudes has been limited. However, few studies have selected people who had not had direct contact with a person who stutters or employed a true randomized and stratified selection of people from the community to assess attitudes towards stuttering. To assess stereotypes, a randomized and stratified investigation was conducted by telephone interview to assess the type of stereotypes 502 people from households in the state of New South Wales. Australia have about stuttering. Consenting persons were given a brief introduction to the research and a description of stuttering. Then they were asked if they or any person living in their household stuttered or whether they knew or had ever met any one who stuttered. If answers were no, they were asked to participate. If they answered yes to either question they were thanked and not asked to participate. Analysis showed that a large number believe persons who stutter are shy, self-conscious, anxious people who lack confidence. In contrast, many also believe they would not be embarrassed talking to someone who stutters, that they have average or above average intelligence, and are capable of holding responsible work-related positions. While this research yields a mixture of negative and positive community stereotypes, a significant portion of society continue to show little knowledge of the causes of the disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Voluntary stuttering suppresses true stuttering: a window on the speech perception-production link.

In accord with a proposed innate link between speech perception and production (e.g., motor theory), this study provides compelling evidence for the inhibition of stuttering events in people who stutter prior to the initiation of the intended speech act, via both the perception and the production of speech gestures. Stuttering frequency during reading was reduced in 10 adults who stutter by approximately 40% in three of four experimental conditions: (1) following passive audiovisual presentation (i.e., viewing and hearing) of another person producing pseudostuttering (stutter-like syllabic repetitions) and following active shadowing of both (2) pseudostuttered and (3) fluent speech. Stuttering was not inhibited during reading following passive audiovisual presentation of fluent speech. Syllabic repetitions can inhibit stuttering both when produced and when perceived, and we suggest that these elementary stuttering forms may serve as compensatory speech gestures for releasing involuntary stuttering blocks by engaging mirror neuronal systems that are predisposed for fluent gestural imitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Stuttering identification: standard definition and moment of stuttering.

Fifteen-second samples of speech were recorded from 20 adult stutterers. The samples were played to two groups (I and NI) of unsophisticated observers. The 18 observers in the NI Group were instructed to underline any word that was stuttered. The 18 observers in the I Group also were instructed to underline stuttered words, but these observers were given a "standard definition" of stuttering (Wingate, 1964); repetition of a sound, syllable, or one-syllable word; silent or audible prolongation; or both. On the average, observers who were given a definition of stuttering marked more words as stuttered than observers who were told only to mark stutterings. In addition, the observers for whom stuttering was defined also displayed significantly more variability in terms of the average number of words underlined. Both interobserver and intraobserver agreement were significantly higher for the NI Group than the I Group observers. The data from this and other identification studies were used to support the suggestion that the identification of stuttering is a threshold phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A cross-cultural, long-term outcome evaluation of the ISTAR Comprehensive Stuttering Program across Dutch and Canadian adults who stutter.

UNLABELLED: There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of stuttering treatment programs delivered in domestic and international contexts and to determine if treatment delivered internationally is culturally sensitive. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ISTAR Comprehensive Stuttering Program (CSP) within and across client groups from the Netherlands and Canada revealed generally positive results. At 2 years post-treatment both groups were maintaining statistically significant reductions in stuttering frequency and improvements in attitudes, confidence, and perceptions as measured by the Revised Communication Attitude Inventory (S24), Perceptions of Stuttering Inventory (PSI), and the approach scale of the Self-Efficacy Scaling by Adult Stutterers (SESAS). Data pooled across the groups on these measures gave evidence of a global treatment effect with standardized effect sizes ranging from typical to larger than typical in the behavioural sciences. Only two differences between the groups emerged: differences in speech rate and perception of self. Given that these groups represent two distinct cultures, differences were discussed in terms of whether they could be due to cultural, methodological, or other variables. Overall, results suggest that, the CSP appears to be similarly effective in both cultures and thus, sufficiently sensitive to the culture of Dutch adults who stutter. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will be able to (a) describe a methodology that can be used in a clinical setting to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of stuttering treatment with adults, (b) describe some of the challenges in developing a model of clinically meaningful outcome, (c) explain the rationale for the need for cross-cultural investigations of treatment outcome, and (d) summarize speech and self-report results of the cross-cultural evaluation of an integrated stuttering treatment program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Slower and incomplete retrieval of speech motor plans is the proximal source of stuttering: stutters occur when syllable motor plans stored in memory are concatenated to produce the utterance motor plan.

This paper describes a hypothesis about stuttering that distinguishes between two methods of assembling the speech motor plan for an utterance - speech construction, which involves real-time preparation of the speech motor plan and speech concatenation, which involves retrieval and chaining of syllable motor plans stored in memory. It is hypothesized that stutters are significantly reduced when people who stutter (PWS) speak in novel speaking patterns such as whispering and prolonged speech because these unaccustomed speaking tasks require speech construction. In contrast, when PWS speak in their habitual speech pattern, concatenating syllable motor plans stored in memory, they stutter. Reaction time studies and the effect of word frequency on stutter rate show that PWS are slower in retrieving stored motor plans during speech concatenation. On the other hand, conditions that positively prime the retrieval of motor plans - phonological priming, reading, production of serial speech, speech shadowing, and stuttering adaptation tasks - speed up the retrieval of motor plans and, therefore, reduce the amount of stutters. The slower retrieval of syllable motor plans may lead to an incomplete specification of the utterance motor plan. Stutters result when the articulatory system attempts to execute an underspecified utterance motor plan.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurogenic stuttering versus developmental stuttering: an observer judgement study.

It has been claimed by some but rejected by others that neurogenic stuttering has unique features that distinguish this type of dysfluency from developmental stuttering. An experiment is reported in which a panel of professionals was presented at random speech samples from four developmental and four neurogenic stutterers and was asked to classify them accordingly without any patient knowledge. Results support the view that based on the patient's verbal output only it may sometimes be difficult to distinguish between neurogenic and developmental stuttering. Educational outcomes: As a result of this activity, the reader will be able (1) to define acquired stuttering and to list different types of acquired stuttering and (2) to discuss the resemblance between neurogenic stuttering and developmental stuttering.

Female↗
PubMed2002

National Stuttering Association members' opinions about stuttering treatment.

UNLABELLED: As stuttering support groups, such as the National Stuttering Association (NSA), have gained prominence and visibility, it has become increasingly important for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to learn about the people who participate in such groups. This article presents results of a brief survey completed by 200 members of the NSA to examine the opinions of support group members regarding the field of speech-language pathology and stuttering treatment options. Results indicate that NSA members hold a variety of opinions, both positive and negative, about the resources available to them. Findings highlight a number of ways in which SLPs can work with stuttering support groups, both to learn more about the needs of people who stutter and also to provide needed information about treatment options that are available for people who stutter. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn about and be able to describe (1) the role of support groups in stuttering treatment; (2) the people who are members of the NSA; and (3) their opinions about various issues related to stuttering and its treatment.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

Stuttering, language, and cognition: a review and a model of stuttering as suprasegmental sentence plan alignment (SPA).

Extant models of stuttering do not account for the emergence of stuttering at the onset of productive language use; the greater incidence of stuttering during spontaneous speech, on complex sentences, and at sentence-initial positions; the greater incidence of stuttering in bilinguals' 2nd language; the apparent deficiency of stutterers in expressive and receptive language skills; the prevalence of spontaneous recovery from stuttering; and the lack of chronic physiological or articulatory deficits in stuttering children's fluent speech. The author presents a model of stuttering as points of suprasegmental sentence plan alignment (SPA). Such alignment processes occur when, due to on-line sentence production processes, SPAs adopted prior to utterance initiation need to be aligned with revised SPAs. This model parsimoniously accounts for the findings reviewed in the article.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Stuttering frequency on content and function words in adults who stutter: a concept revisited.

This study investigated stuttering frequency as a function of grammatical word type (i.e., content and function). Ten adults who stutter participated. Participants recited aloud a list of 126 words consisting of an equal number of content and function words, which were presented individually and visually via a laptop computer. Each word belonged to a single grammatical category. Further, words were matched for initial sound and approximate number of syllables. The results indicated that adults who stutter exhibited significantly greater stuttering frequency on content words when presented in isolation (p = 0.018). It was conjectured that the responsible factor contributing to differences in stuttering frequency in adults who stutter resides in word frequency disparities between the two classes of words categories. That is, because the function words are limited in number and are used frequently, repeated use on the part of adults who stutter may lead to a generalized adaptation effect for function words and hence reduced stuttering frequency (as compared with content words).

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Changes in the probability of stuttering following a stutter: a test of some recent models.

To test the models of stuttering proposed by Still and Sherrard (1976), six stutterers (two adults and four children between 12 and 14 years old) read 33 or more passages of prose of approximately 200 words, in sessions of 16 or 17 passages. Predictions tested concerned changes in stuttering probability as words elapse following the last stutter. Such changes may be confounded with sequential dependencies among word classes, together with correlations between word classes and stuttering. To allow for this, a multiple regression was carried out on six independent variables--initial phoneme, grammatical class, length of word, position in sentence, session, and familiarity of passage. From this analysis, predicted changes in stuttering probability were generated, and compared with observed probabilities. There was a significant decrease in the difference between observed and expected probabilities over the first 30 words following a stutter. Also, two subjects (the adults) showed an initial increase in rate of stuttering. These results support a combination of the anxiety and feedback models of Still and Sherrard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Some environmental factors and hypotheses for stuttering in families with several stutterers.

Individuals in families with several stutterers (five or more) and individuals in families with no stutterers were the basis of a broad study designed to elucidate both genetic and nongenetic factors relevant to stuttering. In order to examine both nongenetic hypotheses regarding the etiology of stuttering as well as environmental factors possibly predisposing to stuttering, data were collected using two structured case-history interviews and four self-report inventories. We were unable to identify prenatal, developmental, or medical factors that distinguish stutterers from their nonstuttering family members. Further, we found no evidence of (a) anxiety levels differing among stutterers, their nonstuttering family members, and nonstuttering controls; (b) familial attitudes toward speech differing between nonstuttering family members and those of nonstuttering controls; or (c) ratings of parental behavior or children's traits which distinguished stutterers from nonstuttering family members.

Environment↗
PubMed1991

Kinaesthetic acuity of stutterers and non-stutterers for oral and non-oral movements.

Six adult stutterers and six normal speakers were instructed to make the smallest possible movements of the jaw, lower lip, tongue and right index finger, both with and without continuous visual feedback. In the non-visual (kinaesthetic) condition, the stutterers showed significantly larger minimal displacements (MDs) than did the non-stutterers for oral but not for finger movements. However, movements made in the presence of visual feedback were consistently smaller for all subjects than those made without, and no differences in MD were found between the stutterers and the non-stutterers when visual feedback was provided. The results suggested the presence of a sensorimotor deficit among at least some adult stutterers that is confined to oral movements. Given the importance of somatic sensory feedback during speech production, these observed orosensory deficiencies among stutterers may provide important insights into causal factors which contribute to the breakdowns in stutterers' speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Speech disfluencies and delayed auditory feedback reactions of stuttering and non-stuttering children.

25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under conditions of normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Disfluency counts were correlated with delayed auditory feedback reactions which were changes in disfluencies under delay conditions. Pearson product-moment correlations were negative and significant for the combined group of stutterers and non-stutterers under all delays used. Correlations for stutterers were negative and significant for 113, 226, 306, and 413 msec. delay. For the total group of non-stutterers, all correlations were negative and significant. Correlations for age groups within the stuttering and non-stuttering groups were also presented.

Acoustic Stimulation↗