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PubMed1964

THE PREMEDICAL STUDENT: HIS IDENTITY. CHARACTERISTICS OF A COHORT OF PREMEDICAL STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

A prospective study is currently being conducted of students who were freshmen at the University of British Columbia in 1961-1962. Three cohorts are being followed: 136 premedical students, 107 science students, and 136 persons comprising a sample of general arts students. At registration in 1961, the only demographic difference was that the Premedical cohort had a greater proportion of catholics and persons from upper occupational classes. Premedical students generally performed as well in high school as science students and better than general arts students, though the academic potential of science students as measured by achievement and aptitude tests was superior. Premedical students performed better on freshman examinations than the other cohorts, though a significantly larger proportion of science students (84.4%) actually passed into second year than of premedical students (75.0%). A disturbing observation was that by second year the Science cohort had recruited more than enough students to balance its losses, while the Premedical cohort had lost three times as many students as it recruited. The net effect was not much reduced by students who entered directly from senior matriculation or other universities, since these students were about twice as likely to enter the Science cohort as they were to enter the Premedical cohort.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Medical students and debt: a survey of students at the School of Medicine, University of Auckland.

AIMS: To assess the extent of Auckland medical students' debt, the types of debt accrued and to establish data on part-time employment, income, parental support and living circumstances for these students. METHODS: Medical students at the University of Auckland were asked to complete a written survey questionnaire, which was distributed in lecture classes for years 1-5 and by mail for year 6. The questionnaire asked about biographical data, types and amounts of debt, the use of student loan scheme money, employment, income, student allowances, parental financial support and living situation. Students not sent the survey by mail were informed about the survey several days prior to receiving it to enable them to collate the necessary financial information. Data entry was completed via an electronic scanning system and questionnaire responses were analysed using a tabular analysis of the various classes. RESULTS: There were 522 responses received, comprising 73% of students (48% male, 52% female). The major source of debt was to the Government student loan scheme (39% of students in year 1, rising to 75% in year 6). Average (median) debt to the Government loan scheme rises from $5000 in year 1 to $26,000 in year 6. Fourteen per cent of students receive a targeted student allowance and 30% have a part-time job. Average summer vacation earnings do not exceed $4000. Thirty-four percent receive no financial support from their parents and 18% receive support with some costs only. With the exceptions of students in year 1, more than 50% of students live away from home. CONCLUSION: Medical students are predominantly in debt to the Government student loan scheme and the level rises by approximately $5000 per year from year 1 to year 6. It is expected that these levels will increase in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Are fourth-year medical students effective teachers of the physical examination to first-year medical students?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if fourth-year medical students are as effective as faculty in teaching the physical examination to first-year medical students. DESIGN: Stratified randomization of the first-year students. SETTING: A public medical school. PARTICIPANTS: All 100 first-year medical students in one medical school class were randomly assigned (controlling for gender) to either a faculty or a fourth-year student preceptor for the Physical Examination Module. MAIN RESULTS: The first-year students of faculty preceptors scored no differently on the written examination than the students of the fourth-year medical student preceptors (82.8% vs 80.3%, p = .09) and no differently on a standardized patient practical examination (95.5% vs 95.4%, p = .92). Also, the first-year students rated the two groups of preceptors similarly on an evaluation form, with faculty rated higher on six items and the student preceptors rated higher on six items (all p > .10). The fourth-year student preceptors rated the experience favorably. CONCLUSIONS: Fourth-year medical students were as successful as faculty in teaching first-year medical students the physical examination as measured by first-year student's performances on objective measures and ratings of teaching effectiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in how older students influence younger student smoking behaviour.

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in how the smoking behaviour of close friends and older peers at school influence smoking onset and progression among 10,843 grade 9, 10 and 11 students from 29 secondary schools in Ontario, Canada. In lower-risk student populations (i.e., students with no smoking friends or one smoking friend), males and females were both at a similar level of risk for occasional smoking as a function of the smoking rate of older students at their school. Among higher-risk student populations (i.e., students with three or more close friends who smoke), the smoking rate of older students at school did not influence the risk of occasional smoking. The odds of a female student being a regular smoker increased as the prevalence of smoking among older students at her school increased regardless of her close friends' smoking behaviour. However, among male students, the influence of older student smoking at school on the odds of regular smoking was moderated by the number of close friends who smoke. It appears that the prevalence of older student smoking at a school is more influential among younger female students, whereas the smoking behaviour of close friends appears to be more influential among younger male students. This new finding provides unique insight for tailoring and targeting future school-based smoking prevention initiatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Student-led tutorials in problem-based learning: educational outcomes and students' perceptions.

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of using students as tutors in a problem-based learning (PBL) medical curriculum. Ninety-one third-year medical students were divided into ten tutorial groups. The groups were randomly allocated into student-led tutorials (SLT) (five groups, n = 44 students) and faculty-led tutorials (FLT) (five groups, n = 47 students). Outcome measurements included assessment of students' performance in tutorials individually and as a group, end-unit examinations scores, assessment of tutoring skills and identifying students' perceptions about peer tutoring. Student tutors were perceived better in providing feedback and in understanding the difficulties students face in tutorials. Tutorial atmosphere, decision-making and support for the group leader were better in SLT compared with FLT groups. Self-assessment of student performance in SLT was not different from FLT. Student scores in the written and practical examinations were comparable in both groups. However, SLT groups found difficulties in analysis of problems presented in the first tutorial session. We conclude that the impact of peer tutoring on student performance in tutorials, group dynamics, and student achievement in examinations is positive overall. However, student tutors require special training before adopting this approach in PBL programs.

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

Medical students' clinical self-assessments: comparisons with external measures of performance and the students' self-assessments of overall performance and effort.

PURPOSE: To find predictors of students' initial self-assessments of their clinical performances, the predictive value of their self-assessments, and factors that relate to their final self-assessments. METHOD: Of the 142 third-year students at the University of Michigan Hospital in 1988-89, 137 (96%) completed a self-assessment questionnaire on the first day of their internal medicine clerkship and a slightly expanded questionnaire on the last day. The questionnaires asked the students to use Likert-type scales to rate their abilities regarding clinical skills, use of knowledge in the clinical setting, and discharge of patient care responsibilities. Also collected were data on the students' performances as measured externally: college grade-point averages; standardized examinations taken before, during, and after the clerkship; and ratings given the students by the faculty and residents with whom they worked in the clerkship. Pearson product-moment correlations were then calculated between the students' self-assessment ratings and their scores on the external measures of performance. RESULTS: Weak to absent correlations were found between prior-performance measures and initial self-assessments. The lower-performing students, as measured by college grade-point averages and Medical College Admission Test scores, tended to rate their performances higher than did their peers at initial self-assessment. IN contrast, the higher-performing students rated themselves lower than would be warranted given their prior performances. There were significant increases in the initial self-assessments as the year progressed and the students entered the clerkship after having had more experience. The correlations between the students' final self-assessments and the ratings by faculty and residents were generally weak. The strongest (.267, p < or = .001) concerned the students' medical knowledge. In addition, there was a moderate correlation (.413, p < or = .001) between the students' self-assessments of how hard they had worked and their self-assessments of overall performance. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study were similar to those of previous studies in that they showed relatively poor agreement between external measures of students' performances and students' self-assessments of their performances.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed1984

Screening for chest disease in college students: policies of student health services regarding the use of routine screening chest radiographs and tuberculin skin tests.

We conducted a survey of college health services to determine their policies regarding the use of screening chest radiographs and tuberculin skin tests. Pre-enrollment chest radiographs are prescribed for all incoming students by 24 per cent of the 531 respondents and for health professions students, foreign students, and intercollegiate athletes only by an additional 20 per cent, 19 per cent, and 6 per cent, respectively. Periodic chest radiography is conducted for all students by 7 per cent of the respondents and for health professions students, foreign students, and intercollegiate athletes only by an additional 22 per cent, 16 per cent, and 8 per cent, respectively. Pre-enrollment tuberculin skin tests are prescribed for all incoming students by 52 per cent of the respondents and for health professions students, foreign students, and intercollegiate athletes only by an additional 48 per cent, 29 per cent, and 9 per cent, respectively. Periodic tuberculin skin testing is conducted for all students by 27 per cent of the respondents and for health professions students, foreign students, and intercollegiate athletes only by an additional 48 per cent, 23 per cent, and 16 per cent, respectively. We estimate from these data that 723,000 incoming students in the United States received screening chest radiographs in 1979 with estimated charges totaling between $7 million and $27 million. There may be 0.05 to 0.33 induced cases of lung cancer, leukemia, thyroid cancer, and female breast cancer over a 20-year period among this group of students exposed to ionizing radiation.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed2004

Differences in self-reported oral health behavior between dental students and dental technology/dental hygiene students in Jordan.

The aim of this study was to compare differences in oral health behavior between dental students and dental technology/dental hygiene students in Jordan. One hundred and five dental students and seventy-eight dental technology/dental hygiene students were recruited into this study. All subjects were recruited from the students who were receiving training at the clinics and laboratories that belong to the Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology. The Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI) was used to assess the oral heath behavior of the subjects. Significant differences were found between students from different disciplines. Dental students were found to worry more about visiting their dentist, to be less aware of bleeding gums when brushing and were less bothered by the color of their gums compared with dental technology and dental hygiene (DT/DH) students (P < 0.05, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Dental students tended to be more professionally educated about brushing and to have a belief that they cannot clean their teeth well without using toothpaste (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Most of them did not feel they have brushed well unless they brush with strong strokes (P < 0.05). A logistic regression model showed that it might be possible to distinguish dental students from DT/DH students by using three items of the HU-DBI and the level of dental education. The difference in the HU-DBI scores was not a major feature. There were significant differences in oral health attitudes/behavior between dental students and DT/DH students. The findings might reflect differences in students' training experience and education between different specialties.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

[Questionnaire survey comparing first-year medical students and non-medical students with regard to their level of interest and knowledge of care and terminal care for the elderly].

To study the level of interest and knowledge about care and terminal care for the elderly of medical students in Nagoya University, we made a questionnaire for first-year medical students (about 90 students per year) each April from 1998 to 2000. To assess the differences, we also gave the same questionnaire to 75 first-year non-medical students in 1999. Only about 10% of students had experienced providing care for member(s) of their family, but about one third stated that other family member(s) such as their mother, cared for older family member(s). The introduction of long-term care insurance was known by 22%, 43.5% and 96.6% of medical students in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively. Moreover, 19.8%, 13.0% and 52.3% of medical students knew about the care managers, respectively. About 80% of students hoped to be informed about their disease if they had terminal-stage cancer. However, about half of students could not decide whether to tell a family member who had terminal-stage cancer. Medical students had significantly more interest in the care system (68.5% in 1999) and terminal care (72.8% in 1999) for the elderly than non-medical students (41.3% and 40.0% in 1999, respectively). There were no significant differences between medical and non-medical students with regard to experiences of care, knowledge of long-term care insurance system and the attitudes to informing about terminal-stage cancer. However, more medical students had an interest in the elderly care system and terminal care than non-medical students.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt and Experiences (WIDE) survey of medical students pilot study. Results part I.

AIMS: To determine the level and sources of medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. METHODS: A questionnaire, The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt, and Experiences (WIDE) Survey of Medical Students, was developed and administered to all 204 medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Included were questions on student demographics, sources and levels of debt, parental financial support, and student perceptions of their debt. RESULTS: The response rate was 88%. International students, whose debt was with an overseas government, and students with mortgages were excluded from the data analysis. The combined total debt for the remaining 165 students was $7775000 with $6290000 (81%) owed to the Government Students Loans scheme. One quarter of 6th year medical students had a debt over $83250, 50% had a debt over $70000, and 75% had a debt over $50000. Student allowances were inaccessible to 64% of 4th and 5th year students and part-time employment during term-time was common. Lack of funds was reported to impair full participation in the medical course. CONCLUSION: The majority of medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine accumulate high levels of debt, mainly dtrough the Government Student Loans scheme, during their medical training.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1996

Cigarette smoking and random serum cholesterol levels in a Northern Ireland general practice population of 18- to 20-year-old students and non-students.

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease is the commonest cause of death in Northern Ireland, but few data exist on the incidence of risk factors in young adult students and non-students. AIM: To gather data on the prevalence of cigarette smoking and raised serum total cholesterol in a population of 18- to 20-year-old students and non-students. METHOD: Subjects were patients are Mountsandel Surgery, Coleraine on 1 January 1989 and were 18-20 years of age inclusive on that date. Subjects were interviewed by a research nurse who recorded socio-demographic data, tobacco consumption and random serum total cholesterol. Smoking status validation was by serum thiocyanate and expired air carbonmonoxide estimations. RESULTS: Out of the 832 subjects surveyed, 570 were students and 262 were non-students. Cigarettes were smoked by 239 (28.7%) subjects, and a significantly greater proportion of non-students compared with students were smokers (36.6% and 25.1%, respectively; P < 0.001). The proportion of males compared with females who smoked cigarettes was not significantly different, but males smoked significantly more cigarettes per day than females (14 and 11 cigarettes, respectively; P = 0.005). The average age for commencing regular cigarette smoking was 15.3 years, and 49.9% of smokers had started regular smoking by the age of 16 years. A greater proportion of non-students (65.7%) compared with students (39.2%) had started smoking before the age of 16 years. Out of those sampled, 156 (19.2%) had random serum cholesterol levels above 5.2 mmol l-1. Mean total cholesterol for non-students was significantly higher than for students (4.61 and 4.45 mmol l-1, respectively; P = 0.01) and increased significantly with increasing age (P = 0.03). Three subjects recorded cholesterol levels above 7.8 mmol l-1. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking and raised serum total cholesterol were prevalent among an apparently healthy population of students and non-students. These young adults may be significantly more at risk from subsequent coronary heart disease than was previously suspected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Differences in alcohol risk profiles between college students and college-age non-students presenting for care in the emergency department.

PURPOSE: Determine whether college students and non-students seeking emergency medical care experience different lifestyle choices, alcohol-use patterns, and risk profiles.METHODS: Patients aged 18-25 seen in a university-affiliated ED between August 1998 and June 1999 who had >/=1 drinks within the past year were eligible. Patients scoring >5 out of a possible 40 on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) were considered at elevated risk for alcohol problems and were interviewed further to determine alcohol-use patterns and history.RESULTS: Of 1,436 consenting patients, students were more likely to screen positive for alcohol problems than non-students (55% vs 43%; 478/870 vs 245/566). Furthermore, among screen-positive patients, students were more likely than non-students to binge drink in the two weeks prior to screening (82% vs 65%) and to drink illegally (60% vs 38%). Students needed fewer drinks to feel the effects of alcohol (3.9 drinks vs 5.1) and were less likely to request a referral for alcohol treatment (2% vs 8%). However, students had lower baseline risk for alcohol problems than non-students (AUDIT = 11.2 vs 13.2). Students were younger than non-students (20.2 years vs 21.4), older at their first drunken experience (15.3 vs 14.7), and less likely to smoke (51% vs 76%) or have a family history of heavy drinking (5% vs 23%). (p <.01 for all comparisons).CONCLUSIONS: Students exhibit a higher risk than non-students for behaviors associated with acute alcohol-related problems. However, they may be at lower risk for chronic alcohol problems. This university-based ED seems an appropriate venue for early identification and brief, on-site intervention for students with alcohol problems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning among Japanese college students.

Research in the United States has found a strong and consistent relationship between teacher behavior and learning. Data collected from American college students indicate that perceptions of teacher nonverbal immediacy (NVI) are associated with students' feelings toward learning and perceptions of cognitive learning. The purposes of this study were to accomplish the following: (1) develop standardized Japanese versions of the instruments used to measure teacher nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning (how much students think they have learned); and (2) assess the relationship between NVI, student motivation, and perceptions of cognitive learning among Japanese college students. Results note that Japanese students report (1) a positive relationship between reported levels of teacher NVI and student motivation; (2) a negative relationship between reported levels of teacher NVI and perceived learning loss; and (3) a negative relationship between student motivation (SM) and perceived learning loss (how much students think they did not learn with their teacher compared to an ideal teacher). Further, cross-cultural comparisons between Japanese and American students were conducted. Results from the cross-cultural comparison suggest that the relationships between reported teacher nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and learning loss among Japanese college students are similar to those found among American college students, but the dimensional structure of the questionnaires was different.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Disease anxiety among medical students and law students].

BACKGROUND: Medical students and other people with knowledge about health and disease are often thought to have more anxiety about their health than others. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 80 medical students and 100 law students were asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to identify higher disease anxiety (Whiteley Index). A high total score on the Whiteley Index indicates high disease anxiety. 62 medical students (78%) and 70 law students (70%) returned the questionnaire in an anonymous form. RESULTS: Medical students had lower total score compared with law students (p < 0.01). One medical student and six law students had a total score susceptible of hypochondriasis. Male students had a non-significantly higher mean total score than female students. Those with depressive mood (n = 5), had higher total score than the others (p < 0.01.) Those who had experienced disease in their family (n = 83) tended to have lower total score. INTERPRETATION: Medical students have less disease anxiety than law students, contrary to what is often believed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between students' self-assessment of their capabilities and their teachers' judgments of students' capabilities in mathematics problem-solving.

The study examined the judgments made by four seventh-grade mathematics teachers of their 107 students' competence in solving mathematics problems. Simultaneously, the 107 students made self-efficacy judgments about their capability in solving mathematics problems. The two sets of judgments were tested for predicting students' mathematics performance. Also, students' prior mathematics achievement was studied for its influence on both teachers' and students' judgments and students' mathematics performance. Teachers were asked to make judgments of each student for every mathematics problem solved. Results were consistent with prior research indicating that students' mathematics self-efficacy beliefs were highly predictive of their performance. Path analysis indicated that the mathematics teachers' judgments were also highly predictive of students' performance and self-efficacy. In turn, these variables predicted students' postperformance judgments. Combining students' self-efficacy judgments and teachers' judgments of students increased predictiveness for students' mathematics performance. Educational implications were also discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

Attitudes to social issues in medicine: a comparison of first-year medical students with first-year students in non-medical faculties.

The emphasis on academic achievement in medical student selection has given rise to the fear that students entering medicine may comprise a homogeneous group with tendencies towards academic and scientific pursuits rather than humanistic and person-oriented health care. The Attitudes to Social Issues in Medicine (ATSIM) scale was administered to first-year Australian medical students and first-year students in other faculties including students with significantly lower academic performance measured by high school examination scores. The medical student group was found to be less conservative towards general social issues than students enrolled in commerce and science faculties and scored equally with arts students. Greater conservatism was, however, apparent in those areas which most closely affect the doctor's role. Medical students were less positive than other student groups in their attitudes towards increased government control of the medical profession, the contribution of allied health professionals and the importance of social aspects of illness. On attitudes to issues such as prevention and doctor-patient relationships which do not challenge the knowledge base or traditional role and status of the medical profession, however, medical students demonstrate equal or greater concern compared with other student groups.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Students, tutors and relationships: the ingredients of a successful student support scheme.

BACKGROUND: Medical students suffer from stress and psychological morbidity. Much of this stress is related to uncertainty about course work and workload. Although several student support systems are on offer at various medical schools, few have been shown to meet the needs of students. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate one student support scheme and determine the factors which are essential for success. METHOD: A total of 144 second- and third-year medical students were randomly selected at the University of Dundee. They were asked to complete questionnaires regarding contact with their personal tutors, frequency of meetings, activities during meetings, opinions on how to improve the system and how satisfied they were with the present system. In addition 28 tutors were also asked to complete a questionnaire which matched as far as possible that for students. Qualitative data was collected from semi-structured interviews, free-text responses from questionnaires, email communications with student group representatives and telephone interviews. RESULTS: The scheme was rated as successful or very successful by 25 (18.4%) students and five (29.4%) tutors. A high success rating was associated with regular and frequent meetings, with tutors actively seeking their students and taking part in social as well as academic activities. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship that is formed between students and tutors is the most important factor contributing to the success of the scheme. Taking part in social activities encourages the relationship to develop, whilst addressing academic problems helps to meet the needs of students. Those students who fail exams appear to have the same needs as those who pass.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of academic vulnerability associated with personal illness: a study of 1,027 students at nine medical schools. Collaborative Research Group on Medical Student Health.

About one quarter of the more than 69,000 medical students in this country suffer symptoms of mental illness, including 7% to 18% with substance use disorders. Subjective distress and physical health needs of medical students are also common and have been linked to training stresses. This first large-scale study of medical student health care examined students' physical and mental health concerns and their perceptions of academic vulnerability associated with personal illness. A 7-page, confidential written survey was given to 1,964 students at nine US medical schools in 1996 and 1997. A total of 1,027 students participated (52% response rate). Nearly all (90%) reported needing care for various health concerns, including 47% having at least one mental health or substance-related health issue. A majority of students expressed a preference for health care outside their training institution, largely due to confidentiality concerns, and 90% preferred health insurance allowing off-site care. Students expressed varying levels of concern about academic jeopardy in association with personal illness, with physical health problems such as arthritis causing the least concern and alcohol and drug abuse triggering the most concern. Consistent differences were detected in these views based on respondent's gender, training level, and institution. Most medical students perceive the need for personal health care. Nevertheless, fear of academic reprisal may prevent medical students from seeking necessary care for their health problems during training. This phenomenon may be linked in important but poorly recognized ways to emerging illness and to impairment among medical students and physicians. Women, minority, and clinical students appear more sensitive to the connection between health and academic vulnerability. Constructive implications for medical school curricula, policies, and health care services are discussed.

Adult↗