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[Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of effect of steel plate positions on steel plate rigidity in internal fixation of bone surgery].

In this study we calculate theoretically and use FEM to simulate the effect of plate position relative to bending direction on the overall bending stiffness of the composite system plate-bone. The results show that for different bending directions the effect of the modulus of elasticity of the plate is negligible. Changing the position of a plate will often alter the stress obviously. During the operation, the steel plate should be assigned onto the tension side of the bone.

Bone Plates↗

Mast cell growth factor maps near the steel locus on mouse chromosome 10 and is deleted in a number of steel alleles.

Many spontaneous, chemical-induced, and radiation-induced dominant white spotting (W) and steel (Sl) mutations have been identified in the mouse. W and Sl mutations have similar phenotypic effects including deficiencies in pigment cells, germ cells, and blood cells, Numerous studies have suggested that W acts within the affected cell while Sl instead exerts its effects in the extracellular environment. Recent findings demonstrating that W encodes the c-kit proto-oncogene, a tyrosine kinase membrane receptor, have suggested that Sl encodes a ligand for c-kit. In the accompanying article we report the identification and purification of mast cell growth factor (MGF), a c-kit ligand. Here we describe the cloning of sequences encoding MGF. Furthermore, we show that Mgf maps near Sl in the distal region of mouse chromosome 10 and is deleted in a number of Sl alleles. These findings strongly support the notion that Sl encodes the mast cell growth factor.

Alleles↗

Multiple pathways for Steel regulation suggested by genomic and sequence analysis of the murine Steel gene.

The Steel (Sl) locus encodes mast cell growth factor (Mgf) that is required for the development of germ cells, hematopoietic cells and melanocytes. Although the expression patterns of the Mgf gene are well characterized, little is known of the factors which regulate its expression. Here, we describe the cloning and sequence of the full-length transcription unit and the 5' flanking region of the murine Mgf gene. The full-length Mgf mRNA consists of a short 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 0.8-kb ORF and a long 3' UTR. A single transcription initiation site is used in a number of mouse tissues and is located just downstream of binding sites for several known transcription factors. In the 5' UTR, two ATGs were found upstream of the initiator methionine and are conserved among different species, suggesting that Mgf may be translationally regulated. At least two Mgf mRNAs are produced by alternative use of polyadenylation sites, but numerous other potential polyadenylation sites were found in the 3' UTR. In addition, the 3' UTR contains numerous sequence motifs that may regulate Mgf mRNA stability. These studies suggest multiple ways in which expression of Mgf may be regulated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

The production of steel factor mRNA in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia long-term cultures and interactions of steel factor with erythropoietin and interleukin-3.

Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a congenital macrocytic anaemia. To investigate whether DBA is due to hyporesponsiveness to or hypoproduction of Steel factor (SF), we compared the in vitro responsiveness of the BFU-E contained in the Ficoll-Hypaque non-adherent cell fraction of six DBA marrows with that of four normal marrows and one transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) marrow. In addition, we studied the effect of soluble SF on long-term marrow cultures (LTMC) and analysed the stromal cells from these cultures for SF mRNA transcripts. All the patients showed an erythropoietin dose-related increase of small BFU-E. The number and size of BFU-E was increased with the addition to the epo of IL-3 or SF; IL-3+SF was not synergistic. The addition of soluble SF to LTMC of DBA patients was associated with a small but consistent increase in non-adherent cell production and an increase in the number of progenitors. Messenger RNA from immortalized stromal cell lines of three patients and from primary bone marrow stromal cells of one patient showed the presence of expected SF transcripts by PCR analysis. These results demonstrate that this group of DBA patients responds to SF and produces SF mRNA normally, indicating that SF itself is not involved in DBA pathophysiology. The effects observed suggest that, despite the lack of evidence for a causative role, SF may prove to be effective treatment for such patients.

Adult↗

Immobilized anti-KIT monoclonal antibody induces ligand-independent dimerization and activation of Steel factor receptor: biologic similarity with membrane-bound form of Steel factor rather than its soluble form.

Interaction of a tyrosine kinase type receptor and its ligand induces receptor-dimerization or -oligomerization followed by transphosphorylation and activation of its intrinsic kinase, which leads to a series of intracellular signals. We have previously reported that the membrane-bound form of Steel factor (SLF) induces more persistent tyrosine kinase activation and longer life span of c-kit encoded protein (KIT) than its soluble form (Miyazawa et al, Blood 85:641, 1995). In this study, we used YB5.B8 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that recognizes the extracellular domain of KIT to investigate whether immobilized anti-KIT MoAb can substitute for SLF as a potent activator of KIT by cross-linking receptors and further compared its effect with each SLF isoform in a factor-dependent cell line M07e. YB5.B8 MoAb in a soluble state suppressed SLF-induced M07e cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, once this antibody was immobilized on the goat-antimouse MoAb (GAM)-coated culture plates, it supported the growth of M07e cells in the absence of any growth factors, whereas culture the cells in GAM alone or YB5.B8 without GAM-coated plates resulted in rapid cell-death within 24 hours. As with the natural ligand SLF, immobilized YB5.B8 MoAb synergized with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in inducing cell proliferation compared with either YB5.B8 MoAb or GM-CSF alone. Immunoblotting with antiphosphotyrosine MoAb showed that interaction of M07e cells with immobilized YB5.B8 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a series of intracellular proteins including KIT (145 kD). In addition, cross-linking studies using a water-soluble cross linking reagent bis-sulfosuccinimidyl-suberate showed that immobilized YB5.B8 MoAb induced dimerization and activation of KIT. However, as with stimulation by the membrane-bound form of SLF, the kinetics of KIT activation with YB5.B8 MoAb was more prolonged compared with the cells treated with recombinant soluble SLF. Flow cytometry showed that, unlike the cells treated with soluble SLF, no downmodulation of cell-surface KIT expression was observed in M07e cells cultured with immobilzed YB5.B8 MoAb. These data suggest that immobilized antibodies against hematopoietic receptors may replace their ligand-stimulators; however, their activities may resemble the membrane-bound form rather than the soluble form of natural ligands.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (Königsee). I. Detection of chrome and nickel traces in the spleen, liver, kidney and in the tissues surrounding metallic implants (X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel) in guinea pigs by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry].

Small bars of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel were implanted under the dorsal muscles of 60 guinea-pigs, a number of which was preoperatively sensibilized against potassium-bichromate or nickel-II-sulfate. After various times of surviving the traces of chromium and nickel were assessed in the tissue around the graft, in spleen, liver, and kidney. The resulting values ranged widely, there was a tendency to increased values the longer the implantates remained in the tissue. Traces of the elements were also found in the organs of the guinea-pigs. After sensibilization, the animals showed no more aggressive behavior against the implantates than without sensibilization. The quality of the implantates' surface is more important - as to coming-off parts of the alloy by corroding - than the preoperative immune condition of the organism.

Biocompatible Materials↗

[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (Königsee). II. Light microscopic studies of the surrounding tissue of metal implants (X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel) in guinea pigs].

The tissue around X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates with different surfaces was examined in 72 guinea-pigs. Aside from controls, these animals were preoperatively sensibilized against chromium and nickel. The results can be summarized since the histologic findings showed no different peculiarities. The authors describe an intussusception of the implantate in connective tissue which evidently depends on time and surface. Further the spreading of alien material in the surrounding of the implantate, and morphologic findings are reported. The morphologic evidences are described and discussed in detail, since they are interpreted as signs of cell-mediated immune reactions. The presence of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, histiocytes (mostly carrying alien material), and granulocytes, as well as proliferations at the arterioles suggest an overlapping of immune reactions.

Animals↗

[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (Königsee). III. Electron microscopic studies on the tissues surrounding X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel implants in the animal experiment].

The surrounding tissue of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates in guinea-pigs was analyzed by electron microscopy. Corroding products of the implantates were marked by sulfide-silver-reaction. Metallic alien material was only proven in the cells of connective tissue covering the implantates. Immediately around the implantates one can not prove products of corroding, evidently depending on their minimal size and amount. In the cells of the intermediate and the vascular zone, however, single or accumulated particles in vesicular or vacuolary organellae, resp. without membraneous cover can be demonstrated. The findings are described and discussed with regard to damages which might arise by means of alloy parts and lysosomal structures.

Animals↗

Syneture stainless STEEL suture. A collective review of its performance in surgical wound closure.

Syneture (division of U.S. Surgical, division of Tyco Healthcare, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA) STEEL sutures are monofilament stainless steel sutures composed of 316L stainless steel conforming to ASTM Standard F138 grade 2 (" Stainless steel bar and wire for surgical implant"). STEEL sutures meet all requirements established by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) for nonabsorbable surgical sutures. Steel sutures are for use in abdominal wound closure, intestinal anastomosis, hernia repair, sternal closure, and skin closure. They are attached to the following types of surgical needles: Roto-Grip Needles and SCC Needle. The sutures and needles are packaged in a Mylar/Tyvek outer envelope. The purposes of this clinical review are two fold. First, we will report the performance of the Syneture STEEL suture product in the largest studies of suture performance ever reported in the literature. In addition, we will provide comprehensive information from the surgical literature that highlights the unique benefits of stainless steel sutures for the following wound closure techniques: sternal fixation, abdominal wound repair, inguinal hernia repair, and skin wound closure. Consorta Inc. (Rolling Meadows, Illinois), a leading healthcare resource management group purchasing organization, and Syneture, jointly with a clinician task force, designed a reproducible surgical evaluation program for needles and sutures in a large cooperative of healthcare systems. Because of the subjective nature of the more commonly used suture selection techniques, a nonexperimental observational study approach was designed to replace perception of performance characteristics with actual clinical experience. In a report involving 19 Consorta shareholder hospitals, they discussed the preliminary part (Phase I) of a large nonexperimental observational study of the clinical performance of surgical needles and sutures. Performance characteristics of the sutures and needles produced by Syneture that were evaluated in 3407 surgical procedures included packaging/ease of opening, needle strength and sharpness, tissue drag, knot security, tensile strength, clinically acceptable determinations, and clinically unacceptable determinations. In this preliminary study, the surgeons concluded that the needles and sutures were clinically acceptable in 98.1% of the evaluations. Armed with this favorable experience, we wanted to expand this observational study to an entirely new group of shareholder hospitals that had a larger number of participating hospitals (Phase I, 19 hospitals; Phase II, 42 hospitals). This more than doubling of hospital observational base dramatically increased the number of patients and performance evaluations. In the Phase II expanded program involving 42 hospitals, the number of patients (8939) and the number of evaluations (25,545) were more than twofold the preliminary study. In the phase I multicentric evaluation of Syneture surgical sutures, the performance of 9266 sutures was evaluated. Of these performance evaluations, 130 evaluations focused on Syneture STEEL sutures. The surgeons were especially pleased by the performance of this suture product, with 129 Syneture STEEL products being judged as clinically acceptable in their performance. Only one Syneture STEEL suture was judged to be unacceptable in its performance, resulting in a 99.2% acceptability rating. In the expanded phase II evaluation of Syneture suture products, the performance evaluation involved 25,545 surgical suture evaluations. The performance of Syneture STEEL sutures was judged in 215 cases. Of these product performance evaluations, 207 were judged to be clinically acceptable in their performance (96.3%). It is important to emphasize that the phase I and phase II observational studies evaluated the performance of other sutures besides monofilament steel sutures. These comprehensive suture and needle performance evaluations included the following additional sutures: Plain Gut, Mild Chromic Gut, Chromic Gut, DEXON II, DEXON S, MAXON, BIOSYN, SOFSILK, SURGILON, BRALON, MONOSOF, DERMALON, SURGIDAC, POLY-SORB, TI.CRON, SURGIPRO, SURGIPRO II, NOVAFIL, VASCUFIL, and FLEXON. Finally, we provide a collective review of the literature that shows the reliable performance of monofilament stainless steel sutures in the following wound closure techniques: sternal fixation, abdominal wound closure, inguinal hernia repair, and skin wound closure.

Humans↗

[Analysis of alloy tool steel using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer].

This report briefly introduces the analysis of Mn, Cr, V, W, Ti, Nb, Co, Zr, Ni, Mo, S, P, Si and Cu in alloy tool steel with X-ray florescence spectrometer. After being polished with grinding well and being cleaned with ethly alcohol, the test samples can be directly measured, and the results agree well with the standard values of the laboratory standards. The precision of the method (RSD) is in the range of 0.13%-9.56% (n = 8) for all elements except W, Ti, Nb and Zr. The method can be applied to many kinds of steel, such as chrome vanadium steel, manganese steel, die steel, middle-low alloy steel, tool steel. The measure instrument should be rectified with two or three standard samples which the quantity contained is suitable. The standard samples include 1Cr18Ni9Ti, C17Ni2, 25CrMo1V, 30CrMnSiA, 3CrW8V, Gx-8, Cr12MoV, chrome vanadium steel, manganese-boron steel, middle-low alloy steel and other kinds of steel. If there is not conditions to make work curves for all kinds steel separately, sometimes we don't know what kind of steel for one complex sample, the more real way will be to make an overall work curves which contains more kinds of steel as far as possible.

English Abstract↗

Corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel.

The corrosion of 2205 duplex stainless steel was compared with that of AISI type 316L stainless steel. The 2205 stainless steel is a potential orthodontic bracket material with low nickel content (4 to 6 wt%), whereas the 316L stainless steel (nickel content: 10 to 14 wt%) is a currently used bracket material. Both stainless steels were subjected to electrochemical and immersion (crevice) corrosion tests in 37 degrees C, 0.9 wt% sodium chloride solution. Electrochemical testing indicates that 2205 has a longer passivation range than 316L. The corrosion rate of 2205 was 0.416 MPY (milli-inch per year), whereas 316L exhibited 0.647 MPY. When 2205 was coupled to 316L with equal surface area ratio, the corrosion rate of 2205 reduced to 0.260 MPY, indicating that 316L stainless steel behaved like a sacrificial anode. When 316L is coupled with NiTi, TMA, or stainless steel arch wire and was subjected to the immersion corrosion test, it was found that 316L suffered from crevice corrosion. On the other hand, 2205 stainless steel did not show any localized crevice corrosion, although the surface of 2205 was covered with corrosion products, formed when coupled to NiTi and stainless steel wires. This study indicates that considering corrosion resistance, 2205 duplex stainless steel is an improved alternative to 316L for orthodontic bracket fabrication when used in conjunction with titanium, its alloys, or stainless steel arch wires.

Chromium↗