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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Nosocomial infections in Spain: results of five nationwide serial prevalence surveys (EPINE Project, 1990 to 1994). Nosocomial Infections Prevalence Study in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in rates of nosocomial infections in Spanish hospitals. DESIGN: Prospective prevalence studies, performed yearly from 1990 through 1994. SETTING: A convenience sample of acute-care Spanish hospitals. PARTICIPANTS AND PATIENTS: The number of hospitals and patients included were as follows: 1990, 125 hospitals and 38,489 patients; 1991, 136 and 42,185; 1992, 163 and 44,343; 1993, 171 and 46,983; 1994, 186 and 49,689. A core sample of 74 hospitals, which participated in all five surveys and included a mean of 23,871 patients per year, was analyzed separately. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of patients with nosocomial infections in the five studies was as follows: 1990, 8.5%; 1991, 7.8%; 1992, 7.3%; 1993, 7.1%; and 1994, 7.2%. The prevalence rate of patients with nosocomial infection in the core sample of 74 hospitals was 8.9%, 8.0%, 7.4%, 7.6%, and 7.6%, respectively (test for trend, P = .0001). Patients admitted to intensive-care units had a 22.8% prevalence rate of nosocomial infection in 1994. The most common nosocomial infections by primary site were urinary tract infection and surgical site infections, followed by respiratory tract infections and bacteremia. More than 60% of all infections were supported by a microbiological diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The EPINE project provides a uniform tool for performing limited surveillance of nosocomial infections in most Spanish acute-care hospitals. Its use helps to spread an accepted set of definitions and methods for nosocomial infection control in the Spanish healthcare system. The surveys indicated that the prevalence of nosocomial infections has been reduced over the last 5 years in a core sample of Spanish hospitals.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Relative validity and reproducibility of a diet history questionnaire in Spain. III. Biochemical markers. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: A dietary history questionnaire (DH) administered by interview was validated against 12 24-hour recalls. Relative validity of the DH and the 24-hour diet recalls was assessed by comparing nutrient intake derived from both methods with the urinary excretion of nitrogen (N) and plasma levels of carotenes, vitamin E and vitamin C. METHODS: The urinary excretion of N was estimated from four 24-hour urine collections of 64 subjects (30 males and 34 females), and plasma levels of carotenes and vitamins C and E from one fasting blood collection in 72 subjects (32 men and 40 women). RESULTS: The mean difference (g/day) between N excretion and N intake was -0.73 (-3.1%) for the DH and -1.4 (-8.2%) for the 24-hour diet recalls. The Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.58 and 0.52 respectively. The crude Pearson correlation coefficient between plasma level of vitamin C and dietary intake according to the DH was 0.46 and according to the 24-hour diet recall was 0.49. For beta-carotene it was 0.33 and 0.42 and for total carotenoids it was 0.27 and 0.28. For vitamin E, after adjusting for cholesterol levels and energy intake, it was 0.33 and 0.36. Some differences were found by gender and smoking habit. CONCLUSIONS: The DH method gives similar results to those from the 24-hour diet recall that was used as the dietary reference method which demonstrated that DH can provide a relatively valid measurement of habitual intake for the studied nutrients.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Multicenter study of the use of drugs during pregnancy in Spain (III). Drugs used during the first pregnancy trimester. DUP workshop of Spain].

The Spanish Study on Drug Use in Pregnancy, promoted by the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology, included overall 1,371 women. In this paper we describe the use of medicines during the first trimester of pregnancy. 85% of the drugs taken had been prescribed by the obstetrician. Pregnant women who had used any medicine during this period (n = 753) attended their physician for the first time at a mean of 9.7 weeks (sd = 5.4), while the first visit of non-users (n = 618) took place at 12.5 weeks (sd = 7.0) (p less than 0.001). The percentage of medicines taken as self-medication was only 5% of total. These three findings suggest that drug use during pregnancy is mainly decided by the obstetrician. 11% of pregnant women received at least one medicinal product containing retinol and 5% received iodide, both as vitamin supplementation; these two substances do not have a demonstrated efficacy and their safety for the embryo is very doubtful. Of all women, 15% received pharmacological treatment for nausea and/or vomiting, a proportion which does not seem to be justified according to the existing data on the prevalence of hyperemesis during the first trimester of pregnancy. This study also showed the persistence of an incorrect treatment of threatened abortion.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1990

[A multicenter study on drug use during pregnancy in Spain (I). Methods and the demographic characteristics of the population studied. The Working Group of the DUP (Drug Use in Pregnancy) of Spain].

Between January and June 1988, the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology carried out a multicentric study on drug use during pregnancy. Twenty hospitals from 15 cities participated in the study. The study includes 1,371 women who delivered 1,406 newborns. In this paper the sociological and health characteristics of the participating women--age, years of education, planning of pregnancy, visits to the obstetrician, methods for the diagnosis of pregnancy, hospitalizations during pregnancy, toxic habits and lactation--are referred. The characteristics of the newborns are also presented: mode of delivery, gestational age, birthweight and prevalence of congenital malformations and of neonatal pathologies during the first hours of life.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1997

Relative validity and reproducibility of a diet history questionnaire in Spain. II. Nutrients. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the relative validity and reproducibility of a dietary history questionnaire (DH) administered by interview and designed to be used in a prospective study on diet and cancer. METHODS: The DH was administered twice, with a year's interval, to 91 volunteers of various occupational categories, aged 35-60 years, of both sexes. Twelve 24-hour recalls applied monthly during the year between the two administrations of the DH were used as a reference method. RESULTS: Mean values of daily intake between the two methods were very similar for most nutrients. The DH tended to underestimate intake, compared to the 24-hour recall, for some nutrients like saturated fat and dietary fibre in males and saturated and polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol and retinol in females. It tended to overestimate intake of vitamin C, retinol and beta-carotene in males and dietary fibre, vitamin C and beta-carotene in females. Pearson correlation coefficients between the daily intake of nutrients based on the mean of the 12 24-hour recalls and the second use of the DH showed most values to be > 0.80 in males (ranging from 0.28 for retinol to 0.89 for energy, lipids, mono and polyunsaturated fat) and 0.60 in females (ranging from 0.33 for cholesterol to 0.83 for alcohol). For the great majority of nutrients studied, more than 80% of the subjects classified in the two highest quintiles and in the two lowest quintiles according to the DH2 which coincided with the highest and lowest quintiles of the classification according to the average of 24-hour recalls. CONCLUSIONS: The DH method provides quite good information on the habitual nutrient intake of the individual in a recent 1-year reference period.

Adult↗