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PubMed1994

The state of South Dakota's child: 1993.

This annual report on South Dakota's children highlights 1992 natality and mortality data and discusses the state's effort to improve its rate of childhood immunizations. In 1992 there was a slight increase over the previous year in total births (11,007) with 15% of these American Indians and 2% of other ethnic backgrounds. The state's 1992 infant mortality rate of 9.3 is the lowest ever recorded by South Dakota but represents a rate that is 9% higher than that of the United States. Analyses show that the post neonatal rate of death for American Indians remains much higher than that observed by minorities nation-wide. Progress is continuing in decreasing deaths due to perinatal causes, but infant death due to congenital anomalies and Sudden Infant Death are higher for South Dakota's white and minority populations than they are nation-wide. Current data show that only 61% of young children in South Dakota are up to date in their immunizations. The state is one of six sites in the nation to receive special funds to develop innovative strategies to achieve the year 2000 goal of a 90% childhood immunization rate. To achieve this goal there must be a commitment on the part of all health care providers to assure surveillance of children's immunization status and provision of vaccines to protect children and communities from preventable serious diseases.

Child↗
PubMed1990

The state of South Dakota's child: 1989.

The 1987 infant mortality in South Dakota returned to a rate below that of the nation as had been the trend for the eight years prior to 1986. Comparisons of South Dakota and the United States data show that for both whites and non whites the mean five year neonatal mortality rates were below those of the nation. Alternately, the South Dakota white post neonatal mortality rate is slightly higher than that of the nation and the non white post neonatal mortality rate is more than three times higher than that of the United States. Comparisons of the causes of post neonatal deaths show that the relative risk of death from potentially preventable causes is four times higher among South Dakota non whites as whites. The paper concludes with a discussion of the incidence of child abuse and neglect and the important role health care providers may play in preventing and treating this cause of significant mortality and morbidity of children.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Distribution of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in South Dakota.

Heads of hunter-harvested deer (Odocoileus sp.) and elk (Cervus elaphus) were collected from meat processing plants throughout South Dakota (USA) from 1997 through 1999 to determine distribution of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in eastern and western South Dakota. A total of 2,848 white-tailed deer (WTD) were examined for P. tenuis, of which 578 (20.3%) were infected with the parasite. Of 578 deer infected, 570 (98.6%) were harvested east of the Missouri River. Our results indicate that P. tenuis is widely distributed throughout eastern South Dakota and limited to the southcentral region of western South Dakota. Infected WTD were documented in 37 of 44 counties in eastern South Dakota and three of 22 counties in western South Dakota. No meningeal worms were found on the meninges or cranial surfaces of 215 mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) or 344 elk examined. These findings further define the distribution of the parasite throughout the state. We suggest that the Missouri River acts, in part, as a physical barrier to the westward expansion of P. tenuis to the grasslands of western South Dakota.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

State of South Dakota's child: 1995.

The total number of births in South Dakota declined again in 1994 to 10,504 with a .6% decrease in white babies and a 11% decrease in American Indian babies. The percent of low birth weight (LBW) newborns in South Dakota is lower than that observed nationally yet, increased in 1994 to 5.9%, the highest percent reported since 1974. These LBW newborns contributed to 79% of South Dakota's 1994 neonatal (less than 28 day mortality). Although there was a decrease in the total number of infant deaths in South Dakota, the infant mortality rate remained at 9.5 compared to the US rate of 7.9. The neonatal mortality rate was also higher than the US rate (5.4 versus 5.0) as was the post neonatal rate (4.1 versus 2.9). The post neonatal mortality rate in 1994 for infants of color (8.1) was the lowest ever recorded. In recent years the state's perinatal mortality rate that combines the fetal and neonatal mortality rates has shown a decline, possibly reflecting advances in care available during pregnancy. Recognizing the importance of prenatal care to perinatal outcome, the prevention of alcohol-related birth defects is considered in this year's report. Several screening instruments are presented with a discussion of the complex inter and intrapersonal dynamics that must be considered when women with drinking problems are identified and helped during pregnancy.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1995

The state of South Dakota's child: 1994.

This annual report reviews natality and infant mortality data and also reviews teenage pregnancy in South Dakota. Data for 1993 again document a declining rate of birth for South Dakota with a 3% decline in the number of births since 1990 and an 18% decline since 1980. An identical number of infants (102) died in 1993 as 1992 with neonatal mortality slightly declining and post neonatal mortality slightly increasing for the state. Rates of perinatal causes of infant death are lower in South Dakota than they are nation-wide, but are higher for congenital anomalies, sudden infant death, pneumonia/influenza, and injuries/homicide. The 1993 birth rate per 1,000 teenagers 15-19 years of age in South Dakota was 44.5 compared to the 1992 rate of 60.7 for the United States. In South Dakota the rate of teen births for American Indian mothers is over four times higher than that for whites. The American Indian rate is also higher than that observed for Indians nation-wide. Alternately, the South Dakota white rate of birth to this age group is lower than the national rate. For all babies born to teenage mothers, 69% of the fathers are beyond their teen years. The need to examine teen pregnancy as a societal, and not just an adolescent problem, is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

State of South Dakota's child: 1996.

The trend of decreasing annual births in South Dakota continued with a decline to 10,470 live births in 1995. The state's infant mortality rate (IMR) of 9.5 per 1,000 live births for 1995 decreased from 9.6 in 1994, but has essentially varied little over the past nine years and is currently higher than the nation's rate of 7.5. Neonatal mortality (zero to 27 days of life) in South Dakota decreased to 5.2 in 1995 from 5.5 in 1994 with the decline attributable to fewer deaths of newborns of color. Nonetheless, similar to 1994 this rate is higher than the provisional national 1995 rate of 4.8. Post neonatal mortality in the state increased in 1995 among both whites and infants of color. An examination of causes of infant deaths in South Dakota shows that the state's rates of infant deaths due to congenital anomalies and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) exceed those noted nationally. The US Public Health Service's "Back to Sleep" campaign, initiated in 1994, is described as a contributor to the recent declining national rate of SIDS and its acceptance is urged as a preventive measure to decrease tragic loss of new life in South Dakota.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1992

Adding constitutional depravation to untimely death: South Dakota's living will pregnancy provision.

In 1991, the South Dakota Legislature enacted a living will statute. Included is a pregnancy provision that prevents pregnant women from obtaining the full benefit of the statute. A South Dakota Attorney General's opinion was released discussing the conflict of laws problems posed by the statute. That opinion, however, did not address the more important question of the constitutionality of the pregnancy provision. This comment analyzes the pregnancy provision under the Due Process, Equal Protection, and the Establishment Clauses and concludes that South Dakota's pregnancy provision is unconstitutional under all three doctrines.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Animal rabies--South Dakota, 1995.

On July 28, 1995, the South Dakota Public Health Laboratory diagnosed rabies in an 8-week-old puppy; on July 23, the puppy had had onset of neurologic signs (e.g., head tilt, ataxia, and somnolence) that culminated in seizures, and the puppy was euthanized. A clinically normal littermate owned by a neighboring family was euthanized on July 31 and tested positive for rabies. This report summarizes the epidemiologic investigation and follow-up management by the South Dakota Department of Health (SDDH), with assistance from CDC, of persons and domestic animals potentially exposed to rabies.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The state of South Dakota's child: 1990.

For the first time since 1970 the birth rate in South Dakota (15.7) has dropped to a rate level lower than that of the nation (15.9). The continuing decline in the number of total births in South Dakota makes it all the more important to be cautious as annual South Dakota data are examined. Five year (1984-1988) mean neonatal mortality data show that its rate for both the white and the nonwhite populations in South Dakota are lower than those of the nation. Alternately, the five year mean post neonatal mortality rate for whites is slightly above the national rate and for nonwhites it is substantially higher than the national rate. This paper concludes with a discussion of approaches currently being pursued in the state to improve the health and well being of Native American children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working together in rural South Dakota: integrating medical and chiropractic primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the practice of chiropractic in South Dakota and to examine the extent to which they provide primary health care services to the rural population. DESIGN: Survey data from 113 (72%) of the 156 licensed chiropractors in South Dakota (1994). RESULTS: Rural DCs view themselves as primary care physicians and make up one third of the total number of rural primary medical and chiropractic physicians in the state. Rural DCs are more professionally cooperative with medical providers than are urban DCs and, as such, offer services more closely related to primary care. A greater portion of rural DCs, compared with urban DCs, offer in-office laboratory facilities for such services as urinalysis and blood work. Both rural and urban DCs treat large numbers of patients with neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) and non-NMS conditions, with rural DCs being more likely to treat patients with non-NMS conditions, especially skin conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Chiropractors are providing a broad scope of health services in South Dakota, especially in rural areas, indicating that DCs serve as important resources to the South Dakota primary health care system. Chiropractors and general practice medical physicians are increasingly complementing each other in the health care delivery system, especially in rural areas of the state. As such, each profession enhances the system's capacity to offer primary care, with DCs offering primarily NMS care. Continuing increase in the number of medical and chiropractic collaborations is consistent with the imperative to include cooperation with other primary care disciplines to improve health care delivery to rural populations.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed2005

State of South Dakota's Child 2004 continued: out of home care for infants.

South Dakota leads the nation in its percent of women in the workforce who have children under the age of six. Nationally, 64% of women with children this young are employed and this is the case for 78% of women in the state. Further, 60% of South Dakota's infants live in homes where either their single mother is employed or both their parents are employed outside of their home. Nearly half of all the state's infants and children under six receive nonparental care during their parents' working hours. The significance of this reality is profound as young children's experiences, during early formative periods of life, affect their current and future development. The dimensions of quality care for infants are described as well as the economic and policy dynamics that affect its delivery in South Dakota.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

State of South Dakota's Child: 1997.

The total number of live births in South Dakota in 1996 (10,469) was nearly identical to that reported in 1995, showing a stabilization in the 19% decrease in births noted between 1980 and 1993. Following a decade of little progress in improving the state's infant mortality rate, 1996 showed a significant (p < .05) decrease in this rate from its previous five year mean of 9.5 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. The 60 infant deaths in the state in 1996 yield an infant mortality rate of 5.7, much lower than the 7.2 rate noted nationally. From previous five year mean rates, the total neonatal mortality rate decreased by 42% and the post neonatal rate decreased by 34%. Decreases were noted during each of these periods of infancy for both white newborns and those of color. In 1996 there was a decrease from the mean 1993-95 rate of perinatal causes of infant death (e.g. short gestation, respiratory distress syndrome) for all populations of infants in South Dakota. For white infants there was a decrease in the rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and of deaths due to congenital anomalies. For American Indians there was a decrease in the rate of infant deaths due to injuries. As the total number of births is small in South Dakota, caution must always be exercised as data from one year are examined. Time will tell if the decrease in infant mortality noted in 1996 signals a new trend. Recognizing the need for communities to examine the unique causes and circumstances of childhood deaths in their local areas, the concept of infant and child mortality committees is discussed as a means of initiating prevention activities that protect young life.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1993

The state of South Dakota's child: 1992.

This annual report on South Dakota's children shows that the state's birth rate in 1991 has again dropped and is below the national rate. In recent years there has been progress noted in the utilization of first trimester prenatal care and the state's infant mortality rate is comparable to that observed nationwide. Injuries, the leading cause of death in childhood, is the focus of this year's report. The rate of death due to childhood injuries is higher in South Dakota than is observed nationwide. Injuries are responsible for 51% of all deaths among 1 to 4 year olds, 70% of those of 5 to 14 year olds and 82% of all deaths of those 15 to 19 years of age. Strategies for the prevention of this tragic loss of life are discussed and the continued need for broad-based educational efforts and public policy that promote safe habits is described.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2002

A new fossil mustelid from the Miocene of South Dakota, USA.

A skull from the Barstovian of South Dakota has typical leptarctine characteristics, including robust zygomatic arches, double sagittal crests, grooves on the lingual side of the lower canines, and bony projections from the tympanic bullae. The robust mandibles and expanded masseteric fossa of this specimen indicate that it had large jaw muscles. Dental morphology and other characters lead us to agree with earlier suggestions that Hypsoparia is a valid genus. The morphology of Hypsoparia suggests that leptarctines were more herbivorous than most other Carnivora. Mustelids vary greatly in size and include 67 extant species in 25 genera. These species occupy many habitats, including fresh and salt water, and all land areas of the world except the West Indies, Madagascar, Sulawesi, Antarctica, and most oceanic islands (Nowak 1999). Qiu and Schmidt-Kittler (1982) considered Leptarctinae to be a subfamily of mustelids including Craterogale (North America, Middle Miocene), Trocharion (Europe, Middle Miocene), Hypsoparia (North America, Upper Miocene), and Leptarctus (North America and Asia, Lower to Upper Miocene). Leptarctus ranges from basal Hemingfordian strata to the Early Hemphillian (Lim 1999). The characters diagnosing Leptarctus as a mustelid include absence of M2, absence of a notch between the paracone and the metacone of the upper carnassial, and a reduced dentition with loss of P1 and p1. Among mustelids, Leptarctus also has many unique characters, including prominent double sagittal crests, a well-developed hypocone on P4, grooved lower canines, heavy zygomatic arches, and bony projections on the tympanic bullae (Lim 1999). Dorr (1954) erected a new genus and species of leptarctine mustelid from the Late Miocene of Montana, USA: Hypsoparia bozemanensis. Qiu and Schmidt-Kittler (1982) confirmed it as a taxon separate from Leptarctus. However, McKenna and Bell (1997) and Baskin (1998) synonymized H. bozemanensis with Leptarctus primus. The new specimen from the Miocene of South Dakota, USA, provides evidence that Hypsoparia is a separate genus from Leptarctus. We can describe this animal as follows: Systematic paleontology: class, Mammalia; order, Carnivora; family, Mustelidae (Fischer von Waldheim 1817); subfamily, Leptarctinae (Gazin 1936); genus Hypsoparia (Dorr 1954). Emended diagnosis: the muzzle short, deep, and wide compared with that of Leptarctus; small, round infraorbital foramen; relatively greater height of zygomatic arch; upper canine with anterior wear; P2 and P3 unicuspid with complete cingula; P4 and M1 longer than wide; labial side longer than lingual side on P4; anterior margin of M1 curving inward; mandibles larger and more robust than in L. primus; mandible deep with two mental foramina located below p2 and p3; masseteric fossa enlarged; m2 longer than wide; m1 with a broadly basined talonid; p3 and p4 with prominent cingula.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The state of South Dakota's child: 1991.

This annual report describes the continuing trend of a decreasing birth rate in South Dakota. Infant mortality data show that South Dakota's neonatal mortality rates continue to be below those of the nation and post neonatal mortality rates exceed those of the United States. A very high Native American post neonatal mortality rate persists. Low birth weight contributes to approximately three quarters of newborn deaths and has declined by approximately 1% over the past two and one half decades. Descriptions of preterm labor prevention programs are presented with an emphasis upon the need for education of pregnant women and communities about its risk factors and warning signs. A review of a variety of new programs that aim to improve maternal and child health in South Dakota is provided.

Birth Rate↗