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PubMed1993

[Soul and brain].

After an overview of Medieval and Modern World thought on the questions of relations between the soul and the brain, the author presents the ideas--mostly representative of the majority of medical thinking--of two medical authors from the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries: Paul Flechsig and Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Both support the idea that research into the brain may prove to be the principal resource for the construction of a scientific theory on the soul. Brain research would therefore result in the rational belief in the inmortality of the soul and the rational knowledge and government of Man's psychic life.

Brain↗

PubMed1994

[Chaos theory and psychoanalysis: the fluid nature of the soul].

Progress in the new science of chaos has made it possible for scientists of several different disciplines to extend their understanding of complex systems and to quantify some phenomena which are called transition states. These transitions occur when the nature of system changes noticeably, for example when a fluid changes from a laminar to a turbulent flow. Nonlinear systems (which are best modelled by chaos) are described in this article and are compared to the psychoanalytic model of the soul. Some psychoanalytic phenomena are examined with methods of the chaos principles. The author claims that a sufficient number of interrelations between operative models in the disciplines which have profited from the application of chaos principles and psychoanalytic models of the soul exist in order to justify theoretical and experimental efforts to use these principles. These efforts could enrich our understanding of the soul and suggest a new methodology for psychoanalytic research.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Body and soul. A dietary intervention conducted through African-American churches.

OBJECTIVES: Body and Soul was a collaborative effort among two research universities, a national voluntary agency (American Cancer Society), and the National Institutes of Health to disseminate and evaluate under real-world conditions the impact of previously developed dietary interventions for African Americans. METHODS: Body and Soul was constructed from two successful research-based interventions conducted in African-American churches. Components deemed essential from the prior interventions were combined, and then tested in a cluster randomized-effectiveness trial. The primary outcome was fruit and vegetable intake measured with two types of food frequency questionnaires at baseline and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: At the 6-month follow-up, intervention participants showed significantly greater fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake relative to controls. Post-test differences were 0.7 and 1.4 servings for the 2-item and 17-item F&V frequency measures, respectively. Statistically significant positive changes in fat intake, motivation to eat F&V, social support, and efficacy to eat F&V were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that research-based interventions, delivered collaboratively by community volunteers and a health-related voluntary agency, can be effectively implemented under real-world conditions.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2006

Soul, mind, brain: Greek philosophy and the birth of neuroscience.

The nature of "soul" and the source of "psychic life", the anatomical seat of cognitive, motor and sensory functions, and the origin of neural diseases were broadly debated by ancient Greek scientists since the earliest times. Within the space of few centuries, speculation of philosophers and medical thinkers laid the foundations of modern experimental and clinical neuroscience. This review provides a brief history of the leading doctrines on the essence of soul and the properties of mind professed by Greek philosophers and physicians as well as the early attempts to localize brain faculties and to explain neural disorders.

Brain↗

PubMed2005

Achieving social change on gender-based violence: a report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series.

The Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication--a South African multi-media health promotion project--together with the National Network on Violence Against Women, formulated an intervention to address domestic violence. Recognising that behavioural change interventions aimed solely at individuals have limited impact, the intervention was designed to impact at multiple mutually reinforcing levels; individual, community and socio-political environment. The intervention and its evaluation results are presented. Soul City successfully reached 86%, 25% and 65% of audiences through television, print booklets and radio, respectively. On an individual level there was a shift in knowledge around domestic violence including 41% of respondents hearing about the helpline. Attitude shifts were also associated with the intervention, with a 10% increase in respondents disagreeing that domestic violence was a private affair. There was also a 22% shift in perceptions of social norms on this issue. Qualitative data analysis suggests the intervention played a role in enhancing women's and communities' sense of efficacy, enabling women to make more effective decisions around their health and facilitating community action. The evaluation concluded that implementation of the Domestic Violence Act can largely be attributed to the intervention. While demonstrating actual reductions in levels of domestic violence was not possible, the evaluation shows a strong association between exposure to intervention components and a range of intermediary factors indicative of, and necessary to bring about social change. This paper reports on the evaluation, discusses its limitations and challenges as well as lessons learned regarding multi-level interventions on domestic violence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Salvaging the self in a world without soul: William James's The Principles of psychology.

This article explores William James's transformation of the religious soul into the secular self in The Principles of Psychology. Although James's views on the self are familiar to many historians of psychology, the article places his treatment of the self within the broader social and cultural context of a secularizing, industrializing society. There were palpable tensions and anxieties that accompanied the cultural shift, and these are particularly transparent in James's Principles. James attempted the project of secularizing the soul in order to promote a natural science of the mind but with marked ambivalence for the project, because it left out some of the moral and metaphysical questions of great interest to him.

Books↗

PubMed2000

Tracing the soul: medical decisions at the margins of life.

Most religious traditions hold that what makes one a person is the possession of a soul and that this gives one moral status. This status in turn gives persons interests and rights that delimit the set of actions that are permitted to be done to them. In this paper, I identify the soul with the capacity for consciousness and mental life and examine the ethical aspects of medical decision-making at the beginning and end of life in cases of patients who either never have had or have lost this capacity. I argue that, although these patients may lack moral status, they nonetheless have moral value as human organisms and forms of God-given biological life. In particular, I explore what this value entails about the permissibility of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment and of harvesting viable organs from patients with no higher-brain function.

Anencephaly↗

PubMed1996

Harvey A. K. Whitney Lecture. Searching for the soul of pharmacy.

This lecture explores the theme that the soul (character) of individual pharmacists must be nourished in order to save pharmacy as a health profession. Health care is being drastically altered by a private sector that says it wants to lower health care costs but in fact desires huge profits. Pharmacy leaders have shown nimbleness in dealing with corporate demands, but many are becoming too preoccupied with the business of health care. Pharmacists need to discipline themselves lest the lure of the new order blind them to their primary obligations to patients. Pharmacists should act as a counterforce to the marketing of prescription drug products directly to consumers. Pharmacy is an occupation psychically bound to the act of providing medications to patients, but which knows it must find a new reason for being. There is hope for the profession in this realization--it led to the philosophy of pharmaceutical care--but no guarantees. Pharmacists must declare that their interests may differ from their employers' whenever patient welfare is in question. Suggestions are offered on how to nourish the soul of pharmacy.

Drug Industry↗

PubMed1990

Zygotes, souls, substances, and persons.

The thesis that the human zygote is essentially identical with the person into which it can develop is difficult to maintain, because the zygote can become several persons. In addition, the thesis depends upon ambiguities in the notions of human being, human individual, human body, and soul. A human being may be individual in the sense of either a biologically integrated unity or a psychologically integrated unity. A person is a psychologically integrated unity, because it must unify its experiences in morally imputable actions. To say that the zygote is a person requires one to assert that the zygote has the same principle of psychological integration, i.e., a rational soul, as one who can obviously manifest psychological integration. The assertion is incapable of being justified in empirical (e.g., non-religious) terms.

Beginning of Human Life↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Winning loyalty with a vision and a corporate soul.

This article provides insight and practical application for how to improve patient satisfaction and loyalty through a vision with a corporate soul. This article shows from actual experience that the chief executive officer must set the vision for the organization. The vision is key to an organization's ability to win loyalty. Without a vision to become great, an organization will never fulfill its potential to best serve its community. Essential to the vision is developing a corporate soul that embraces the intangibles of the human spirit of sensing the needs of others through meaning, purpose, empathy, caring, and sharing. Although recognizing that the tangibles of revenue, expenses, patient volume, and profit margin are necessary, addressing the intangibles is critical to long-term sustainability.

Health Facility Administrators↗

PubMed2025

Cardiovascular risk reduction with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists is proportional to HbA1c lowering in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-regression analysis incorporating FLOW and SOUL trials.

AIMS: To evaluate relationships of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with glycemic or bodyweight reductions in randomised placebo-controlled trials of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), incorporating data from FLOW and SOUL trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched up to 22 August 2025 for placebo-controlled randomized trials of oral or bolus-type, subcutaneous GLP-1RAs reporting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) in adults with type 2 diabetes. The primary outcome was MACE; secondary outcomes included heart failure (HF) and kidney outcomes. Random-effects meta-analyses were followed by meta-regression evaluating associations with HbA1c and bodyweight reduction. RESULTS: A total of 73 263 individuals were included from 10 trials (ELIXA, LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, EXSCEL, Harmony Outcomes, PIONEER 6, REWIND, AMPLITUDE-O, FLOW, and SOUL). GLP-1RAs reduced MACE by 14% (hazard ratio: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.82 to 0.91; p <0.001), as well as hospitalisation for HF and the composite kidney outcome (both p <0.001). Meta-regression showed that every 1% extra reduction in HbA1c corresponded to a 27% lower HR for MACE (p = 0.015; R2 = 0.61). While HbA1c reduction was not significantly associated with secondary outcomes, the directionality was consistent with MACE. Bodyweight change was not associated with any of the analysed endpoints, including MACE (p = 0.13; R2 = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c reduction, not bodyweight change, was significantly and proportionally associated with MACE risk reduction. HbA1c lowering may serve as a useful surrogate for the cardiovascular improvements associated with GLP-1RAs in type 2 diabetes.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

The belief in the transmigration of souls as a presenting symptom of generalized anxiety disorder in a military setting.

Transmigration of souls is one of the central beliefs of the Druze religion and culture. However, in rare cases this belief can represent psychopathology. A case of an 18-year-old Druze soldier suffering from generalized anxiety disorder whose presenting symptom was a belief in transmigration of souls is described. This case illustrates the interaction between cultural and religious beliefs with psychopathology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Child abuse and deprivation: soul murder.

Soul murder involves the deliberate traumatization or deprivation by an authority (parent) of his charge (child). The victim is robbed of his identity and of the ability to maintain authentic feelings. Soul murder remains effective if the capacity to think and to know has been sufficiently interfered with--by way of brainwashing. Questions are raised about pathogenesis. Some suggestions are made about treatment of those whose pathogenic fantasy life has been so influenced by traumatic reality. The need to identify with and to maintain the illusion of a good parent enforces the difficult resistance of denial (brainwashing becomes self-enforced). Paradoxically, in order to survive and adjust, some of these people so traumatized as children develop unusual strengths and gifts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Process evaluation of an effective church-based diet intervention: Body & Soul.

Body & Soul has demonstrated effectiveness as a dietary intervention among African American church members. The process evaluation assessed relationships between program exposure and implementation factors and study outcomes and characterized factors important for adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Data sources included participant surveys and qualitative interviews with program staff, church liaisons, and volunteer advisors who conducted motivational interviewing (MI) calls. Outcomes included changes in dietary intake and psychosocial variables. Process variables included program exposure, participation, and dose and perceptions about MI calls. Results showed that attendance at project events, receiving educational materials, and self-reported quality of the MI calls were associated with significantly (p < .05) greater fruit and vegetable intake, decreased fat consumption, and other secondary outcomes. Interviews indicated implementation and sustainability issues and needs including more training to enhance MI implementation as well as ongoing support and resources. The results have implications for future dissemination efforts of Body & Soul.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The 1997 Helene Hudson Memorial Lecture. Reaching to the depths of the soul: understanding and exploring meaning in illness.

The nurse who hopes to respond to the experience of individuals and their families with a diagnosis of cancer must understand and explore meaning in illness. Meaning has been described as a fundamental dimension of personhood (Cassel, 1982). There can be little understanding of the person's behaviour and responses to cancer without understanding the meaning of illness in their lives. The meaning ascribed to a situation can have a profound impact on the individual and family's coping and adjustment and may influence their relationships with the health care team. Meaning in illness may be influenced by cultural beliefs, religion, values, life philosophy and past experience. Meaning goes beyond the surface reactions of the individual to the very depths of the person's soul and can be a source of despair and suffering. Meaning evolve throughout the illness trajectory and can have a profound influence on the person's lived experience. The skills required to understand meaning and the lived experience of illness for the individual are extensive. It is only through true presence, mutual understanding and a sharing of the life of the other that nurses are able to understand and co-construct meaning. It is a respect and understanding of the individual within the whole context of their personhood and the meanings assigned to their experience of cancer which allows the nurse to practice beyond the surface, to touch the person's soul.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Instilling a soul in your organization without losing yours to it.

Health-care professionals are accustomed to struggling with ethical considerations brought about by advances in the medical sciences. How aware are these professionals of the ethical dilemmas created by advances in the management sciences? Deeply embedded in organizational and departmental changes are theories, paradigms, and philosophies that often are understood poorly even by their promoters. Although these system changes can occur at glacial speed, they also can be glacial in their effects on an organization's culture. Are individuals aware that the latest implemented management fad is changing their behaviors? By becoming mindful of the potential ramifications of change, individuals increase their ability to behave in a civil manner--that is, ethically choosing to embrace or resist the change. By acting within their own sphere of influence, civil individuals at all levels of the organization collectively instill a soul in their organization rather than losing their own souls to it. This article is adapted from a commencement speech presented to graduates of an executive health-care administration program. Most of these graduates were a mixture of hospital department heads, middle managers, and a few medical and hospital executives. Each year, I distribute my current version of this teaching note or mini-lecture to students completing my leadership class in hope that it will help them put in perspective the appropriate use of the management sciences they intensely study.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed1993

Reflections on "soul" and medical art.

What is missing, and what we would do well to reclaim for mainstream medicine, is that quality called "soul." To reclaim it could profoundly influence our understanding of ourselves as healers, our approach to patient care, and patients' attitudes toward our work. A medical philosophy which is germane to our current problems, would foster integration of bioethics, humanities, general knowledge, depth psychology, and spirituality as they relate to patient experience. By being sensitive to the "soul" issues of patients, we improve our ability to "evoke the placebo response" and to reduce patient interest in unconventional therapies.

Complementary Therapies↗

PubMed1994

Childbirth and soul loss: the case of a Hmong woman.

The health of a Hmong woman had been deteriorating since she underwent caesarean section. She believes that her ill health is caused by her soul leaving her body during general anaesthesia. A caesarean was essential for the survival of the fetus, but it could have been better managed. The situation might have been prevented if the cultural beliefs and practices of the Hmong had been taken into account. Nevertheless, the agreement of the hospital to a soul calling ceremony in the operating theatre and the concerns expressed by hospital staff about her well-being are positive aspects, showing that mainstream health services can provide culturally sensitive care to consumers if they are informed of these cultural beliefs and practices.

Adult↗