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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Effect of intravenous sodium chloride load on levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and 3'5' guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in plasma of patients with uncomplicated sodium-sensitive arterial hypertension maintained on different dietary sodium intake].

The aim of this work was an evaluation of the effect of the acute hypervolemia induced by 90 min intravenous infusion of 1500 ml 0.9% NaCl (16.7 ml/min) on blood pressure, plasma concentration of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), aldosterone (ALDO), plasma renin activity (PRA) in patients with essential hypertension on the normal, low and high sodium intake. Twelve patients with noncomplicated essential sodium-sensitive arterial hypertension participated in the study. Sodium chloride infusions were performed three times: first--on the fifth day of normal daily sodium u intake (110-120 mmol/day), second--on the fifth day of low sodium intake (10-20 mmol/day), third--on the fifth day of high sodium intake (200-220 mmol/day). Acute intravenous sodium chloride load induced a significant increase of the mean arterial pressure (MBP) only when the patients were on the high sodium diet. This increase of the MBP was associated with a significantly lower increment of plasma ANP, cGMP, lower decrement of ALDO and PRA when compared to normal- or low- sodium intake. The results suggest an impairment of the adaptive homeostatic mechanisms induced by an acute intravenous sodium load in patients with noncomplicated salt-sensitive essential hypertension ingesting high-sodium diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Sodium transport and the cellular sodium transport pool of colonic epithelium: effects of sodium loading, aldosterone and lithium.

The cellular sodium transport pool and sodium transepithelial fluxes were investigated in vivo in rat distal colon in relation to sodium loading by intravenous infusion (3.5 h), and to short (4 h) and prolonged (72 h) i.v. administration of aldosterone. Considerable natriuresis and increase in body sodium content were produced by the sodium load but there was no significant effect on the transcellular sodium flux (active absorption from lumen to plasma) or on the sodium transport pool. Both short and prolonged aldosteronism produced similar increases in the transport pool and in the transcellular sodium flux, but the transepithelial electrical potential difference (p.d.) was significantly greater in rats given the prolonged infusion. Addition of amiloride to the solution in the lumen of the colon almost completely abolished the p.d., the transport pool and the transcellular sodium flux of the rats receiving prolonged infusion, but had much less effect in those given the short infusion. The time-course of recovery of p.d. following prolonged aldosteronism was similar to that described for the turnover rate of rat colonic epithelial cells. Lithium within the lumen had no significant effect in untreated rats but after prolonged aldosterone infusion lithium reduced the p.d. and the transcellular sodium flux although the transport pool was not reduced. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aldosteronism renders the apical membranes of the epithelial cells permeable to lithium and that intracellular accumulation of lithium depresses active sodium transfer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1996

Relative role of alkalosis and sodium ions in reversal of class I antiarrhythmic drug-induced sodium channel blockade by sodium bicarbonate.

BACKGROUND: Hypertonic sodium salts are used to treat sodium channel-blocking drug cardiotoxicity. The relative roles of alkalinization and increased sodium concentration ([Na+]o) for various drugs are incompletely known. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of four class I drugs on action potential characteristics of canine Purkinje fibers at equieffective concentrations (disopyramide 30 mumol/L, mexiletine 80 mumol/L, flecainide 7 mumol/L, imipramine 5 mumol/L) were studied in the presence of normal Tyrode solution and one altered solution (increased [Na+]o, increased bicarbonate concentration, or both) in each experiment. Combined increases in sodium and bicarbonate concentration significantly reduced the depressant effects of flecainide, imipramine, and mexiletine on phase 0 upstroke (Vmax) but did not alter the effects of disopyramide. The effects of sodium bicarbonate were entirely due to alkalinization in the case of imipramine, but both alkalinization and increased [Na+]o contributed to the interaction with flecainide and mexiletine. The reversal of Vmax depression by increased [Na+]o and pH was due in part to hyperpolarization. In addition, alkalosis directly reversed the hyperpolarizing shift in Vmax inactivation caused by flecainide and imipramine without altering the shift caused by disopyramide and mexiletine. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in sodium bicarbonate concentration reverse the effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs to a varying extent, with drug-specific contributions of the sodium and bicarbonate moiety. The molecular basis for this drug specificity remains to be elucidated, but it has important potential implications for the use of hypertonic sodium salts to treat cardiotoxicity caused by sodium channel-blocking drugs.

Alkalosis↗
PubMed1979

Sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump: the roles of ATP and ADP.

1. We have developed a procedure for preparing resealed red cell ghosts that contain ADP but very little ATP. 2. The procedure involves (i) lysis of the cells in a very large volume of lysing solution, (ii) resuspension of the ghosts in a small volume, (iii) the incorporation into the ghosts, before they are resealed, of the adenylate kinase inhibitor P1,P5-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate (AP5A) and of hexokinase, and (iv) the removal of traces of ATP, formed by residual adenylate kinase activity, by the addition of glucose. 3. Measurements of sodium efflux from ghosts prepared in this way show that sodium-sodium exchange through the sodium pump does not occur in the absence of ATP even if ADP is present. 4. The beta:gamma imido analogue of ATP (AMP.PNP), which is incapable of phosphorylating sodium, potassium-ATPase, cannot replace ATP in supporting sodium-sodium exchange. 5. These findings support the hypothesis that the outward movement of sodium ions through the sodium pump is associated with the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the enzyme, and that the inward movement of sodium ions through the pump is associated with the return of a phosphoryl group from the phosphoenzyme to ADP.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1986

Stability of betamethasone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate injections submitted by U.S. hospitals.

The stability of betamethasone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate, injections stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary drug stability program, FDA selected 58 samples (representing two manufacturers) from pharmacies representing a cross section of the country. The samples were analyzed for strength, identification, pH, and related impurities. All of the hydrocortisone sodium phosphate and prednisolone sodium phosphate samples met USP requirements for strength and pH. Assays of the betamethasone sodium phosphate injection samples yielded results that were in compliance with the manufacturer's strength and pH limits; there are no USP requirements for betamethasone sodium phosphate injection. All samples were within USP limits for related free steroids. Betamethasone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate injections obtained from hospital pharmacies appear to be stable after storage under actual marketplace conditions.

Betamethasone↗
PubMed1985

Stability of clindamycin phosphate and ceftizoxime sodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefamandole nafate, or cefazolin sodium in two intravenous solutions.

The stability and compatibility of clindamycin phosphate and ceftizoxime sodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefamandole nafate, or cefazolin sodium in two intravenous solutions were studied. Each antibiotic alone as well as each of the four two-drug combinations were examined when mixed in duplicate 100-mL glass bottles of 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injections. Antibiotic concentration, pH, and visual appearance were recorded at the time of preparation and at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Antibiotic concentrations were assessed with drug-specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assays. Decreases in concentration of 10% or more from the original concentration were considered to indicate instability. All the single antibiotic solutions were stable for 48 hours. Clindamycin was stable in all combinations except with ceftizoxime in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, which measured 89.3% of its original clindamycin concentration at 48 hours. All the cephalosporins mixed with clindamycin were stable for 48 hours. Clindamycin is stable for at least 48 hours when mixed with cefoxitin sodium, cefamandole nafate, or cefazolin sodium in either 5% dextrose or 0.9% sodium chloride injections and for at least 24 hours when mixed with ceftizoxime sodium in 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1995

Renal sodium excretion after oral or intravenous sodium loading in sodium-deprived normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats that had been on a low sodium diet for 3 days were given 1.5 mmol sodium chloride kg-1 body weight either orally or intravenously. The rats receiving an oral sodium load showed a greater natriuresis than those receiving the same saline load intravenously. No increase of renal sodium excretion was observed when the rats received a hypertonic mannitol solution orally. The cumulative sodium excretion during the 8 h following oral loading was two to three times larger in SHR than in WKY, whereas no difference between strains could be demonstrated after giving saline intravenously. Furthermore, after switching from normal to low sodium diet the rate of decrease of renal sodium excretion was greater in SHR than in WKY rats. It is proposed that there exists a gastrointestinal sensory mechanism for sodium controlling the renal sodium excretion. Furthermore, it is suggested that the function of this mechanism differs between SHR and WKY.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

The DASH Diet, Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure Trial (DASH-sodium): rationale and design. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group.

The DASH Diet, Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure Trial (DASH-Sodium) is a multicenter, randomized trial comparing the effects of 3 levels of sodium intake and 2 dietary patterns on blood pressure among adults with higher than optimal blood pressure or with stage 1 hypertension (120-159/80-95 mm Hg). The 2 dietary patterns are a control diet typical of what many Americans eat, and the DASH diet, which, by comparison, emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods, includes whole grains, poultry, fish, and nuts, and is reduced in fats, red meat, sweets, and sugar-containing beverages. The 3 sodium levels are defined as higher (typical of current US consumption), intermediate (reflecting the upper limit of current US recommendations), and lower (reflecting potentially optimal levels). Participants are randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 dietary patterns using a parallel group design and are fed each of the 3 sodium levels using a randomized crossover design. The study provides participants with all of their food during a 2-week run-in feeding period and three 30-day intervention feeding periods. Participants attend the clinic for 1 meal per day, 5 days per week, and take home food for other meals. Weight is monitored and individual energy intake adjusted to maintain baseline weight. The primary outcome is systolic blood pressure measured at the end of each intervention feeding period. Systolic blood pressure is compared across the 3 sodium levels within each diet and across the 2 diets within each sodium level. If effects previously observed in clinical trials are additive, sodium reduction and the DASH diet together may lower blood pressure to an extent not as yet demonstrated for nonpharmacologic treatment. The DASH-Sodium results will have important implications for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sodium in the Finnish diet: II trends in dietary sodium intake and comparison between intake and 24-h excretion of sodium.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate cross-sectional and long-term dietary sodium intakes and sources in Finland, and to evaluate the validity of 48-h recall to assess sodium intake. DESIGN: Cross-sectional dietary surveys and food availability data (Food Balance Sheets). SETTING: Dietary surveys were carried out in Finland in 1992, 1997 and 2002. Food availability data were collected from 1980 to 1999. SUBJECTS: A stratified random sample was drawn from the population register. The total number of participants in the three dietary surveys was 6730. In the subsample for urine collection, the number of participants was 879. INTERVENTIONS: Nutrient intakes were estimated on the basis of a 3-day food diary in 1992, a 24-h recall in 1997 and a 48-h recall in 2002. The 24-h urinary excretion of sodium was used to validate sodium intake. In addition, salt intake was estimated based on Food Balance Sheets. RESULTS: Sodium intake has slowly decreased since the early 1980s. Reported daily sodium intake correlated significantly with sodium excretion. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium intake has decreased during the last two decades, but is still higher than the recommended daily intake. Sodium intake estimation based on dietary surveys and food availability data is a valid method provided that the food composition database is up to date and of good quality. SPONSORSHIP: All surveys were funded by the National Public Health Institute in Finland and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Stability of aztreonam and ampicillin sodium-sulbactam sodium in 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

The stability of aztreonam, ampicillin sodium, and sulbactam sodium admixed in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored at room temperature and under refrigeration was studied. Each of the following admixtures was prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection: (1) aztreonam 10 mg/mL; (2) ampicillin 20 mg/mL (as the sodium salt) and sulbactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salt); and (3) aztreonam 10 mg/mL, ampicillin 20 mg/mL, and sulbactam 10 mg/mL. Three minibags of each admixture were stored at room temperature and three were refrigerated. Every 12 hours, up to 96 hours, the admixtures were visually inspected and 5-mL samples were withdrawn for high-performance liquid chromatography and pH testing. No color change or precipitation was observed in any sample. In admixtures containing ampicillin, ampicillin was the first or only drug to lose more than 10% of initial concentration. In the ampicillin-sulbactam admixture, ampicillin was stable for 32 hours at room temperature and 68 hours refrigerated. In the aztreonam-ampicillin-sulbactam admixture, ampicillin was stable for 30 hours at room temperature and 94 hours refrigerated. Aztreonam 10 mg/mL, ampicillin 20 mg/mL (as the sodium salt), and sulbactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salt) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stable in combination for up to 30 hours at room temperature and 94 hours under refrigeration.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1984

Body sodium level in hypertensive and normotensive rats: effects of dietary sodium levels and sodium loads.

Rats of the genetically hypertensive (GH) strain do not have an increased body sodium content or increased natriuresis of hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), on the other hand, have an increased body sodium content and an increased rate of excretion of a sodium load. They also have an increased appetite for salt. In a study on three groups of normotensive rats with high normal, low normal, and very low sodium intakes, respectively, body sodium content was highest with the highest intake and lowest with the lowest intake. At the age of 22 weeks, after being on these intakes for 6 weeks, all three groups were put on a low sodium intake. Body sodium content of the two groups with the previous higher intakes failed to fall to the level of the group with the previous lowest intake. Thus there may be a prolonged carryover effect of salt intake in rats. The results are discussed in terms of the set point theory for sodium homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dietary sodium reduction on red blood cell sodium concentration and sodium-lithium countertransport.

A randomized, crossover trial was carried out on the effect of moderate sodium reduction on red-blood-cell sodium metabolism. The participants were healthy high school students (mean age = 16 years, n = 33). Changes in sodium-lithium countertransport and intracellular sodium concentration were evaluated 24 days after a decrease in dietary sodium from approximately 110 to 40 mEq per day. Dietary sodium restriction had no significant effect on either sodium-lithium countertransport or intracellular sodium concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Injection of beef strip loins with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride to enhance palatability.

Beef strip loins (46 U.S. Choice loins and 49 U.S. Select loins) were used to evaluate the potential for enhancing beef tenderness, juiciness, and flavor by injecting fresh cuts with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride. One half of each loin served as an untreated control, and the other half was injected with either distilled water (110% of raw weight) or a solution containing phosphate/lactate/chloride solution (107.5, 110, 112.5, or 115% of raw weight). All phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions were formulated to produce injected product concentrations of .25% sodium tripolyphosphate, .5% sodium chloride, and 2.5% sodium lactate. Ten additional U.S. Select loins were injected to 110% of raw weight with a phosphate-only solution (final product concentration of .25% sodium tripolyphosphate) for comparison with Select loins injected to 110% with phosphate/lactate/chloride and with distilled water. Steaks from each control and treated loin section were cooked to two final internal temperatures (66 degrees C and 77 degrees C) for sensory panel evaluation and shear force measurement. Injection of subprimal cuts with phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions improved tenderness (P < .05), juiciness (P < .05), and cooked beef flavor (P < .10) of strip loin steaks and was especially effective for maintaining tenderness and juiciness of steaks cooked to the higher final internal temperature. Injection of Select loins with a solution containing only sodium tripolyphosphate was not effective for improving beef tenderness or juiciness and tended to impart off-flavors characterized by sensory panelists as soapy and sour. Injection of fresh cuts with phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions could assist the beef industry's efforts to improve product quality and consistency.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of losartan on sodium appetite of hypothyroid rats subjected to water and sodium depletion and water, sodium and food deprivation.

The involvement of angiotensin AT1 receptors in sodium appetite was studied in hypothyroid rats treated with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan. Losartan was administered chronically by the oral route or acutely by the subcutaneous route after water and sodium depletion or water, sodium and food deprivation. Three days after addition of losartan to the food at the dose of 1.0 mg x g(-1), the rats significantly reduced (P < 0.02) their spontaneous intake of 1.8% NaCl. Increasing the dose of losartan to 2.0 and 4.0 mg x g(-1) did not reduce NaCl intake; in contrast, the intensity of the sodium appetite gradually returned to previous levels. The simultaneous administration of captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan significantly increased (P < 0.05) NaCl intake and after captopril removal NaCl intake returned to the levels observed with losartan treatment alone. The administration of losartan 4 days after the beginning of captopril treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) NaCl intake. Following acute administration of losartan, water- and sodium-depleted rats significantly reduced their NaCl and water intake (P < 0.001). The administration of losartan also induced a significant reduction in NaCl and water intake in water, NaCl and food-deprived rats (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The present results show that chronic treatment with oral losartan inhibited spontaneous sodium appetite in hypothyroid rats. Continuation of treatment rendered rats resistant to the blockade of AT1 receptors. Water and sodium depletion and water, NaCl and food deprivation induced sodium appetite, which in the short term depends on cerebral angiotensinergic activity mediated by the activation of AT1 receptors.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1994

Stability of piperacillin sodium-tazobactam sodium and ranitidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection during simulated Y-site administration.

The stability of piperacillin sodium plus tazobactam sodium and ranitidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection during simulated Y-site administration was studied. Triplicate test solutions of piperacillin 40 mg/mL plus tazobactam 5 mg/mL (as the sodium salts) or piperacillin 80 mg/mL plus tazobactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salts) were mixed 1:1 with ranitidine 0.5 and 2.0 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt). The solutions were stored at 23 degrees C, and samples were removed at zero, one, two, and four hours for measurement of drug concentration by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. At the time of sampling and before any dilution, each sample was visually inspected for color and precipitation, and pH was determined. At all sampling times, the concentrations of piperacillin, tazobactam, and ranitidine were > 90% of initial concentrations. There were no substantial changes in pH or color. Tazobactam 5 mg/mL (as the sodium salt) and ranitidine 0.5 and 2 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stable for up to four hours during simulated Y-site administration. Piperacillin 80 mg/mL plus tazobactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salts) and ranitidine 0.5 and 2 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt) were stable for up to four hours during simulated Y-site administration.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1978

Light-scattering studies on bile acid salts I: Pattern of self-association of sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate, and sodium taurocholate in aqueous electrolyte solutions.

The pattern of association of the trihydroxy bile salts in aqueous electrolyte solutions was investigated utilizing the light-scattering technique. The turbidity of the bile salts sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium glycocholate was determined over the concentration range of 0-25 mg/ml at 25 degrees. For sodium cholate, the concentration of the supporting electrolyte was varied from 0.15 to 0.5 M. For all bile salts in 0.15 M electrolyte, the turbidity was determined in sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, and sodium iodide. Comparison of the light-scattering data with amonomer-micellar model showed that qualitative agreement was obtained; however, quantitative agreement could not be achieved. Further examination of the data showed that the light-scattering results were in good agreement with a model that includes dimers, trimers, and a higher aggregate containing approximately eight monomeric units.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular effects of intravenous sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate in awake and anesthetized horses.

Sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate were administered to six adult horses on separate occasions, when awake and during anesthesia. The order of administration was randomized and studies were separated by a minimum of 7 days. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (less than 0.05) from control 5 minutes after intravenous (IV) sodium penicillin in awake and anesthetized horses. Systolic arterial blood pressure remained significantly (less than 0.05) decreased 10 minutes after IV sodium penicillin in anesthetized horses. Sodium cefazolin and sodium citrate did not significantly affect any of the measured cardiovascular variables. Although the changes in arterial blood pressure were small (8-15 mm Hg), monitoring of arterial blood pressure is advised when sodium penicillin is administered IV to anesthetized horses.

Anesthesia, General↗