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PubMed2003

[A study on link of health and welfare service and barrier's factors of visiting nurses and social welfare workers].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the link between health and welfare service and barrier's factors by reviewing the connection between the public health center's visiting nurse and social welfare center's social workers. METHOD: A survey by mail or a face-to-face interview of 151 visiting nurses in 25 public health centers and 48 social welfare workers in general social welfare centers in Seoul, was preformed from Feb. 12, 2001 to Mar. 15, 2001. The data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, mean value, paired t-test and independent t-test using SPSS/WIN 7.5 program. RESULT: 1. 'The necessity and degree of cooperation with social welfare workers of visiting nurse' scored average 4.49 and 3.19, and 'The necessity and degree of cooperation with visiting nurse and social welfare workers' scored average 4.81 and 3.15 on the five-point scale; there was a significant difference between the two variable in visiting nurse and social welfare workers. 2. In barrier's factors which health and welfare service offer to, visiting nurses showed statistically significant higher score than social welfare staff; 'job factor', 'resource factor', 'clients factor', 'individual ability factor'. CONCLUSION: In order to provide link system that hold clients in common in public health center and social welfare center, it is recommended a case management team should be constructed and educate visiting nurses for case manager.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2004

Allocation of resources between smoking cessation methods and lovastatin treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: based on cost effectiveness and the social welfare function.

OBJECTIVE: To use the social welfare function to decide on allocation of resources between smoking cessation methods and lovastatin treatment of hypercholesterolaemia for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. METHOD: Three smoking cessation therapies (medical advice, nicotine gum and nicotine patch) were considered in smokers, and lovastatin 20, 40 and 80 mg/day was considered in individuals with hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol > 7.24 mmol/L [> 270 mg/dL]). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to obtain parameter epsilon determining the exact form of the social welfare function in Catalonia, Spain. The preferable strategy was to give higher priority to the intervention that used one smoking cessation method and lovastatin treatment for hypercholesterolaemia and that was associated with a value of epsilon consistent with the social welfare function. RESULTS: A value of 1.58 (95% CI: 0.75-2.84) was obtained for parameter epsilon of the social welfare function, showing a nonutilitarian form. A higher priority should be given, based on the social welfare function, to the intervention using medical advice for smoking cessation and lovastatin 20-80 mg/day for hypercholesterolaemia, since this approach was associated with epsilon values of 2.8-2.9 in men and 1.8-2.4 in women, while interventions using nicotine substitution therapies were associated with epsilon values of < 0.9 in men and < 0.4 in women. The cost of treating all smokers and individuals with hypercholesterolaemia was 35% lower using medical advice for smoking cessation and lovastatin 20 mg/day, which was associated with epsilon values of 2.9 in men and 2.4 in women, than using a utilitarian solution consisting of nicotine patches for smoking cessation and lovastatin 20 mg/day. CONCLUSION: These results show that higher priority should be given to lovastatin treatment of hypercholesterolaemia than to nicotine substitution treatments for smoking cessation, based on cost effectiveness and the social welfare function. The study also showed the applicability of this method to decisions about resource allocation between competing treatments when society has a nonutilitarian social welfare function.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An empowerment model for social welfare consumers: its effectiveness and implications for welfare reform.

There is no uniformly accepted social work case management treatment model for use with impoverished consumers of social welfare services. Differences in intervention models vary greatly across the spectrum of social welfare agencies. There is even marked variance among providers within these agencies. This article summarizes the results of a study of the effects of an empowerment model with public welfare consumers based upon task-centered case management practice. The results of this intervention were assessed over a period of 7 months using ten professional social workers and a sample of 174 public social welfare consumers. The basic research design was a two-group field experiment. Community adjustment was conceptualized and operationalized along eight problem areas. Repeated measures, multivariate analysis of variance identified improvement in six of eight areas of community adjustment when the task-centered case management model was implemented. Given both time parameters and required outcomes of the efficacy of welfare reform under the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, the task-centered model facilitates rapid involvement of public welfare consumers with a systematic, outcome-oriented process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Private social welfare expenditures, 1972-85.

This article updates the private social welfare expenditures series with complete data for 1985 and information for most categories through 1986. In the United States, private sector expenditures play a substantial role in the provision of social welfare services. This article presents private social welfare expenditures in terms of the four major categories--health, education, welfare and related services, and income maintenance that includes private pensions, sickness and disability benefits, and group insurance. The private expenditures, which totaled $429.3 billion in 1985, are distributed by major category beginning in 1972 and are also related to public social welfare expenditures and gross national product.

Education↗
PubMed1980

Social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1978.

In fiscal year 1978, social welfare expenditures under public laws reached $394.5 billion, a 9.1-percent increase over the previous year. When adjusted for price and population changes, the total was only 2.5 percent higher in "real" terms. Per capita real expenditures rose by 1 percent in 1978, compared with an increase of 2 percent in 1977. For the second successive year, social welfare expenditures declined as a proportion of the gross national product (GNP), falling from 20.4 percent in 1976 to 19.7 percent in 1977 and to 19.3 percent in 1978. With private social welfare expenditures included, total social welfare expenditures in 1978 rose to $548.9 billion, a figure that represented 26.9 percent of the GNP.

Education↗
PubMed1998

Social welfare in a managerial society.

Managerialism is a dominant ideology in the institution of social welfare and the profession of social work. Managerialism includes the tools and traditions of modern management. It is also a way of viewing the social world. Managerialism is a useful but limited ideology in social work and social welfare. The benefits of this perspective include the ordering and sanctioning of professional social workers and the application of sophisticated management tools in the institution of social welfare. Managerialism threatens the historic mission and identity of social work and social welfare. The field is challenged to find an institutional niche for those aspects that are outside the mainstream of the commercial culture.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1987

[An assessment of the social welfare system in the United Kingdom].

This report describes the British social welfare system with reference to expected future developments in Japanese medical care. In developed countries where the average life expectancy is high, a large percentage of the population is elderly, resulting in high social welfare expenditure. In Britain, the "social welfare state", the average life expectancy is similar to that of other developed countries, while expenditure by the Department of Health and Social Security is considered to be the lowest. For example, expenditure on medical care for an average elderly man is approximately 60% of that in Japan. Some of the reasons are as follows. The family practitioner services are medical services given to patients by doctors of their own choice. The family doctor undertakes the initial diagnosis and management, but may refer the patients for either specialized services or hospital consultation. The general basis for remuneration of the family doctor is a standard capitation fee and an allowance. This system does not lead to over diagnosis or excessive treatment. The numbers of medical consultations performed and prescriptions issued by British doctors is lower than that in Japan. In Japan the number of elderly persons who are incapable of caring for themselves is increasing and poses not only a financial burden, but also a social problem. In the UK, these patients are cared for by social welfare workers (Japanese nurses) or at health centres (unlike Japanese hospitals and homes for the aged) which is less costly than inpatient hospital care. The Government is responsible for the National Health Service.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The hospital emergency department as a social welfare institution.

In an era of social welfare reform marked by the erosion of a societal safety net, few institutions remain that can guarantee assistance to those most in need. The hospital emergency department is perhaps the only local institution where professional help is mandated by law, with guaranteed availability for all persons, all the time, regardless of the problem. Although the ED serves as a true social safety net, its potential as a social welfare institution generally goes underestimated, hampering its full development as an effective societal resource. More of the disadvantaged may pass through the ED than through any other community institution, making it a logical site not only for the treatment of acute illness, but also for the identification of basic social needs and the extension of existing community resources. By helping more fully incorporate the ED into the total care of its community, emergency physicians can become leaders in the design and implementation of integrated sociomedical systems of care.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed1979

Social welfare expenditures under public programs, fiscal year 1977.

Social welfare expenditures under public programs reached $362.3 billion in fiscal year 1977, which covered the 12-month period from October 1, 1976, to September 30, 1977. This figure was about $30 billion higher than the $331.9 billion spent in fiscal year 1976 (July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976) and represented a 9-percent increase. When adjusted for price and population changes, real per capita expenditures rose from $1,623 in fiscal year 1976 to $1,646 in 1977, reflecting a 1-percent real increase in per capita spending under these programs. Social welfare expenditures as a proportion of the Nation's gross national product dropped slightly from 20.4 percent in fiscal year 1976 to 19.7 percent in 1977. The decline resulted from lower rates of growth during 1977 in most of the major social welfare categories and a higher rate of growth in the gross national product.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1981

Social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1979.

In fiscal year 1979, social welfare expenditures under public programs amounted to $428.3 billion, an increase of 8.6 percent over the previous year. In constant 1979 dollars, however, 1979 expenditures decreased 0.2 percent from their 1978 level. Per capita social welfare spending also declined in "real" terms, falling 1 percentage point between 1978 and 1979. Social welfare expenditures as a proportion of the gross national product continued the declining trend that began in 1977. From a 1976 high of 20.4 percent, such expenditures fell to 18.5 percent in 1979.

Economics↗
PubMed1977

Social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1976.

In 1976, for the second fiscal year in a row, public expenditures for social welfare purposes expanded at an abnormally high rate. Even after adjusting the 16-percent increase in aggregate expenditures for price and population changes, the 8-percent real growth rate proves to be the highest since 1971. The $45 billion rise in social welfare expenditures to a total of $331 billion reflects the effects of both recession and inflation. Benefits for the needy and the unemployed continued to expand at the same time that higher prices triggered cost-of-living adjustments in cash benefit programs and helped swell the cost of furnishing other social welfare services. A further reflection of this growth is the rise in the proportion of the Nation's gross national product devoted to social welfare expenditures from 19.7 percent in 1975 to 20.6 percent in 1976. The latter proportion becomes 27.5 percent when private social welfare spending is included.

Financing, Government↗