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PubMed1999

Social Security Ruling, SSR 99-2p.; titles II and XVI; evaluating cases involving chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Social Security Administration. Notice of Social Security ruling.

In accordance with 20 CFR 402.35(b)(1), the Commissioner of Social Security gives notice of Social Security Ruling, SSR 99-2p. This Ruling clarifies disability policy for the evaluation and adjudication of disability claims involving Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). This Ruling explains that, when it is accompanied by appropriate medical signs or laboratory findings, CFS is a medically determinable impairment that can be the basis for a finding of "disability." This Ruling ensures that all adjudicators will use the same policies and procedures in evaluating disability claims involving CFS, and provides a consolidated statement of these policies and procedures.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1982

Experiments and demonstration projects under the disability insurance and supplemental security income programs--Social Security Administration. Proposed rule.

The Social Security Administration (SSA) is proposing to amend its regulations to implement section 505 of the Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-265). That section requires the Secretary to conduct experiments and demonstration projects to test alternative conditions and limitations for stimulating the return to work of disabled title II beneficiaries and to otherwise improve the administration of the title II disability program. To the extent necessary to thoroughly evaluate these alternative methods, the Secretary may waive compliance with benefit requirements under titles II and XVIII of the Social Security Act. Section 505 also authorizes the Secretary to waive or add to the requirements, conditions, or limitations in title XVI of the Act to the extent necessary to conduct experimental, pilot, and demonstration projects which are likely to promote the objective or improve the administration of the SSI program.

Eligibility Determination↗
PubMed1994

The challenge of the 21st century: innovating and adapting Social Security systems to economic, social, and demographic changes in the English-speaking Americans.

The Social Security Programs in the United States are complex and have evolved over a long span of years. However, it is possible to categorize much of this experience into two different eras in which Social Security functioned in a distinctive environment, and a third era that is now beginning. The middle third of this century was an "age of invention," in which the programs grew rapidly under favorable social and economic conditions. Since then, the programs have experienced an "age of accommodation," in which growing financial constraints have permitted only limited changes in the program. We can look forward to an "age of maturation" in the decades to come, as most persons reaching retirement will have been covered by Social Security during their entire working careers. The declining ratio of workers to beneficiaries and a wide range of demographic and social changes will present significant challenges. The Social Security programs must change considerably to respond to the demands of a new era, and vigorous efforts to do so are underway.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1999

Using data for couples to project the distributional effects of changes in Social Security policy.

Under Social Security program rules, the aged receive Social Security benefits either as retired workers, spouses, divorced spouses, or widow(er)s. Retired-worker benefits are paid to workers who have 40 quarters of coverage over their lives. Auxiliary benefits are paid to spouses, divorced spouses, and widow(er)s of retired workers. Spouse benefits are computed using the earnings history of the current spouse for individuals who are married when they apply for benefits. Divorced spouse and widow(er) benefits are computed using the earnings history of the ex-spouse or deceased spouse with the highest PIA. A large number of retired women are entitled to auxiliary benefits. Some women receive only auxiliary benefits, while the majority of women have their retired-worker benefit supplemented by auxiliary benefits. Because the level of Social Security benefits can reflect the relative lifetime earnings of both spouses, as a couple, using individual data to estimate Social Security benefits will tend to underestimate actual benefits, particularly for women. However, detailed data for couples are often difficult to obtain. There is currently no known single data source that includes both marital and earnings history information. As a result, many researchers resort to estimating Social Security benefits using individual data or aggregate data, such as the average earnings of men and women. The Social Security Administration's Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, with substantial assistance from the Brookings Institution, the Urban Institute, and the RAND Corporation, is developing a model that overcomes this problem by using the marital and earnings histories of both marital partners to estimate Social Security benefits. The Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT) model projects retirement income (Social Security benefits, pension income, asset income, and earnings of working beneficiaries) from 1997 through 2031 for current and future Social Security beneficiaries using a unique data source--the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)--matched to Social Security Administration records. Using MINT data, this article establishes the importance of using data for couples rather than individuals by examining the impact of changing Social Security benefits to reflect 40 years of lifetime earnings rather than the 35 years required under current law. We compare the effect of this policy change on married women by estimating their benefits with data for couples and with individual data. Results indicate that: Using individual data overestimates the projected reduction in retirement benefits brought about by the policy change and makes the effects on women look more severe than they actually are. Because older birth cohorts are more likely than younger cohorts to receive auxiliary benefits based on their husbands' average lifetime earnings, the bias created by using individual data is projected to be much larger for older cohorts than for younger cohorts. This article emphasizes the importance of using data for couples to estimate Social Security benefits, particularly for women. Although our focus is on married women, using data for couples is just as important for calculating the retirement benefits of divorced and widowed individuals. For individuals who are divorced or widowed at retirement, their Social Security benefits are based on their own earnings history, as well as the earnings histories of each of their previous spouses.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Social Security disability insurance benefits-eligibility. Barnhart, Commissioner of Social Security v. Walton.

SSA's interpretation of the Social Security Act and its regulation requiring that eligibility for benefits requires that an applicant be both impaired and unable to engage in substantial gainful activity (work) for at least 12 months was permitted by the act and the regulation was lawful. SSA was entitled to the benefit of hindsight, and even though an individual might have been awarded benefits under the act if the decision were made before the end of 12 months because the impairment and inability to work could be expected to last at least 12 months, it could deny benefits when it makes its decision after 12 months from the onset of the impairment and knows the applicant was able to work after 11 months.

Eligibility Determination↗
PubMed2002

Arm yourself for the coming battle over Social Security.

The U.S. Social Security system is in deep trouble--and that's not just bad news for your friends and family. It's also bad news for your company. Unless the Social Security system is changed, by 2017 the cash flowing out of it will exceed the cash coming in, and by 2041 the system will be utterly insolvent. But the trouble will start sooner than that: In the next decade, the very prospect of the rising deficit will mean serious pressure on recent tax cuts, higher long-term interest rates, increased pension-funding costs, and other punishing conditions for U.S. businesses. Clearly, there's a lot at stake for companies, which is why executives need to participate in the growing debate about Social Security reform, says Robert Pozen, a visiting professor at Harvard Law School who served on the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security. In this article, he urges business leaders to take a stance on how the system should be reformed, suggesting they work with interest groups to make their voices heard. After taking a comprehensive look at the debates surrounding Social Security reform, Pozen outlines the three main alternatives executives might choose to support: increasing contributions to Social Security, decreasing the growth of benefits for more-affluent workers, and increasing investment returns on Social Security assets. What's needed to fix the current system, he contends, is a careful balance of all three.

Aged↗